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Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
CHAPTER 7
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention Mukesh Kumar1, Dilbag Singh2 and K.K. Deepak3 1
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
2 3
7.1 Introduction Heart rate variability has been accepted as prominent psychophysiological index of cognitive [1 5] and emotion regulation [6]. HRV, defined as rapid R-to-R peak variability in heart rate time series, serves as index of overall health and heart functions [7,8]. HRV often characterized as complex and dynamic interplay of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) [9]. Cognitive performance and efficient functioning in complex environment [10] has been associated with increased HRV. A recent investigation reported that higher HRV is associated with greater activities in executive brain regions [11]. Individuals with high HRV levels were found to perform better on cognitive tasks than those with low HRV [2,12,13]. [13] investigated effect of HRV on speed and accuracy during cognitive task without manipulating HRV to observe its influence on cognitive processing of brain. These studies contribute to neuropsychological evidence of HRV recognized as marker to lapses in attention. Attention refers to the ability to focus an object in specific location over the other objects [14,15]. Attention is categorized in two categories on the basis of differences in attention control mechanisms i.e., internally and externally operative attention. Internally operative attention is the type of attention which deals with current goals to engage top-down attentional control mechanism, and externally operative attention is automatic and transient, oriented by appearance of salient stimuli in space which involve bottom-top control mechanism independent of the task [16,17]. Both attentional control mechanisms assumed to improve perceptual processing with same neuropsychological processes. Posner’s spatial orientating cueing paradigm [18 20] is widely recognized as neuropsychological test used to study attention and cognitive processing of brain [21]. In Posner’s spatial orientating cueing paradigm, signals drawing attention to a specific location in perceptual space to which participants Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817913-0.00007-9
r 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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have learned to respond is known as cueing. The primary observable fact in Posner’s spatial orientating cueing paradigm indicate participants are quicker to detect and discriminate targets for valid cues over invalid cues [22 24] presented with stimulus for both types of attention control mechanisms. Given previously reported association between cognitive and physiological variability, it was hypothesized that individuals performing internally operated and externally operated attention task would show distinct pattern in power spectrum analysis of HRV.
7.2 Materials and methods 7.2.1 Participants For this study, 07 (50%) male, 07 (50%) females healthy volunteer, with mean age of 26.36 6 2.15 years participated. All the participants gave consent for study and were briefed on the study. Participants with normal or corrected to normal vision (6/6 visual acuity) were included in the study. No participant reported any history of vision disorders, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders or medical conditions such as diabetes, stroke, head injury or neurosurgical operation.
7.2.2 Procedure All participants were tested individually in a dark room and were made to relax for 15 minutes before proceeding for trials. Participants were requested to be in comfortable sitting posture with arms resting of chair’s arm rest with chin placed in chin rest at a distance of 57 cm [25] from the computer display screen. The Ag/AgC1 ECG surface electrodes were attached for ECG Lead II configuration to record cardiac responses. Participants performed an easy face-discrimination task [22,24] alternating between internally and externally operative attention conditions. Participants were instructed to maintain minimum eye blinks with no eye movements, spontaneous breathing, and not to move or fall asleep throughout the trials. Participants were monitored by the experimenter to ensure no significant respiratory, eye movements, postural changes throughout the assessment.
7.2.3 Posner’s spatial orienting cuing task The sequence of events is illustrated in Fig. 7.1. Each trial began and ended with a fixation field that consisted of fixation point and two target placeholder boxes with gray background for 1000 ms before and after offset of target. Participants performed an easy face-discrimination task in modified spatial orienting cueing paradigm. Sequence and timing for events in the face discrimination task was identical [24] for internally operative and externally operative attention conditions except validity of peripheral cue with respect to subsequent target face location.
