Potentials of duckweed (Lemna gibba) for treatment of 1,4-dioxane containing wastewater using duckweed multi-ponds system

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Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18, Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, and Sustainability, TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018,Environment Athens, Greece 19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece

Potentials of duckweed (Lemna gibba) for treatment of 1,4-dioxane Theduckweed 15th International Symposium on District Heating and of Cooling Potentials of (Lemna gibba) for treatment 1,4-dioxane containing wastewater using duckweed multi-ponds system containing wastewater using duckweed multi-ponds system Assessing the feasibility ofa,c,using the heat a,d demand-outdoor Rania Osamaa,b,* , Mona G.Ibrahim Manabi Fujiia , and Ahmed Tawfike,* a,b,* a,c a,d e,* Rania Osamafunction , Mona G.Ibrahim , Manabidistrict Fujiia ,heat and Ahmed Tawfik temperature for a long-term demand forecast

Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), P.O. Box 179, New Borg Al Arab City, a,b,c a a b c c Alexandria 21934,and Egypt Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science Technology (E-JUST), P.O. Box 179, New Borg Al Arab City, b Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Mania 61111, Egypt, [email protected] Alexandria 21934, Egypt c a Environmental Department, Institute of Public Health, Alexandria university, Alexandria 21934, Egypt, [email protected] Department of High Civil Engineering, Minia University, Mania 61111, Egypt, [email protected] IN+ CenterHealth for bInnovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal d b c Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Engineering, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Environmental Health Department, High Institute Public Health, Alexandria university, Alexandria 21934,France Egypt, [email protected] Veolia Recherche &ofInnovation, 291Environmental Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, e c d Water Pollution Research Department, NationaletResearch Giza Egypt,4 [email protected], [email protected] Tokyo Institute ofSystèmes Technology, Department of CivilCentre, and Environmental Engineering, Meguro-ku, 152-8552, Japan Département Énergétiques Environnement - IMT12622, Atlantique, rue Alfred Kastler,Tokyo 44300 Nantes, France e Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt, [email protected], [email protected]

a a

I. Andrić

*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre

Abstract Abstract Abstract Duckweed (Lemna gibba) was investigated for the treatment of wastewater containing 1,4-dioxane (e.g., polyester industry wastewater). Threenetworks continuous flow duckweed-pond systems (DWP), i.e., pond, ponds, and(e.g., three ponds,for were operated the Duckweed (Lemna gibba) was for the treatment wastewater containing 1,4-dioxane polyester industry District heating areinvestigated commonly addressed in the of literature as one one of thetwo most effective solutions decreasing achieving different hydraulic retention time (HRT) ofsystems 2, 4 and 6 d, respectively. Results that DWP3 is the most efficient wastewater). Three continuous flow (DWP), i.e., onehigh pond, twoindicated ponds,which and three ponds, were operated greenhouse gas emissions from theduckweed-pond building sector. These systems require investments are returned through the heat removals from wastewater. 1,4-dioxane and NH removal efficiencies by DWP3 25% one in 1,4-dioxane NH4-Nretention achieving different hydraulic time (HRT) of 2,building 4 and 6 d, respectively. Results indicated that is the(56.9 most±efficient 4-N sales. Due to theand changed climate conditions and renovation policies, heat demand inDWP3 the future could decrease, and 87.2 ± 7.1%, respectively) were slightly than that obtained by DWP2 (44.8 ± 19.6% and 81.9by ± 8.6%, removals fromhigher wastewater. 1,4-dioxane and NH4-N removal efficiencies DWP3respectively). (56.9 ± 25% It one in 1,4-dioxane and NH4-N prolonging the investment return period. was found that, at DWP3, the pH value was reduced from 8.80 to 7.45, the dissolved oxygen (DO) was increased from 3.5 ±demand 1.9It and 87.2 ± 7.1%, respectively) were slightly higher than that obtained by DWP2 (44.8 ± 19.6% and 81.9 ± 8.6%, respectively). The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat to 7.5found ± 3 mg/L, theof concentration ofwas total dissolved was decreased ±The 120.6 to 837.6 ± 83.63.5 mg/L. was that, district atand DWP3, the pH value reduced fromsolids 8.80 (TDS) to 7.45, theused dissolved oxygen (DO) wasdistrict increased ±of 1.9665 forecast. The Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was as a from case 921.5 study. is from consisted Eventually, duckweed (Lemna gibba) isofeffective to remove 1,4-dioxane wastewater, representing to 7.5 ± 3 mg/L, and the concentration total dissolved solids (TDS) wasfrom decreased from 921.5 ± 120.6antoeco-friendly, 837.6 ± 83.6 effective mg/L. buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district and low operation and (Lemna maintenance costs technology. Eventually, duckweed gibba) is effective to remove 1,4-dioxane from wastewater, representing an eco-friendly, effective renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were and low operation and maintenance costs technology. compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The results showed that when only weatherLtd. change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications © 2019 The Authors. by © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. This is an open accessPublished article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This an open accessdemand article under the CCthan BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (theiserror in annual was lower 20% for license all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation This is an and openpeer-review access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license committee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection under responsibility of the scientific of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Selection responsibility of the scientificon committee of Technologies andscenarios Materialscombination for Renewable Energy, scenarios,and thepeer-review error value under increased up to 59.5% (depending the weather and renovation considered). Selection andand peer-review under TMREES18. responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment Sustainability, TMREES18. Environment and Sustainability, The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Keywords: Duckweed (Lemna gibba) ;1,4-dioxane; Industrial wastewater renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the Keywords: Duckweed (Lemna gibba) ;1,4-dioxane; Industrial wastewater coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection under responsibility of the scientific of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment This is an and openpeer-review access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) and Sustainability, TMREES18. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.233

