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Poultry Feed Formulas Based on Ingredients Indigenous to the Tropics1
Poultry Feed Formulas Based on Ingredients Indigenous to the Tropics1 DAW AN SUGANDI, H. R. BIRD 2 , JUJU WAHJU, and R. ANGGORODI Faculty of Animal Husbandry Bogor Agricultural University (Institut Pertanian Bogor) Bogor, Indonesia (Received for publication July 5, 1977)
INTRODUCTION
According to Muller (1972), feed represents and will probably always represent the major part (70—80%) of the whole poultry production cost. In many countries, when chicken feeds contain a large proportion of corn, chickens and humans are competing for the same foods. Several promising non-grain feed mixes that are well-suited to a number of different parts of Indonesia consist of rice bran, copra meal, grass clippings, molasses, and fish meal. There are enormous quantities of rice bran in Indonesia; the price is now Rp. 35./kg compared with corn at Rp. 70./kg. Din et al. (1975) stated that 67% rice bran can be used in the growing diet. Copra meal represents a relatively inexpensive source of protein for poultry feeding in Indonesia. Wignjosoesastro et al. (1972) found that it may be advantageous to use 20 to 30% copra meal in the laying diets; the level of 30% copra meal appeared to be the limit. In sugar cane regions, molasses is available as a cheap by-product and can be used in the laying diets (Ott et al, 1942; Rosenberg, 1953).
1 Supported in part by a grant from the Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Inc. 2 University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, F o r m e r Program Coordinator, MUCIA-USAID— Indonesian Project.
1978 Poultry Sci 57:740-746
Grass clippings consisting mostly of a mixture of graminae and cyperceae (Lubis, 1963) can be found everywhere. MATERIALS AND METHODS The trial was started February 25, 1975, and terminated February 3, 1976. This trial was conducted in the Poultry Division, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. Six hundred five-week-old pullets of Babcock-300 F final stock were used in this experiment. The one-day-old pullets were obtained from P. T. Prihadi Distribution Poultry Farm, Cilember, Bogor and were raised in the experimental houses of the Poultry Division, Faculty of Animal Husbandry. They were all fed the same starting mash during the first 5 weeks after hatching. The pullets were distributed in random manner into 24 lots consisting of 25 individuals each. The experimental design was completely randomized. Twenty-four pens 240 x 300 cm were used. The floors were covered with rice hull litter. Formulas of the experimental diets used from 5 weeks of age to maturity are shown in Table 1. The level of vitamin mix was tripled in diets R I to R III to compensate for a possible reduction of feed intake by these groups. In fact, feed intake was increased for groups R II
740
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
ABSTRACT Triplicate lots of Babcock 300F layers were fed each of 8 diets, a standard diet and 7 experimental diets, containing 31 to 35% rice bran, 13 to 17% copra meal, 5% molasses, 10% fish meal, 6.0 to 6.5% oyster shell, .25% bone meal, .25 to .75% vitamin mix, 0 to 30% yellow corn at 5% intervals, and 30 to 0% grass clippings at 5% intervals, so that the sum of corn and grass clippings in each diet was 30%. Each group was reared on an experimental growing diet similar in composition to its laying diet. Income over feed cost was highest for the diet containing 32.2% rice bran, 15.8% copra meal, 5% grass clippings, 25% yellow corn, 5% molasses, 10% fish meal, 6.5% oyster shell, .25% bone meal, and .25% vitamin mix. There were significant effects of treatment on growth rate, egg production, feed conversion, and egg yolk color score but not on egg weight, shell thickness, Haugh units, or mortality.
