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Practical Application of the Agglutination Test
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF AGGLUTINATION TEST
THE
The campaign for the eradication of Bacillary White Diarrhea by means of the agglutination test was started in Connecticut, June 1, 1914. A report of the first year's work together with methods of procedure was given at the 1915 meeting. This report on the year just past is intended to bring out a few interesting facts which have since developed. During the year 7,799 birds were tested, including ten different breeds and varieties in 86 different flocks scattered thru all parts of the State. The total number tested this year was only about half the number tested last year, due probably to two reasons; first, the testing last year included several flocks ranging from 500 to 1500 which had so little infection that further testing was not considered necessary. Second, due to the fact that the first year's work was conducted at a loss and as no funds were available the charge had to be increased from five cents to ten cents per bird. The increase in the charge had the beneficial effect of encouraging the owners to cull their flocks more carefully and have only their best birds tested. Out of the total number of birds tested 7,642 were hens, showing an average infection of 8.2% as compared with 10% last year. Out of this number 1,442 were check tests on last year's work, showing an average infection of 8.1%. These birds were from the badly infected flocks of last year. While it was recommended that all badly infected flocks be disposed of there wer' several breeders who wished to ret? the stock which they had spent several years work on and try to stamp out the disease. It was found that birds tested when pullets showed more infection on the check test than the mature birds, consequently the testing of pullets was discontinued. During the year 157 male birds were tested showing no infection as compared with 2.5% infection last year. In spite of the fact that no infection was found in the male birds this season the practice of testing the males is still recommended. During the Spring a record of the breeding work on each farm was obtained with the exception of a few very small flocks. The total number of eggs incubated from tested stock was 109,456 hatching 56,059 chicks or 5 1 % . The mortality for the first three weeks which is considered the critical time was 5,932 chicks or 10.6%. Records on 7117 chicks from untested stock on seven different farms show a mortality of 1654 chicks or 23%. This is perhaps an unfair comparison with so small a number of chicks from untested stock but the farms seemed fairly representative. The conclusions from the season's work may be summed up as follows: 1. That satisfactory tests cannot be made until hens have passed one year of production.
SUMMARY A seriesof 21 cases of fractures were studied in the domestic fowl. It was found that at the end of the fifth day islands of bone tissue had begun to form. The repair of fractures in the domestic fowl is intramembraneous. The periosteal, endosteal and intermediary callouses show bone formation in trabecular like arrangement. By the end of the thirteenth day the major portion of the bone tissue has formed and was found complete by the twentieth day. A homogenius matrix with typical bone cells in their lacunae. The structure of compact bone in the domestic fowl is similar to that of mammals. The appliance used to hold the broken bones in apposition in the domestic fowl may be removed with safety by the end of the thirteenth day. By B. F. Kaupp, Pathologist, North Carolina Experiment Station, 68
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 20, 2015
bone tissue showing the homogenius matrix in which the formative bone cells were occupying their lacunae. Bone formation has progressed sufficient by the thirteenth day to make the removal of the splints practical and is apparently complete by the end of the 20th day. In setting the bone the fragments and ends of the broken bone should be placed in perfect apposition and the normal shape of the bone restored. The loose arrangements of the muscles makes this an easy task but still harder to hold firmly in place till the cast can be applied. In applying the apparatus normal functions as circulation and nerves must be safeguarded. If the fracture is In the feathered region the feathers should be removed by carefully plucking them. In placing the appliance first apply a thin layer of cotton, then place the splints and holding the parts firmly in place apply the one inch bandage after which soak the parts with glue and keep the bird quiet till the glue has had time to harden. It is found that the glue leaves the part light whereas plaster of paris makes a heavy cast. Laundry starch serves the place of glue but is some trouble to prepare. At the end of thirteen or fourteen days carefully remove the cast by gradually dissolving the glue or starch by applying warm water to the part. If the cast is plaster of paris it will be necessary to saw the cast in two which must be carefully done lest the parts that have repaired be again injured. Confine the bird for a few days longer in a comfortable enclosure. For the first few days after the fracture feed the bird easily digested feeds as mash mixed with milk and keep water or milk before the bird at all times. Keep the quarters comfortable and clean. Vicious union is a condition which results where the leg has been improperly set or the bandage removed too early and the weight causes the bone to be crooked and also to show union at an angle and deformity of the limb results.