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
Figure 7.1 Schematic illustration of the spatial orienting paradigm used to assess attention and sequence of events within a trial. The rectangles indicate possible target face locations. Time scale represented in miliseconds (ms). Arrow line represent progress of one complete trial. Stimuli are not drawn to scale. Table 7.1 Proportion of peripheral cue trials to differentiate internally and externally operative attention. Peripheral cue trials
Valid trial Invalid trial Target absent trial
Attention condition Internally operative
Externally operative
70% 15% 15%
40% 40% 20%
The peripheral cue and face target were equally likely to appear on the right or left of the fixation cross. One of the two male faces or no face appeared as a target in a rectangular placeholder box (left or right to the central fixation point for 300 ms) after a cue (one of the two rectangular placeholder boxes one turned red for 250 ms) offset, either in the cued location (“valid” trials) or in uncued location (“invalid” trials) on every trial, and participant were instructed to respond one of the numeric numbers assigned to target faces. “1” for first face target, “2” for second face target, and “0” for face target absent trial. Proportion of peripheral cue trials is as shown in Table 7.1. For the internal attention condition, face appeared more often in cued location i.e., 70% of trials were valid, 15% of trials were invalid, and 15% of trials with target absent. In this condition, the participants were instructed and encouraged to follow the cue that the face usually appeared at the cued location. For the external attention condition, cue location was unrelated to target location i.e., 40% of trials were valid and 40% of trials were invalid, and 20% of trials were target absent trials. In this
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condition, the participants were instructed that the cue is not related to target location and should ignore the cue.
7.3 Analysis Incorrect response and target absent trails have been excluded for reaction time (RT) analysis. Reaction times of correct response for target present trails subjected to a 2 (valid, invalid) 3 2 (internal, external) analysis of variance test (ANOVA) with variables within-subjects. The recorded ECG Lead II signal as cardiac response sampled at 256 Hz transformed to R R interval tachogram is considered as heart rate variability. Power spectrum density and time domain measures of HRV signal was computed using Kubios HRV Standard version 3.0 [26]. The measures of HRV include power (in ms2) calculated for each individual frequency bands: very low frequency (VLF: 0 0.04 Hz), low frequency (LF: 0.04 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.15 0.4 Hz). LF/HF ratio calculated to represent sympathovagal balance as relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of ANS [7].
7.4 Result and discussion Participants were faster on valid cue trial (M 5 650.442 ms; SD 5 66.879 ms) in internally operative attention condition over externally operative condition (M 5 680.016 ms; SD 5 71.096 ms). The error variance for reaction time data were unequal across attention conditions (P 5 0.820) with Levene’s test of equality of error variance. The main effect of attention condition on reaction time yielded an F ratio of F(1,13) 5 5.474 P , 0.05, indicating mean reaction time was significantly lower for internally operative trials (M 5 681.376 msec; SD 5 76.113 ms) than for externally operative trials (M 5 701.001 ms; SD 5 72.810 ms). The main effect of cue validity of trials yielded an F ratio of F(1,13) 5 137.050, P , 0.01, indicating mean reaction time was significantly lower for valid cue trial (M 5 665.229 ms; SD 5 70.490 ms) than for invalid cue trials (M 5 717.146 ms; SD 5 70.476 ms). However, the interaction effect between attention condition and cue validity was non- significant, F(1,13) 5 3.792, P . 0.05. i.e. (P 5 0.226). Fig. 7.2, shows mean reaction times for both internally and externally operative attention condition. Participants were faster following on valid cue trial rather than an invalid cue trial for both the attention conditions as evident in Fig. 7.2. Mean reaction time for target absent trial was similar for both attention conditions. Power spectrum density analysis of HRV signal reveals that the low-frequency band power (LF, 0.04 0.15 Hz) during externally operative attention condition (730.83 6 489.97 ms2) is higher as compared to internally operative attention condition (627.13 6 393.30 ms2). However, there was no significant difference in power in the high frequency band (HF, 0.15 0.4 Hz) during internally and externally operative
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
Reaction Time (msec)
740 720 700 680 660 640 620
Valid trial Invalid trial
600 580
Internally Operative Externally Operative
Attention Condition Figure 7.2 Mean reaction time results for internally and externally operative attention during a face discrimination task. Reaction times are given in milliseconds (ms). Error bars represents 95% confidence intervals for within subjects design.
1000 Internally operative
Power in ms2
900
Externally operative
800 700 600 500 400 LF HF HRV frequency bands
Figure 7.3 Comparison of power (ms2) in the LF and HF band of HRV signal during internally and externally operative attention condition. Error bars represents 95% confidence intervals for within subjects design.
attention condition; see Fig. 7.3. The results of this study present that internally operative attention and externally operative attention have distinct effect on power in LF band of HRV signal and RTs. The relationship between cognitive performance and HRV was also reported by previous studies [1,3 5,10,12,13]. The Neurovisceral Integration Model [10] presents relationship between cognitive functions and physiological regulations. Thayer and Lane [4] suggests common neural basis for HRV and cognitive performance. Hansen et al. [27] reported association between HRV, physical fitness level and cognitive functions.