POULTRY FEED FORMULAS INDIGENOUS TO THE TROPICS
o o m
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and R III and it appears that the higher vitamin levels served no purpose. When the pullets came into the laying period, the number of pullets in every lot was reduced to 19 pullets each. The laying pullets in * E each lot were given a laying diet similar to their C m i o The results of analyses of the experimental w S > .Sort diets by A.O.A.C. methods are shown in Table P • " in '3 ^ -5 3 and Table 4. In these experiments and in r. c « ^ o commercial coccidiostat (Trisulfa) was used to control coccidiosis until the pullets were twelve weeks of age. To control the internal parasites * o | during the experiment, all the birds were X q E i ^ 8 treated with Worm-X made by Pfizer once in >-s'.s every two months. During the growing period, body weight n C— ^ j * tM . • 60 water consumption, egg quality, and mortali» u" £ ity were recorded and summarized at 28-day &- P in intervals. := •§ ^ a.'C p" Observations of interior quality and shell a. >>'P 3 a. g. thickness were made on all the eggs collected on four consecutive days in each four week •ir§ c o 1> .5° g period. Measurements were made on the same day the eggs were laid. Eggs were not refriger3 a 2 ated. The color of egg yolk was measured with •H ,H x > > .2 the Roche Yolk Colour Fan. Shell thickness * C P u 0 « was measured with a Staaret micrometer No. l r . f 1010 M made by the L. S. Starret Co., Athol, 5O Pp o I in Massachusetts, U.S.A. m To observe the rate of recovery of egg j= ~: ^ production, all the groups of layers were put on the standard ration at the beginning of the • "
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34.50 13.40
25.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 6.00 .25 .75
100.00
3 5.00 13.00
30.00
5.00 10.00 6.00
.25 .75
100.00
Moisture, % Ash, % Ether extract, % Crude protein, % Crude fiber, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, %
RII
13.77 12.33 6.86 14.63 19.37 1.13 .57
RI
13.57 13.33 6.61 14.64 19.66 1.06
.54
a.brTable 1. rootnotes same as
Rice bran Copra meal Raw soybeans Grass clippings Yellow corn Molasses Fish meal Oyster shell Bone meal Vitamin mix^
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
RII
RI
Ingredients
.98 .55
13.76 11.41 6.77 15.12 16.48
R III
.52
13.69 10.26 6.82 15.25 14.79 1.10
RIV
.96 .60
14.14 9.58 6.38 15.18 12.56
RV
TABLE 3 .—Proximate analyses of growing diets
100.00
100.00
.25 .25
.25 .25
100.00
10.00 20.00 5.00 10.00 6.50
15.00 15.00 5.00 10.00 6.50
20.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 6.00 .25 .75
31.70 16.30
RV
32.70 15.30
R IV
33.60 14.40
R III
TABLE 2.—The composition of the experimental laying diets
d from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
POULTRY FEED FORMULAS INDIGENOUS TO THE TROPICS
H
N
Tt »
eighth production period. The data were submitted directly to analyses of variance, except that egg production and mortality data were first transformed utilizing arcsin transformation and feed conversion data were transformed utilizing the square root transformation. Duncan's multiple range test was used for making comparisons among the treatment means (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growing period. The experimental results are shown in Table 5. There was a significant influence of the treatment on growth rate of the pullets (P<.01). At 21 weeks of age, there were significant differences among the average body weights of pullets fed various experimental diets (P<.05). The lightest average body weight was that from the group of pullets fed R I and the highest one was from the group fed standard ration. The data show an improvement of body weight with increasing level of corn in the diets. The lowest feed cost per pullet was obtained from the group fed R VII. The rather high feed cost per pullet from some groups fed diets containing grass clippings was due to higher feed wastage. However, the average feed cost from those groups is still lower than the average feed cost per pullet for the group fed standard ration. The average age to the first egg for the pullets in each group is also shown in this table. The group of pullets fed R I was rather late to reach sexual maturity. Although it was not recorded in this study, it was noticed that there was no problem of wet droppings in spite of high fiber content in some diets containing higher levels of grass clippings. Laying period. Tables 6 through 8 summarize the data through seven periods of 28 days each. There is a significant effect of the treatment on egg production (P<.01). The average hen day production for the group fed the standard ration is significantly higher than those from the groups fed R I, R II, R III, R IV, and R VII (P<.05). However, it is not different from the averages of egg production from the groups fed R V and R VI. The increased level of corn to replace grass clippings in the diets improved egg production significantly (P<.05) until a level of 20%. Hen day egg production for the group fed the standard ration in the present study is a little bit lower
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
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743
744
SUGANDI ET AL. TABLE 5.-Effect
of experimental diets on body weight, feed and sexual maturity
efficiency,
Feed conversion
Total feed cost per pullet (rupiahs)
Age to 1st egg (days)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI RVII RVIII
881.67 f 1033.69 e 1140.92 d 1216.35 c d 1292.31 b c 1297.86 b c 1297.36 b c 1376.76 b
10.53 8.42 8.11 7.02 6.73 6.54 5.09 4.14
470.54 461.36 513.93 464.15 494.60 500.74 405.15 507.19
182 161 160 151 143 145 152 150
Means with the same superscript do not differ significantly at the 5% level.