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1. Introduction One of the main pollutants in water environments is 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2) [1]. 1,4-dioxane is be determined as probable carcinogenic to humans and is be classified at the 2B level by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [2].1,4-dioxane is largely used as a solvent or stabilizer in paints, lacquers, and pesticides. Additionally, it is accommodated in detergents and cosmetics as an unwanted by-product during industrialism processes [3]. It is discharged eventual to surface water from several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Consequently, 1,4-dioxan must be removed from effluent because of its prospective impact as a human carcinogen. In 2012, the effluent standard of 1,4- dioxane for WWTPs was applied, that determines its discharge in effluent to 0.5 mg/L in Japan [1]. On the other hand, 1,4-dioxane difficulty removed from wastewater by traditional physicochemical operation such as activated carbon adsorption and coagulation because of its high solubility [1]. 1,4-dioxane degrade by the advanced oxidation process (AOP), which decompose effectively for 1,4-dioxane but demand enormous quantity of chemicals and energy, necessitate high operating costs [4]. Despite the fact that biological treatment successfully removes organic chemicals from wastewater, 1,4-dioxane hasn’t a significant removal by current biological wastewater treatment processes such as the activated sludge operations [1]. This study focused on treatment of industrial wastewater containing 1,4-dioxane by phytoremediation using Duckweed Pond system (DWPs). Phytoremediation is founded on using natural processes, and it constitute an effective and low-cost technology for the treatment of wastewater [5], [6]. Duckweed is small-floating aquatic plant, which arise and grow on the nutrient N&P -rich surface waters [7], [8]. Phytoremediation of wastewater using duckweed is favorable due to its adequacy to grow at enormous ranges of pH, temperature and nutrient levels [9]. furthermore, duckweed contain low-fiber (5%) and high-protein contents (10–40%) that is be valuable fodder for fish and/or animals. [10] various recent studies were reported for the treatment of several wastewaters using duckweed-based ponds, where removed 50 and 60% of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively [11]. chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies were recorded 84, 88, and 87%, respectively, in duckweed pond system [12], [13]. Providentially, the duckweed species, Lemna gibba and Lemna minor, are both naturally found in Egypt [14]. Despite the number of reported studies, the duckweed pond system (DWP) is still predominately unknown from an engineering perspective [14]. Therefore, this research introduces a comparative assessment between three different duckweed pond systems for treatment of 1,4-dioxane containing industrial wastewater, including the impacts on nitrogen removal efficiency. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Duckweed plant (Limna gibba) The duckweed plants were collected from Mahmoudia agricultural drainage canal located in middle of the Nile delta, Behira, Egypt. The drainage canal is mainly polluted where some industries and domestic wastewater are daily discharged. Firstly, the collected duckweed was washed with tap water for 5-10 minutes to remove silt. The primary density of the duckweed was for all experiments 40 mg/cm2 (wet weight) [15]. 2.2. Wastewater containing 1,4 dioxane Synthetic wastewater spiked with 1,4 dioxane and heavy metals was daily prepared as feed for DWP systems. The concentrations of 1,4 dioxane were varied from 16.06 to 226.69 mg/L to simulate the real situation in the polyester manufacturing company situated in New Borg Al-arab city, Alexandria, Egypt. The main trace elements’ concentrations in the feedstock were FeC13 (5.0 mg/L), CuSO4. 5H2O (5.0 mg/L), MgSO4.7H2O (39.0 mg/L), MnSO4.4H2O (13.9 mg/L), CaCl2.2H2O (36.8 mg/L); ZnC12 (5.0 mg/L). The ammonia and phosphorous concentration ranged from 7.78 to 28.22 mg/L and from 7.0 to 10 mg/L respectively. The characteristics of wastewater are summarized in Table 1.