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7.5 Conclusion The distinct patterns in HRV power spectrum and RTs analysis during internally and externally operative attention provided evidences for mediating effects of HRV on performance and brain information processing. LF band power during externally operative attention condition was higher as compared to internally operative attention condition. These results are consistent with behavioral effects of attention on recognition-related cognitive processes. In regard to reaction time performance, participants were slower for externally operative attention condition as compared to internally operative attention condition. The reaction time data analysis and power spectrum analysis of HRV signal suggest that internally operative attention and externally operative attention involve different neural processing mechanisms.
References [1] C.D.B. Luft, E. Takase, D. Darby, Heart rate variability and cognitive function: effects of physical effort, Biol. Psychol. 82 (2009) 196 201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biopsycho.2009.07.007. [2] A. Luque-Casado, M. Zabala, E. Morales, M. Mateo-March, D. Sanabria, Cognitive performance and heart rate variability: the influence of fitness level, PLoS One (2013) 8. Available from: https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056935. [3] J.F. Thayer, A.L. Hansen, E. Saus-Rose, B.H. Johnsen, Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health, Ann. Behav. Med. 37 (2009) 141 153. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12160-009-9101-z. [4] J.F. Thayer, R.D. Lane, Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33 (2009) 81 88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004. [5] B.H. Friedman, An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone, Biol. Psychol. 74 (2007) 185 199. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biopsycho.2005.08.009. [6] R.A. Fabes, N. Eisenberg, Regulatory control and adults âhTM stress-related responses to daily life events, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 73 (2016) 1107 1117. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037// 0022-3514.73.5.1107. [7] Task Force, Heart rate variability standards: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use, Circulation 93 (1996) 1043 1065. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1542-474X.1996.tb00275.x. [8] R. McCraty, M.A. Zayas, Cardiac coherence, self-regulation, autonomic stability and psychosocial well-being, Front. Psychol. 5 (2014) 1 13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2014.01090. [9] J. Saul, Beat-to-beat variations of heart rate reflect modulation of cardiac autonomic outflow, Physiology 5 (1990) 32 37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.1.32. [10] J.F. Thayer, R.D. Lane, A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation, J. Affect. Disord. 61 (2000) 201 216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327 (00)00338-4. [11] J.F. Thayer, F. Åhs, M. Fredrikson, J.J. Sollers, T.D. Wager, A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36 (2012) 747 756. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. neubiorev.2011.11.009.
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
[12] G. Park, J.J. Van Bavel, M.W. Vasey, J.F. Thayer, Cardiac vagal tone predicts attentional engagement to and disengagement from fearful faces, Emotion 13 (2013) 645 656. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032971. [13] A.L. Hansen, B.H. Johnsen, J.F. Thayer, Vagal influence on working memory and attention, Int. J. Psychophysiol. 48 (2003) 263 274. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(03) 00073-4. [14] M.M. Chun, Y. Jiang, Contextual cueing: implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention, Cogn. Psychol 36 (1998) 28 71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1006/ cogp.1998.0681. [15] F. van Ede, F. de Lange, O. Jensen, E. Maris, Orienting attention to an upcoming tactile event involves a spatially and temporally specific modulation of sensorimotor alpha- and beta-band oscillations, J. Neurosci. 31 (2011) 2016 2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.5630-10.2011. [16] A.N. Landau, D. Elwan, S. Holtz, W. Prinzmetal, Voluntary and involuntary attention vary as a function of impulsivity, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 19 (2012) 405 411. Available from: https://doi.org/ 10.3758/s13423-012-0240-z. [17] R.H.J. Van Der Lubbe, C. Bundt, E.L. Abrahamse, Internal and external spatial attention examined with lateralized EEG power spectra, Brain Res. 1583 (2014) 179 192. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.007. [18] M.I. Posner, S.J. Boies, Components of attention, Psychol. Rev. 78 (1971) 391 408. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031333. [19] M.I. Posner, Y. Cohen, R.D. Rafal, Neural systems control of spatial orienting, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 298 (1982) 187 198. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1098/ rstb.1982.0081. [20] M.I. Posner, S.E. Petersen, The attention system of the human brain, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 13 (1990) 25 42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325. [21] A.B. Chica, E. Martín-Arévalo, F. Botta, J. Lupiáñez, The spatial orienting paradigm: how to design and interpret spatial attention experiments, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 40 (2014) 35 51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.002. [22] W. Prinzmetal, C. McCool, S. Park, Attention: reaction time and accuracy reveal different mechanisms, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 134 (2005) 73 92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/00963445.134.1.73. [23] W. Prinzmetal, A. Zvinyatskovskiy, P. Gutierrez, L. Dilem, Voluntary and involuntary attention have different consequences: the effect of perceptual difficulty, Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 62 (2009) 352 369. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210801954892. [24] A.N. Landau, M. Esterman, L.C. Robertson, S. Bentin, W. Prinzmetal, Different effects of voluntary and involuntary attention on EEG activity in the gamma band, J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 11986 11990. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3092-07.2007. [25] E. Martín-Arévalo, A.B. Chica, J. Lupiáñez, Task dependent modulation of exogenous attention: effects of target duration and intervening events, Attention, Perception, Psychophys. 75 (2013) 1148 1160. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0481-6. [26] M.P. Tarvainen, J.P. Niskanen, J.A. Lipponen, P.O. Ranta-aho, P.A. Karjalainen, Kubios HRV heart rate variability analysis software, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 113 (2014) 210 220. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024. [27] A.L. Hansen, B.H. Johnsen, J.J. Sollers, K. Stenvik, J.F. Thayer, Heart rate variability and its relation to prefrontal cognitive function: the effects of training and detraining, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 93 (2004) 263 272. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1208-0.
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Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention Mukesh Kumar1, Dilbag Singh2 and K.K. Deepak3 1
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
2 3
7.1 Introduction Heart rate variability has been accepted as prominent psychophysiological index of cognitive [1 5] and emotion regulation [6]. HRV, defined as rapid R-to-R peak variability in heart rate time series, serves as index of overall health and heart functions [7,8]. HRV often characterized as complex and dynamic interplay of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) [9]. Cognitive performance and efficient functioning in complex environment [10] has been associated with increased HRV. A recent investigation reported that higher HRV is associated with greater activities in executive brain regions [11]. Individuals with high HRV levels were found to perform better on cognitive tasks than those with low HRV [2,12,13]. [13] investigated effect of HRV on speed and accuracy during cognitive task without manipulating HRV to observe its influence on cognitive processing of brain. These studies contribute to neuropsychological evidence of HRV recognized as marker to lapses in attention. Attention refers to the ability to focus an object in specific location over the other objects [14,15]. Attention is categorized in two categories on the basis of differences in attention control mechanisms i.e., internally and externally operative attention. Internally operative attention is the type of attention which deals with current goals to engage top-down attentional control mechanism, and externally operative attention is automatic and transient, oriented by appearance of salient stimuli in space which involve bottom-top control mechanism independent of the task [16,17]. Both attentional control mechanisms assumed to improve perceptual processing with same neuropsychological processes. Posner’s spatial orientating cueing paradigm [18 20] is widely recognized as neuropsychological test used to study attention and cognitive processing of brain [21]. In Posner’s spatial orientating cueing paradigm, signals drawing attention to a specific location in perceptual space to which participants Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817913-0.00007-9
r 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
43
44
Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
have learned to respond is known as cueing. The primary observable fact in Posner’s spatial orientating cueing paradigm indicate participants are quicker to detect and discriminate targets for valid cues over invalid cues [22 24] presented with stimulus for both types of attention control mechanisms. Given previously reported association between cognitive and physiological variability, it was hypothesized that individuals performing internally operated and externally operated attention task would show distinct pattern in power spectrum analysis of HRV.
7.2 Materials and methods 7.2.1 Participants For this study, 07 (50%) male, 07 (50%) females healthy volunteer, with mean age of 26.36 6 2.15 years participated. All the participants gave consent for study and were briefed on the study. Participants with normal or corrected to normal vision (6/6 visual acuity) were included in the study. No participant reported any history of vision disorders, cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders or medical conditions such as diabetes, stroke, head injury or neurosurgical operation.