than those in the previous study done by Dawan Sugandi (1973). In this study, some of the experimental laying birds suffered from leucosis. In the previous study it was reported that the egg production curve did not reach a definite peak but continued on a plateau approximating 80% production from 40 to 64 weeks of age (Sugandi et al., 1975). In the present study the production pattern was similar. For the standard ration, the figures for % hen-day egg production for the 9 successive 4-week periods were: 53, 68, 63, 70, 73, 85, 79, 79, and 74. The lowest daily feed intake was that from the group fed the standard ration, and the
highest one was for the group fed R II. The groups of pullets fed R V, R VI, and R VIII consumed 17.9, 16.7, and 18 g protein per day, respectively. Nivas and Sunde (1969) reported that 14 or 16 g protein per bird per day was not adequate for egg production but 16.8, 18 or 20 g was adequate. The lower egg production of the other groups might be caused by the lower energy level or the higher fiber content of the diets (Table 4). The data also showed that there was a significant effect of the treatment on feed conversion (P<.01). The average feed conversion from the group fed standard ration was the best and that for the group fed R I was the poorest
TABLE 6.—Effect of experimental diets on hen day egg production, feed consumption, and feed conversion of laying hens during seven periods; effect of control diet fed to all groups in periods 8 and 9
Diet no.
(%)
Average feed consumption per bird/day periods 1—7 (g)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI RVII RVIII
11.86 f 36.09 c 49.22 d 57.33 c 65.16 b c 65.01bc 60.23 c 70.06 b
109.39 122.77 121.92 115.90 115.61 106.02 102.89 98.45
Average hen day production, periods 1—7
Average feed conversion
Average hen day production, period 9. All groups on control diet R VIII
37.53 9.63 5.36 3.99 3.46 3.13 3.34 2.55
80.03 76.19 74.90 71.80 73.75 78.97 71.98 74.22
Means with the same superscript do not differ significantly at the 5% level.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
Diet no.
Body weight at 21 wks (g)
POULTRY FEED FORMULAS INDIGENOUS TO THE TROPICS
745
TABLE 7 .—Effect of experimental diets on egg weight and egg quality of laying hens during seven periods
(g)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI R VII RVIII
52.86 53.35 53.66 53.52 53.12 53.37 54.08 53.63
.3 7 .37 .37 .36 .36 .37 .37 .37
Average Haugh units
Average color scores of egg yolk
95.14 82.48 81.13 81.02 80.39 80.44 81.08 79.73
8.77 b 7.33 c 7.63 c 7.59 c 6.94 d 6.97d 6.15 d 8.86 b
Means with same superscript do not differ significantly at the 5% level.
one. The gradual improvement of feed conversion was observed with increasing levels of corn in the diets up to 25% (Table 6). During periods 8 and 9 all groups were fed the standard ration. The last column in Table 6 shows the hen day egg production for period 9. The rate of recovery of egg production was quite satisfactory, after those groups with poor egg production were put on the standard ration. It is noteworthy that the birds on diet R I survived for 28 weeks on a diet that permitted only 11.86% production and were still able to recover and lay at a rate of 80% after being changed to a good diet. Average egg weights for all the diets were quite similar. There were also no significant differences among the average Haugh units and the average shell thicknesses from all the groups of pullets. However, there were significant dif-
ferences among the averages of yolk color scores. The yolk color scores from the groups fed R I and R VIII (standard ration) were higher than those from the other groups (Table 7). The data clearly indicated that the grass clippings had a good influence upon the color of egg yolk. There were no problems with cracked eggs in spite of the continuous high temperature and rather low calcium level in some diets (Table 4). Diets R I to R VII all contained less than the NRC requirement figure but no signs of deficiency were noted. The higher level of calcium in the standard ration did not induce greater egg shell thickness. There were no significant differences among the average mortalities of all the groups of laying hens. In all comparisons, income over feed cost was the highest for the group fed R VI (Table 8).
TABLE 8.—Effect of experimental diets on income over feed cost during seven periods
Diet no.