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Table 1. Characteristics of wastewater containing 1,4 dioxane. Parameters

Unit

Min.

Max.

Average ± SD

pH

‫ــــــ‬

7.3

8.8

8.4 ± 0.3

1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2)

mg/L

16.1

226.7

85.1 ± 55.4

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

mg/L

27

242

138.9 ± 60

Ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N)

mg/L

7.8

28.22

16.9 ± 6.5

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

mg/L

784

1099

921.5 ± 120.6

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

mS/cm

1.1

1.7

1.4 ± 0.2

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

mg/L

1

7.8

3.5 ± 1.9

2.3. Lab-scale systems and operational conditions Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram for the three rectangular reactors used as duckweed-pond (DWP) systems (i.e., DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3).

30 cm

Influent

(a)

Effluent

D W P1 60 cm

30 cm

Influent

(b)

D W P2

D W P1

Effluent

117 cm

30 cm

Influent

(c)

D W P1

D W P2

D W P3

Ef

170 cm

Fig. 1. Elevated view for several Duckweed-Pond treatment systems type (DWPs):(a) one reactor (DWP1); (b) two consecutive reactors (DWP2); (c) three consecutive reactors (DWP3).

The three units were designed, and then manufactured from Perspex materials. The units are separated by vertical baffles to allow the diffusion of oxygen from the air and increase the hydraulic gradients. The length of DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3 were 0.55, 1.17 and 1.7 m, respectively, along with same width of 0.30 m, and depth of 0.30 m. Working volumes of DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3 were 49.5, 105.3 and 153 L, respectively. Each DWP unit has three openings, along the depth, to collect samples for profile analysis and intentional discharge of the dead duckweed

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avoiding depletion of oxygen. DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3 consist of one, two and three consecutive ponds, respectively. Provided HRT for DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3 were 2, 4 and 6 d, respectively. The DWP system was incessantly fed with wastewater containing 1,4 dioxane at ambient temperature (18.5-28°C) for period of 235 days. The influent flow rate was fixed at 12.8 L/d using peristaltic pump (Masterflex® L/S). Samples of the influent and treated effluents were collected two times/week for physico-chemical analysis. Dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and pH were daily measured using Thermo Scientific Orion Star (TM) A111 device. Ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite (NO2-N), and nitrate (NO3-N) were measured according to APHA [16]. The concentrations of 1,4 dioxane and metabolite products were measured by gas chromatography (GC-MS). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Removal of 1,4 dioxane Fig. 2 shows a comparison between the efficiency of DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3 systems for removal of 1,4 dioxane, Influent and effluent. The results revealed that the DWP3 system was superior for degradation of 1,4 dioxane. The DWP3 system removed 56.9 ± 25 % of 1,4 dioxane, which was quite higher than those obtained (33.4 ± 19.1%, and 44.8 ± 19.6%) for DWP1 and DWP2 respectively. Moreover, the residual values of 1,4 dioxane in the treated effluent of three DWP systems were 59.5± 41.1, 50.3 ± 34.9 and 41.4 ± 33.3 mg/L respectively in Fig. 2(b). This is mainly due to the growth of duckweed species was quite high in the baffled unit which created an ideal environment for degradation and absorption of 1,4 dioxane.

1,4 Dixane (mg/L)

DWP2

DWP1

250

DWP3

100

200

80

150

60

100

40

50

20

0

20

70

120 Time (day) Effluent

Influent

170

220

0

1,4 Dioxane Remival %

a

%R

100

60

80

50 40

60

30

40

20

20 0

10 Influent

DWP1 1,4 dioxane (mg/L)

DWP2

DWP3

0

1,4 Dioxane Removal %

1,4 Dioxane (mg/L)

b

%R

Fig. 2. Variation of 1,4 dioxane in the three DWP systems; (a) time course, and (b) average 1,4-dioxane values and removal efficiencies.