2. Flocks showing more than 10% or 15% infection should be discarded as breeders. 3. Where the uninfected hens from badly infected flocks are kept over, check tests should be made the following year and the offspring of such flocks should also be tested before using them as breeders. 4. That all male birds should be tested even tho it has not been satisfactorily demonstrated just how the male may carry infection. By Roy E. Jones Connecticut.
day, the average length of time for cooling being from five minutes during the first week to thirty minutes during the last week. A majority stop cooling on the nineteenth day. Forty-nine cool the eggs but once a day, the average length of time being the same as in the case where the eggs are cooled twice a day. (This article bv Mr. R. F. Irwin will be continued next monih)
CORNELL POULTRY TESTING PROJECT AT EAST AURORA, N. Y.
METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION AS PRACTICED IN NEW JERSEY During the winter and spring of this year, the Department of Poultry Husbandry at New Brunswick, N. J., carried on an investigation concerning the methods of hatching by means of incubators in this state. Through the aid of the County Farm Demonstrators and the secretaries of the local poultry associations, the names of several hundred farmers who use incubators were secured. A uniform question blank was sent to each of these, and to date one hundred and twenty-nine replies have been received. The purpose of this investigation was to secure information relative to the methods in use, and also to find out the number and location of mammoth incubators in New Jersey. The work will be continued until a large majority of the farmers in the state who use incubators have reported. On the question blank, the following questions were asked: 1. Farm reporting. 2. Date. 3. Do you cool the egg? 4. How often? 5. How long each time? 6. Do you supply moisture? 7. How do you supply it? 8. How much moisture do you supply? 9. When do you first supply moisture? 10. When do you stop? 11. When do you begin and when do you stop turning and cooling the eggs? 12. What is your usual percentage of hatch (% of fertile eggs)? 13. What kind and what capacity incubator do you use? 14. Where is it located? 15. Remarks. In nearly every case, these questions were answered in full, and many farmers gave additional information under the heading of Remarks. The one hundred and twenty-nine farmers who have answered the inquiries to date report the ownership of two hundred and seventy-six machines, distributed as follows among the various manufacturers: The machines reported have a total capacity of more than 346,135 eggs at one setting, and are scattered through eighteen of the twenty-one counties of the state. However, it must be borne in mind that we have not yet received replies from a majority of the farmers in the state who own and use incubators. But it is interesting to note that the farmers in each locality all use practically the same methods. Of the one hundred and twenty-nine who reported, 68 cool the eggs twice a
(This article bp Pmf. A. B. Dann continued from last month) 64
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 20, 2015
taking an active interest and are really keeping, good accounts. I am satisfied that the records must be very easy to understand and to keep, and that we must not expect too many of the minor details as we would record on a research experiment. There is danger of discouraging the members with too many papers at the start and many of the blanks can be furnished later on when the co-operators 'become accustomed to keeping them. A seeming difficulty at first, but that has since been entirely reversed, was the relation between landlord and tenant as affected by the project. One tenant seemed afraid to keep records for fear they would not be satisfactory to the landlord. But due to thorough culling of his stock and better imotlhads of feeding! he got tfrom( ; the same number of hens, five times as many eggs in January and three times as many in February as in the year previous, and his fear entirely disappeared, and this particular tenant is one of the most loyal and exact record) keepers on the project. I might cite other instances of similar nature but hardly feel it necessary. Suffice it to say that we have lost but one member by withdrawal. The success of the project is going to depend almost wholly upon the ability, energy and personality of the man in charge. He must know poultry and know it thoroughly, he must be firm in his own conviction but yet diplomatic in convincing others; he must be aggressive, accurate, and finally self assertive and a good mixer. He must win the respect of the entire family from the country gentleman owning the estate down to the farm boy, else he will fail in his primary'object—to stimulate interest in the keeping of accurate records. My observation with this project leads me to believe that the work will be extended both because of the value to the poultry men and to the Department; that it will be carried on in one locality for either one or two years and then moved to a new section of the State that new men may be reached and new records secured; and lastly, that a larger 1number of men will be included under the supervision of one Field Instructor as we get a more simple and yet more efficient system of records and provide him with a ready means of conveyance from one farm- to another. It is probably the nearest approach to first hand contact extension work that we have undertaken and is giving us a better grip in the way of direct co-operation than we have ever yet secured.