Total egg produced per bird (kg)
Average price per kg of egg (rupiahs)
Feed cost per bird (rupiahs)
Average income over feed cost per bird (rupiahs)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI RVII RVIII
1.29 2.91 4.12 4.84 5.50 5.62 5.18 5.98
534 534 534 534 534 534 534 534
1231.08 1438.07 1486.58 1386.37 1438.23 1362.93 1372.97 1848.94
-542.22 115.87 713.50 1198.19 1498.77 1638.15 1393.15 1344.38
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
Diet no.
Average shell thickness (mm)
Average egg weight
SUGANDI ET AL.
746
REFERENCES Din, M. G., M. L. Sunde, and H. R. Bird, 1975. Rearing pullets on grain by-products and alfalfa meal. Poultry Sci. 54:1754 (Abstr.)
Lubis, D. A., 1963. Ilmu Makanan Ternak. P. T. Pembangunan, Jakarta. Muller, Z. O., 1972. Some aspects of poultry nutrition in the tropics. Supporting Livestock Planning, FAO Project, Jakarta, Indonesia. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D C , 1971. Nutrient requirements of poultry, 6th ed. Nivas, S. C. and M. L. Sunde, 1969. Protein requirements of layers per day and phase feeding. Poultry Sci. 48:1672-1678. Ott, W. H., R. V. Boucher and H. C. Knandel, 1942. Feeding cane molasses as a constituent of poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 21:536-539. Rosenberg, M. M., 1953. A study of B-grade and refinery B-molasses in layer rations. Poultry Sci. 32:605-612. Steel, R. D. G. and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. Sugandi, Dawan, 1973. The effect of various energy and protein levels on the performance of laying hens under cage and floor system. Dissertation, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia. Sugandi, Dawan, H. R. Bird, and D. Atmadilaga, 1975. The effect of different energy and protein levels on the performance of laying hens in floor pens and cages in the tropics. Poultry Sci. 54:1107-1114. Wignjosoesastro, N., C. C. Brooks and R. B. Herrick, 1972. The effect of coconut meal and coconut oil in poultry rations on the performance of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 51:1126-1132.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
The standard diet (R VIII) is similar to laying diets commonly used in Indonesia. Its high content of corn (60.82%) makes it an extravagant diet in terms of the human food supply. Diets R V and R VI, containing only 20 or 25% of corn, supported egg production at a level not significantly different from the standard diet and both exceeded the standard in income over feed cost. The opinion is widespread that layers which are the result of many generations of selection for high production must have diets of high energy and protein content. However, the birds u s e d in this experiment were sufficiently flexible in their nutritive requirements to be able to use diets with 15% rather than 18% of protein and with 10 to 12% rather than 6% of crude fiber. Such diets, based largely on byproducts, are believed to be economically advantageous in many parts of the world.
INTRODUCTION
According to Muller (1972), feed represents and will probably always represent the major part (70—80%) of the whole poultry production cost. In many countries, when chicken feeds contain a large proportion of corn, chickens and humans are competing for the same foods. Several promising non-grain feed mixes that are well-suited to a number of different parts of Indonesia consist of rice bran, copra meal, grass clippings, molasses, and fish meal. There are enormous quantities of rice bran in Indonesia; the price is now Rp. 35./kg compared with corn at Rp. 70./kg. Din et al. (1975) stated that 67% rice bran can be used in the growing diet. Copra meal represents a relatively inexpensive source of protein for poultry feeding in Indonesia. Wignjosoesastro et al. (1972) found that it may be advantageous to use 20 to 30% copra meal in the laying diets; the level of 30% copra meal appeared to be the limit. In sugar cane regions, molasses is available as a cheap by-product and can be used in the laying diets (Ott et al, 1942; Rosenberg, 1953).
1 Supported in part by a grant from the Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Inc. 2 University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, F o r m e r Program Coordinator, MUCIA-USAID— Indonesian Project.