3.2. Removal of ammonia-nitrogen As shown in Fig. 3, the results show that DWPs achieved high efficiency of nitrogen removal. The highest removal efficiency was for DWP3 of 87.2 ± .82% for ammonia concentration. The removal efficiency of NH4-N

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was 81.9± 1.6% for DWP2 and 64.9± 4.4% % for DWP1.Also Fig.4 demonstrate the average concentration of NH4N, NO2-N, and NO3-N for influent, DWP1, DWP2, and DWP3. As for nitrate concentrations, it increased from 2.1 for synthetic wastewater to 6.6, 7.8, 8.5 mg/L for DWP1, DWP2, and DWP3, respectively resulting from nitrification. Although, the nitrites reduce from 1.4 for synthetic wastewater to 1.1, .5, .55 for DWP1, DWP2, and DWP3, respectively. Nitrification efficiency is high in the three-duckweed pond system that is fundamentally due to a high biomass of duckweed which supply a comparatively higher fraction of nitrifiers contained in its roots and motivate disturbance near the interface, assisting efficient mass transfer (substrate, oxygen, and nutrients, et.) [14]. Furthermore, recorded DO was 2.6 ± 1.1, 4.8 ± 1.8 and 7.5 ± 3.0 mg/L in DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3 systems, respectively [14].

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

DWP1

DWP2

DWP3

100 80 60 40 20

20

70

120 170 Time (day) Influent Effluent

NH4 -N Removal %

NH4 -N (mg/L)

a

0

220 %R

b 100 80

15

60

10

40

5

20

0

Influent

DWP1

DWP2

NH4-N (mg/L)

NH4-N Removal %

NH4-N (mg/L)

20

0

DWP3 %R

Concentration (mg/L)

Fig. 3. Variation of NH4-N in the three DWP systems; (a) time course; (b) average values of NH4-N and removal efficiencies. 20 15 10 5 0

Influent NH4-N (mg/L)

DWP1

DWP2 NO2-N (mg/L)

DWP3 NO3-N (mg/L)

Fig. 4. Variation of NH4-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N in influent, DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3.

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3.3. Variations of DO, pH and TDS in DWP systems As shown in Table 2, DO was 3.5 ± 1.9 mg/L which increased to 2.6 ± 1.1, 4.8± 1.8 and 7.5 ± 3.0 mg/L in DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3, respectively. Furthermore, the pH-value was 8.4 ± 0.3, 8.3 ± 0.2, 8.3 ± 0.2, and 8.5 ± 0.4 for influent, DWP1, DWP2 and DWP3, respectively, which proved that DWPs had nearly neutral pH values. The water temperature ranged between (18.5-21°C). For all DWPs, an increase was recorded in DO levels. The results presented that the DO amelioration level is 1,4 Dioxane concentration dependent [18].Subsequently, this is referred to the growing of duckweed and excessive production of oxygen through photosynthesis and posteriorly higher decay of oxygen in water due to reducing of dissolved solids with rising of the HRT[18].The DO improvement in the DWPs is in correspondence with that reported by Zimmo et al., 2005 who illustrate that there was an increasing in DO levels through the duckweed ponds [18],[19]. The DWPs recorded concentration for TDS of 921.5±120.6, 867.1±104.3, 847.1±80.2and 837.6±83.6 after HRT of 6 day for Influent, DWP1, DWP2, and DWP3, respectively. Table 2. Variations of DO, pH and TDS in the one, two and three-ponds duckweed systems. Parameters

DO (mg/L)

pH

TDS (mg/L)

Influent

3.5 ± 1.9

8.4 ± 0.3

921.5 ± 120.6

DWP1

2.6 ± 1.1

8.3 ± 0.2

867.1 ± 104.3

DWP2

4.8 ± 1.8

8.3 ± 0.2

847.1 ± 80.2

DWP3

7.5 ± 3

8.5 ±0 .4

837.6 ± 83.6

4. Conclusion The results show that duckweed-pond system (DWP) has a notable efficiency to remove 1,4-dioxane and NH4-N. Average removal efficiencies of one-pond duckweed (DWP1) system, operated at HRT of 2 d, for 1,4-dioxane and NH4-N were 33.4 and 64.9%, respectively. Thus, DWP1 can be considered as effective post-treatment technique for industrial wastewater containing 1,4-dioxane (e.g., polyester wastewater). However, the two-ponds (DWP2) and three-ponds duckweed (DWP3) systems, which provides HRTs of 4 and 6 d, respectively, showed better performance as compared to DWP1. Higher removal efficiencies were achieved for 1,4-dioxane (44.8 and 56.9% at DWP2 and DWP3, respectively), and NH4-N (81.9 and 87.2% at DWP2 and DWP3, respectively). Overall, phytoremediation of 1,4-dioxane containing wastewater using duckweed (Lemna gibba) introduced an evidence to be effective, low-cost and sustainable approach. Acknowledgements The first author is grateful to the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) for financial supporting her for complete PhD research as well as the Egypt Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) for providing the facility and tools needed to complete this work. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

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