THE
The campaign for the eradication of Bacillary White Diarrhea by means of the agglutination test was started in Connecticut, June 1, 1914. A report of the first year's work together with methods of procedure was given at the 1915 meeting. This report on the year just past is intended to bring out a few interesting facts which have since developed. During the year 7,799 birds were tested, including ten different breeds and varieties in 86 different flocks scattered thru all parts of the State. The total number tested this year was only about half the number tested last year, due probably to two reasons; first, the testing last year included several flocks ranging from 500 to 1500 which had so little infection that further testing was not considered necessary. Second, due to the fact that the first year's work was conducted at a loss and as no funds were available the charge had to be increased from five cents to ten cents per bird. The increase in the charge had the beneficial effect of encouraging the owners to cull their flocks more carefully and have only their best birds tested. Out of the total number of birds tested 7,642 were hens, showing an average infection of 8.2% as compared with 10% last year. Out of this number 1,442 were check tests on last year's work, showing an average infection of 8.1%. These birds were from the badly infected flocks of last year. While it was recommended that all badly infected flocks be disposed of there wer' several breeders who wished to ret? the stock which they had spent several years work on and try to stamp out the disease. It was found that birds tested when pullets showed more infection on the check test than the mature birds, consequently the testing of pullets was discontinued. During the year 157 male birds were tested showing no infection as compared with 2.5% infection last year. In spite of the fact that no infection was found in the male birds this season the practice of testing the males is still recommended. During the Spring a record of the breeding work on each farm was obtained with the exception of a few very small flocks. The total number of eggs incubated from tested stock was 109,456 hatching 56,059 chicks or 5 1 % . The mortality for the first three weeks which is considered the critical time was 5,932 chicks or 10.6%. Records on 7117 chicks from untested stock on seven different farms show a mortality of 1654 chicks or 23%. This is perhaps an unfair comparison with so small a number of chicks from untested stock but the farms seemed fairly representative. The conclusions from the season's work may be summed up as follows: 1. That satisfactory tests cannot be made until hens have passed one year of production.
SUMMARY A seriesof 21 cases of fractures were studied in the domestic fowl. It was found that at the end of the fifth day islands of bone tissue had begun to form. The repair of fractures in the domestic fowl is intramembraneous. The periosteal, endosteal and intermediary callouses show bone formation in trabecular like arrangement. By the end of the thirteenth day the major portion of the bone tissue has formed and was found complete by the twentieth day. A homogenius matrix with typical bone cells in their lacunae. The structure of compact bone in the domestic fowl is similar to that of mammals. The appliance used to hold the broken bones in apposition in the domestic fowl may be removed with safety by the end of the thirteenth day. By B. F. Kaupp, Pathologist, North Carolina Experiment Station, 68
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 20, 2015
bone tissue showing the homogenius matrix in which the formative bone cells were occupying their lacunae. Bone formation has progressed sufficient by the thirteenth day to make the removal of the splints practical and is apparently complete by the end of the 20th day. In setting the bone the fragments and ends of the broken bone should be placed in perfect apposition and the normal shape of the bone restored. The loose arrangements of the muscles makes this an easy task but still harder to hold firmly in place till the cast can be applied. In applying the apparatus normal functions as circulation and nerves must be safeguarded. If the fracture is In the feathered region the feathers should be removed by carefully plucking them. In placing the appliance first apply a thin layer of cotton, then place the splints and holding the parts firmly in place apply the one inch bandage after which soak the parts with glue and keep the bird quiet till the glue has had time to harden. It is found that the glue leaves the part light whereas plaster of paris makes a heavy cast. Laundry starch serves the place of glue but is some trouble to prepare. At the end of thirteen or fourteen days carefully remove the cast by gradually dissolving the glue or starch by applying warm water to the part. If the cast is plaster of paris it will be necessary to saw the cast in two which must be carefully done lest the parts that have repaired be again injured. Confine the bird for a few days longer in a comfortable enclosure. For the first few days after the fracture feed the bird easily digested feeds as mash mixed with milk and keep water or milk before the bird at all times. Keep the quarters comfortable and clean. Vicious union is a condition which results where the leg has been improperly set or the bandage removed too early and the weight causes the bone to be crooked and also to show union at an angle and deformity of the limb results.