1978 Poultry Sci 57:740-746
Grass clippings consisting mostly of a mixture of graminae and cyperceae (Lubis, 1963) can be found everywhere. MATERIALS AND METHODS The trial was started February 25, 1975, and terminated February 3, 1976. This trial was conducted in the Poultry Division, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. Six hundred five-week-old pullets of Babcock-300 F final stock were used in this experiment. The one-day-old pullets were obtained from P. T. Prihadi Distribution Poultry Farm, Cilember, Bogor and were raised in the experimental houses of the Poultry Division, Faculty of Animal Husbandry. They were all fed the same starting mash during the first 5 weeks after hatching. The pullets were distributed in random manner into 24 lots consisting of 25 individuals each. The experimental design was completely randomized. Twenty-four pens 240 x 300 cm were used. The floors were covered with rice hull litter. Formulas of the experimental diets used from 5 weeks of age to maturity are shown in Table 1. The level of vitamin mix was tripled in diets R I to R III to compensate for a possible reduction of feed intake by these groups. In fact, feed intake was increased for groups R II
740
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
ABSTRACT Triplicate lots of Babcock 300F layers were fed each of 8 diets, a standard diet and 7 experimental diets, containing 31 to 35% rice bran, 13 to 17% copra meal, 5% molasses, 10% fish meal, 6.0 to 6.5% oyster shell, .25% bone meal, .25 to .75% vitamin mix, 0 to 30% yellow corn at 5% intervals, and 30 to 0% grass clippings at 5% intervals, so that the sum of corn and grass clippings in each diet was 30%. Each group was reared on an experimental growing diet similar in composition to its laying diet. Income over feed cost was highest for the diet containing 32.2% rice bran, 15.8% copra meal, 5% grass clippings, 25% yellow corn, 5% molasses, 10% fish meal, 6.5% oyster shell, .25% bone meal, and .25% vitamin mix. There were significant effects of treatment on growth rate, egg production, feed conversion, and egg yolk color score but not on egg weight, shell thickness, Haugh units, or mortality.
POULTRY FEED FORMULAS INDIGENOUS TO THE TROPICS
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and R III and it appears that the higher vitamin levels served no purpose. When the pullets came into the laying period, the number of pullets in every lot was reduced to 19 pullets each. The laying pullets in * E each lot were given a laying diet similar to their C
O O O O O
o o o o Os m
O O O O O m in . O O O m in (S f-• m m m CO H 1
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13 rt • - P P u v.
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X1 "rt -= 13 -P
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o o o
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Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
o o C4 rrt
741
34.50 13.40
25.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 6.00 .25 .75
100.00
3 5.00 13.00
30.00
5.00 10.00 6.00
.25 .75
100.00
Moisture, % Ash, % Ether extract, % Crude protein, % Crude fiber, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, %
RII
13.77 12.33 6.86 14.63 19.37 1.13 .57
RI
13.57 13.33 6.61 14.64 19.66 1.06
.54
a.brTable 1. rootnotes same as
Rice bran Copra meal Raw soybeans Grass clippings Yellow corn Molasses Fish meal Oyster shell Bone meal Vitamin mix^
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
RII
RI
Ingredients
.98 .55
13.76 11.41 6.77 15.12 16.48
R III
.52
13.69 10.26 6.82 15.25 14.79 1.10
RIV
.96 .60
14.14 9.58 6.38 15.18 12.56
RV
TABLE 3 .—Proximate analyses of growing diets
100.00
100.00
.25 .25
.25 .25
100.00
10.00 20.00 5.00 10.00 6.50
15.00 15.00 5.00 10.00 6.50
20.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 6.00 .25 .75
31.70 16.30
RV
32.70 15.30
R IV
33.60 14.40
R III
TABLE 2.—The composition of the experimental laying diets
d from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
POULTRY FEED FORMULAS INDIGENOUS TO THE TROPICS
H
N
Tt »
eighth production period. The data were submitted directly to analyses of variance, except that egg production and mortality data were first transformed utilizing arcsin transformation and feed conversion data were transformed utilizing the square root transformation. Duncan's multiple range test was used for making comparisons among the treatment means (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
iflN
m CS O "* ^0 CS
ON t-- O ON t-» ON H m ^ - Ov N 00
N
m \ 0 " i "^ f> N
ff» m >0 m rft
N
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rri N
i n 00 00 m vO
vq oq tN •+ oo o q r i in t--! in rri r j T-H
U 3
li •O 13
alci
«