7.2.2 Procedure All participants were tested individually in a dark room and were made to relax for 15 minutes before proceeding for trials. Participants were requested to be in comfortable sitting posture with arms resting of chair’s arm rest with chin placed in chin rest at a distance of 57 cm [25] from the computer display screen. The Ag/AgC1 ECG surface electrodes were attached for ECG Lead II configuration to record cardiac responses. Participants performed an easy face-discrimination task [22,24] alternating between internally and externally operative attention conditions. Participants were instructed to maintain minimum eye blinks with no eye movements, spontaneous breathing, and not to move or fall asleep throughout the trials. Participants were monitored by the experimenter to ensure no significant respiratory, eye movements, postural changes throughout the assessment.
7.2.3 Posner’s spatial orienting cuing task The sequence of events is illustrated in Fig. 7.1. Each trial began and ended with a fixation field that consisted of fixation point and two target placeholder boxes with gray background for 1000 ms before and after offset of target. Participants performed an easy face-discrimination task in modified spatial orienting cueing paradigm. Sequence and timing for events in the face discrimination task was identical [24] for internally operative and externally operative attention conditions except validity of peripheral cue with respect to subsequent target face location.
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
Figure 7.1 Schematic illustration of the spatial orienting paradigm used to assess attention and sequence of events within a trial. The rectangles indicate possible target face locations. Time scale represented in miliseconds (ms). Arrow line represent progress of one complete trial. Stimuli are not drawn to scale. Table 7.1 Proportion of peripheral cue trials to differentiate internally and externally operative attention. Peripheral cue trials
Valid trial Invalid trial Target absent trial
Attention condition Internally operative
Externally operative
70% 15% 15%
40% 40% 20%
The peripheral cue and face target were equally likely to appear on the right or left of the fixation cross. One of the two male faces or no face appeared as a target in a rectangular placeholder box (left or right to the central fixation point for 300 ms) after a cue (one of the two rectangular placeholder boxes one turned red for 250 ms) offset, either in the cued location (“valid” trials) or in uncued location (“invalid” trials) on every trial, and participant were instructed to respond one of the numeric numbers assigned to target faces. “1” for first face target, “2” for second face target, and “0” for face target absent trial. Proportion of peripheral cue trials is as shown in Table 7.1. For the internal attention condition, face appeared more often in cued location i.e., 70% of trials were valid, 15% of trials were invalid, and 15% of trials with target absent. In this condition, the participants were instructed and encouraged to follow the cue that the face usually appeared at the cued location. For the external attention condition, cue location was unrelated to target location i.e., 40% of trials were valid and 40% of trials were invalid, and 20% of trials were target absent trials. In this
45
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Smart Healthcare for Disease Diagnosis and Prevention
condition, the participants were instructed that the cue is not related to target location and should ignore the cue.
7.3 Analysis Incorrect response and target absent trails have been excluded for reaction time (RT) analysis. Reaction times of correct response for target present trails subjected to a 2 (valid, invalid) 3 2 (internal, external) analysis of variance test (ANOVA) with variables within-subjects. The recorded ECG Lead II signal as cardiac response sampled at 256 Hz transformed to R R interval tachogram is considered as heart rate variability. Power spectrum density and time domain measures of HRV signal was computed using Kubios HRV Standard version 3.0 [26]. The measures of HRV include power (in ms2) calculated for each individual frequency bands: very low frequency (VLF: 0 0.04 Hz), low frequency (LF: 0.04 0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.15 0.4 Hz). LF/HF ratio calculated to represent sympathovagal balance as relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of ANS [7].