2. Flocks showing more than 10% or 15% infection should be discarded as breeders. 3. Where the uninfected hens from badly infected flocks are kept over, check tests should be made the following year and the offspring of such flocks should also be tested before using them as breeders. 4. That all male birds should be tested even tho it has not been satisfactorily demonstrated just how the male may carry infection. By Roy E. Jones Connecticut.
day, the average length of time for cooling being from five minutes during the first week to thirty minutes during the last week. A majority stop cooling on the nineteenth day. Forty-nine cool the eggs but once a day, the average length of time being the same as in the case where the eggs are cooled twice a day. (This article bv Mr. R. F. Irwin will be continued next monih)
CORNELL POULTRY TESTING PROJECT AT EAST AURORA, N. Y.
METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION AS PRACTICED IN NEW JERSEY During the winter and spring of this year, the Department of Poultry Husbandry at New Brunswick, N. J., carried on an investigation concerning the methods of hatching by means of incubators in this state. Through the aid of the County Farm Demonstrators and the secretaries of the local poultry associations, the names of several hundred farmers who use incubators were secured. A uniform question blank was sent to each of these, and to date one hundred and twenty-nine replies have been received. The purpose of this investigation was to secure information relative to the methods in use, and also to find out the number and location of mammoth incubators in New Jersey. The work will be continued until a large majority of the farmers in the state who use incubators have reported. On the question blank, the following questions were asked: 1. Farm reporting. 2. Date. 3. Do you cool the egg? 4. How often? 5. How long each time? 6. Do you supply moisture? 7. How do you supply it? 8. How much moisture do you supply? 9. When do you first supply moisture? 10. When do you stop? 11. When do you begin and when do you stop turning and cooling the eggs? 12. What is your usual percentage of hatch (% of fertile eggs)? 13. What kind and what capacity incubator do you use? 14. Where is it located? 15. Remarks. In nearly every case, these questions were answered in full, and many farmers gave additional information under the heading of Remarks. The one hundred and twenty-nine farmers who have answered the inquiries to date report the ownership of two hundred and seventy-six machines, distributed as follows among the various manufacturers: The machines reported have a total capacity of more than 346,135 eggs at one setting, and are scattered through eighteen of the twenty-one counties of the state. However, it must be borne in mind that we have not yet received replies from a majority of the farmers in the state who own and use incubators. But it is interesting to note that the farmers in each locality all use practically the same methods. Of the one hundred and twenty-nine who reported, 68 cool the eggs twice a
(This article bp Pmf. A. B. Dann continued from last month) 64
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 20, 2015
taking an active interest and are really keeping, good accounts. I am satisfied that the records must be very easy to understand and to keep, and that we must not expect too many of the minor details as we would record on a research experiment. There is danger of discouraging the members with too many papers at the start and many of the blanks can be furnished later on when the co-operators 'become accustomed to keeping them. A seeming difficulty at first, but that has since been entirely reversed, was the relation between landlord and tenant as affected by the project. One tenant seemed afraid to keep records for fear they would not be satisfactory to the landlord. But due to thorough culling of his stock and better imotlhads of feeding! he got tfrom( ; the same number of hens, five times as many eggs in January and three times as many in February as in the year previous, and his fear entirely disappeared, and this particular tenant is one of the most loyal and exact record) keepers on the project. I might cite other instances of similar nature but hardly feel it necessary. Suffice it to say that we have lost but one member by withdrawal. The success of the project is going to depend almost wholly upon the ability, energy and personality of the man in charge. He must know poultry and know it thoroughly, he must be firm in his own conviction but yet diplomatic in convincing others; he must be aggressive, accurate, and finally self assertive and a good mixer. He must win the respect of the entire family from the country gentleman owning the estate down to the farm boy, else he will fail in his primary'object—to stimulate interest in the keeping of accurate records. My observation with this project leads me to believe that the work will be extended both because of the value to the poultry men and to the Department; that it will be carried on in one locality for either one or two years and then moved to a new section of the State that new men may be reached and new records secured; and lastly, that a larger 1number of men will be included under the supervision of one Field Instructor as we get a more simple and yet more efficient system of records and provide him with a ready means of conveyance from one farm- to another. It is probably the nearest approach to first hand contact extension work that we have undertaken and is giving us a better grip in the way of direct co-operation than we have ever yet secured.