liorus
extra prote fiber
«.s*
w
SH S < *w u u u a.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growing period. The experimental results are shown in Table 5. There was a significant influence of the treatment on growth rate of the pullets (P<.01). At 21 weeks of age, there were significant differences among the average body weights of pullets fed various experimental diets (P<.05). The lightest average body weight was that from the group of pullets fed R I and the highest one was from the group fed standard ration. The data show an improvement of body weight with increasing level of corn in the diets. The lowest feed cost per pullet was obtained from the group fed R VII. The rather high feed cost per pullet from some groups fed diets containing grass clippings was due to higher feed wastage. However, the average feed cost from those groups is still lower than the average feed cost per pullet for the group fed standard ration. The average age to the first egg for the pullets in each group is also shown in this table. The group of pullets fed R I was rather late to reach sexual maturity. Although it was not recorded in this study, it was noticed that there was no problem of wet droppings in spite of high fiber content in some diets containing higher levels of grass clippings. Laying period. Tables 6 through 8 summarize the data through seven periods of 28 days each. There is a significant effect of the treatment on egg production (P<.01). The average hen day production for the group fed the standard ration is significantly higher than those from the groups fed R I, R II, R III, R IV, and R VII (P<.05). However, it is not different from the averages of egg production from the groups fed R V and R VI. The increased level of corn to replace grass clippings in the diets improved egg production significantly (P<.05) until a level of 20%. Hen day egg production for the group fed the standard ration in the present study is a little bit lower
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 11, 2015
rr» o
r o rj- \ o >n N
743
744
SUGANDI ET AL. TABLE 5.-Effect
of experimental diets on body weight, feed and sexual maturity
efficiency,
Feed conversion
Total feed cost per pullet (rupiahs)
Age to 1st egg (days)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI RVII RVIII
881.67 f 1033.69 e 1140.92 d 1216.35 c d 1292.31 b c 1297.86 b c 1297.36 b c 1376.76 b
10.53 8.42 8.11 7.02 6.73 6.54 5.09 4.14
470.54 461.36 513.93 464.15 494.60 500.74 405.15 507.19
182 161 160 151 143 145 152 150
Means with the same superscript do not differ significantly at the 5% level.
than those in the previous study done by Dawan Sugandi (1973). In this study, some of the experimental laying birds suffered from leucosis. In the previous study it was reported that the egg production curve did not reach a definite peak but continued on a plateau approximating 80% production from 40 to 64 weeks of age (Sugandi et al., 1975). In the present study the production pattern was similar. For the standard ration, the figures for % hen-day egg production for the 9 successive 4-week periods were: 53, 68, 63, 70, 73, 85, 79, 79, and 74. The lowest daily feed intake was that from the group fed the standard ration, and the
highest one was for the group fed R II. The groups of pullets fed R V, R VI, and R VIII consumed 17.9, 16.7, and 18 g protein per day, respectively. Nivas and Sunde (1969) reported that 14 or 16 g protein per bird per day was not adequate for egg production but 16.8, 18 or 20 g was adequate. The lower egg production of the other groups might be caused by the lower energy level or the higher fiber content of the diets (Table 4). The data also showed that there was a significant effect of the treatment on feed conversion (P<.01). The average feed conversion from the group fed standard ration was the best and that for the group fed R I was the poorest
TABLE 6.—Effect of experimental diets on hen day egg production, feed consumption, and feed conversion of laying hens during seven periods; effect of control diet fed to all groups in periods 8 and 9
Diet no.
(%)
Average feed consumption per bird/day periods 1—7 (g)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI RVII RVIII
11.86 f 36.09 c 49.22 d 57.33 c 65.16 b c 65.01bc 60.23 c 70.06 b
109.39 122.77 121.92 115.90 115.61 106.02 102.89 98.45
Average hen day production, periods 1—7
Average feed conversion
Average hen day production, period 9. All groups on control diet R VIII
37.53 9.63 5.36 3.99 3.46 3.13 3.34 2.55
80.03 76.19 74.90 71.80 73.75 78.97 71.98 74.22
Means with the same superscript do not differ significantly at the 5% level.
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Diet no.