7.4 Result and discussion Participants were faster on valid cue trial (M 5 650.442 ms; SD 5 66.879 ms) in internally operative attention condition over externally operative condition (M 5 680.016 ms; SD 5 71.096 ms). The error variance for reaction time data were unequal across attention conditions (P 5 0.820) with Levene’s test of equality of error variance. The main effect of attention condition on reaction time yielded an F ratio of F(1,13) 5 5.474 P , 0.05, indicating mean reaction time was significantly lower for internally operative trials (M 5 681.376 msec; SD 5 76.113 ms) than for externally operative trials (M 5 701.001 ms; SD 5 72.810 ms). The main effect of cue validity of trials yielded an F ratio of F(1,13) 5 137.050, P , 0.01, indicating mean reaction time was significantly lower for valid cue trial (M 5 665.229 ms; SD 5 70.490 ms) than for invalid cue trials (M 5 717.146 ms; SD 5 70.476 ms). However, the interaction effect between attention condition and cue validity was non- significant, F(1,13) 5 3.792, P . 0.05. i.e. (P 5 0.226). Fig. 7.2, shows mean reaction times for both internally and externally operative attention condition. Participants were faster following on valid cue trial rather than an invalid cue trial for both the attention conditions as evident in Fig. 7.2. Mean reaction time for target absent trial was similar for both attention conditions. Power spectrum density analysis of HRV signal reveals that the low-frequency band power (LF, 0.04 0.15 Hz) during externally operative attention condition (730.83 6 489.97 ms2) is higher as compared to internally operative attention condition (627.13 6 393.30 ms2). However, there was no significant difference in power in the high frequency band (HF, 0.15 0.4 Hz) during internally and externally operative
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
Reaction Time (msec)
740 720 700 680 660 640 620
Valid trial Invalid trial
600 580
Internally Operative Externally Operative
Attention Condition Figure 7.2 Mean reaction time results for internally and externally operative attention during a face discrimination task. Reaction times are given in milliseconds (ms). Error bars represents 95% confidence intervals for within subjects design.
1000 Internally operative
Power in ms2
900
Externally operative
800 700 600 500 400 LF HF HRV frequency bands
Figure 7.3 Comparison of power (ms2) in the LF and HF band of HRV signal during internally and externally operative attention condition. Error bars represents 95% confidence intervals for within subjects design.
attention condition; see Fig. 7.3. The results of this study present that internally operative attention and externally operative attention have distinct effect on power in LF band of HRV signal and RTs. The relationship between cognitive performance and HRV was also reported by previous studies [1,3 5,10,12,13]. The Neurovisceral Integration Model [10] presents relationship between cognitive functions and physiological regulations. Thayer and Lane [4] suggests common neural basis for HRV and cognitive performance. Hansen et al. [27] reported association between HRV, physical fitness level and cognitive functions.
47
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7.5 Conclusion The distinct patterns in HRV power spectrum and RTs analysis during internally and externally operative attention provided evidences for mediating effects of HRV on performance and brain information processing. LF band power during externally operative attention condition was higher as compared to internally operative attention condition. These results are consistent with behavioral effects of attention on recognition-related cognitive processes. In regard to reaction time performance, participants were slower for externally operative attention condition as compared to internally operative attention condition. The reaction time data analysis and power spectrum analysis of HRV signal suggest that internally operative attention and externally operative attention involve different neural processing mechanisms.
References [1] C.D.B. Luft, E. Takase, D. Darby, Heart rate variability and cognitive function: effects of physical effort, Biol. Psychol. 82 (2009) 196 201. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biopsycho.2009.07.007. [2] A. Luque-Casado, M. Zabala, E. Morales, M. Mateo-March, D. Sanabria, Cognitive performance and heart rate variability: the influence of fitness level, PLoS One (2013) 8. Available from: https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056935. [3] J.F. Thayer, A.L. Hansen, E. Saus-Rose, B.H. Johnsen, Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health, Ann. Behav. Med. 37 (2009) 141 153. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12160-009-9101-z. [4] J.F. Thayer, R.D. Lane, Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33 (2009) 81 88. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004. [5] B.H. Friedman, An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone, Biol. Psychol. 74 (2007) 185 199. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biopsycho.2005.08.009. [6] R.A. Fabes, N. Eisenberg, Regulatory control and adults âhTM stress-related responses to daily life events, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 73 (2016) 1107 1117. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037// 0022-3514.73.5.1107. [7] Task Force, Heart rate variability standards: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use, Circulation 93 (1996) 1043 1065. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1542-474X.1996.tb00275.x. [8] R. McCraty, M.A. Zayas, Cardiac coherence, self-regulation, autonomic stability and psychosocial well-being, Front. Psychol. 5 (2014) 1 13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2014.01090. [9] J. Saul, Beat-to-beat variations of heart rate reflect modulation of cardiac autonomic outflow, Physiology 5 (1990) 32 37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.1.32. [10] J.F. Thayer, R.D. Lane, A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation, J. Affect. Disord. 61 (2000) 201 216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327 (00)00338-4. [11] J.F. Thayer, F. Åhs, M. Fredrikson, J.J. Sollers, T.D. Wager, A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36 (2012) 747 756. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. neubiorev.2011.11.009.
Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability during internally and externally operative attention
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