Body weight at 21 wks (g)
POULTRY FEED FORMULAS INDIGENOUS TO THE TROPICS
745
TABLE 7 .—Effect of experimental diets on egg weight and egg quality of laying hens during seven periods
(g)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI R VII RVIII
52.86 53.35 53.66 53.52 53.12 53.37 54.08 53.63
.3 7 .37 .37 .36 .36 .37 .37 .37
Average Haugh units
Average color scores of egg yolk
95.14 82.48 81.13 81.02 80.39 80.44 81.08 79.73
8.77 b 7.33 c 7.63 c 7.59 c 6.94 d 6.97d 6.15 d 8.86 b
Means with same superscript do not differ significantly at the 5% level.
one. The gradual improvement of feed conversion was observed with increasing levels of corn in the diets up to 25% (Table 6). During periods 8 and 9 all groups were fed the standard ration. The last column in Table 6 shows the hen day egg production for period 9. The rate of recovery of egg production was quite satisfactory, after those groups with poor egg production were put on the standard ration. It is noteworthy that the birds on diet R I survived for 28 weeks on a diet that permitted only 11.86% production and were still able to recover and lay at a rate of 80% after being changed to a good diet. Average egg weights for all the diets were quite similar. There were also no significant differences among the average Haugh units and the average shell thicknesses from all the groups of pullets. However, there were significant dif-
ferences among the averages of yolk color scores. The yolk color scores from the groups fed R I and R VIII (standard ration) were higher than those from the other groups (Table 7). The data clearly indicated that the grass clippings had a good influence upon the color of egg yolk. There were no problems with cracked eggs in spite of the continuous high temperature and rather low calcium level in some diets (Table 4). Diets R I to R VII all contained less than the NRC requirement figure but no signs of deficiency were noted. The higher level of calcium in the standard ration did not induce greater egg shell thickness. There were no significant differences among the average mortalities of all the groups of laying hens. In all comparisons, income over feed cost was the highest for the group fed R VI (Table 8).
TABLE 8.—Effect of experimental diets on income over feed cost during seven periods
Diet no.
Total egg produced per bird (kg)
Average price per kg of egg (rupiahs)
Feed cost per bird (rupiahs)
Average income over feed cost per bird (rupiahs)
RI RII RIII RIV RV R VI RVII RVIII
1.29 2.91 4.12 4.84 5.50 5.62 5.18 5.98
534 534 534 534 534 534 534 534
1231.08 1438.07 1486.58 1386.37 1438.23 1362.93 1372.97 1848.94
-542.22 115.87 713.50 1198.19 1498.77 1638.15 1393.15 1344.38
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Diet no.
Average shell thickness (mm)
Average egg weight
SUGANDI ET AL.
746
REFERENCES Din, M. G., M. L. Sunde, and H. R. Bird, 1975. Rearing pullets on grain by-products and alfalfa meal. Poultry Sci. 54:1754 (Abstr.)
Lubis, D. A., 1963. Ilmu Makanan Ternak. P. T. Pembangunan, Jakarta. Muller, Z. O., 1972. Some aspects of poultry nutrition in the tropics. Supporting Livestock Planning, FAO Project, Jakarta, Indonesia. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D C , 1971. Nutrient requirements of poultry, 6th ed. Nivas, S. C. and M. L. Sunde, 1969. Protein requirements of layers per day and phase feeding. Poultry Sci. 48:1672-1678. Ott, W. H., R. V. Boucher and H. C. Knandel, 1942. Feeding cane molasses as a constituent of poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 21:536-539. Rosenberg, M. M., 1953. A study of B-grade and refinery B-molasses in layer rations. Poultry Sci. 32:605-612. Steel, R. D. G. and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. Sugandi, Dawan, 1973. The effect of various energy and protein levels on the performance of laying hens under cage and floor system. Dissertation, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia. Sugandi, Dawan, H. R. Bird, and D. Atmadilaga, 1975. The effect of different energy and protein levels on the performance of laying hens in floor pens and cages in the tropics. Poultry Sci. 54:1107-1114. Wignjosoesastro, N., C. C. Brooks and R. B. Herrick, 1972. The effect of coconut meal and coconut oil in poultry rations on the performance of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 51:1126-1132.
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The standard diet (R VIII) is similar to laying diets commonly used in Indonesia. Its high content of corn (60.82%) makes it an extravagant diet in terms of the human food supply. Diets R V and R VI, containing only 20 or 25% of corn, supported egg production at a level not significantly different from the standard diet and both exceeded the standard in income over feed cost. The opinion is widespread that layers which are the result of many generations of selection for high production must have diets of high energy and protein content. However, the birds u s e d in this experiment were sufficiently flexible in their nutritive requirements to be able to use diets with 15% rather than 18% of protein and with 10 to 12% rather than 6% of crude fiber. Such diets, based largely on byproducts, are believed to be economically advantageous in many parts of the world.