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Practical Supplements for Soybean Oil Meal in Chick Rations1
Practical Supplements for Soybean Oil Meal in Chick Rations 1 J. B. CHRISTIANSEN,2 H. J. DEOBALD,2 J. G. HALPIN, AND E. B. HART From the Departments of Poultry Husbandry and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Madison (Received for publication May 22, 1939)
AYWARD, Steenbock, and Bohstedt
groups of the experiment. The day-old
(1936) reported that rats required additional cystine in their ration when its protein was supplied by unheated soybean oil meal. Heat treatment of the meal under specifled conditions eliminated this deficiency, Hayward, Halpin, Holmes, Bohstedt, and Hart (1937) reported that heated or unheated soybean oil meal was unsatisfactory as the sole protein supplement in poultry rations. The substitution of 2 per, . , . , , . .„ , cent each of dried skimmilk and meat scraps for their protein equivalents of soybean oil meal markedly improved the value of the ration. These two papers included reviews of the previous literature. Very little other work has been published concerning materials which improve the value of soybean oil meal in chick rations. EXPERIMENTAL
chicks were then placed in the experimental groups. The treatment of the groups in each experiment was identical except for the ration fed. Commercial expeller soybean oil meal was used throughout these experiments. Except where otherwise noted, the supplements were added to the following basal ration: Ground yellow com 45 Wheat bran IS Wheat middlings IS Alfalfa leaf meal S Limestone grits 1.5 iodized salt**..................... .5 Cod liver oil 5 The addition of 8 percent each of dried skimmilk and meat scraps to this ration produced satisfactory growth when fed to chicks. The mineral mixture used in these experiments was composed of:
H
ts
The following experiments were devised . .
, ,
.
..
.
m an attempt to determine the types of commercial products which would be use, , ful as supplements to a soybean oil mealJ . 0grain ration. . , T In the experiments to be described, the c ,. , .. , , . , , ' , chicks were pedigree hatched, banded, and 1 i i i . i , , sorted so that the chicks from any one hen ,. ., , , , , were evenly distributed throughout the J ° 1Published n Li- u J with.u the o approval , of -the ., Director T^of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. 2 Allied Mills Fellow.
Steamed bone meal
3
High
calcium limestone (ground) ... 1 . , ,, ., , ., , It is frequently considered that a vege, ,, . . . , ,. .., table protein requires supplementing with . . , , . , protein from an animal source in order to , ., .. , , . . , ., ., furnish satisfactory protein for the growth , ,. , „, . . , . ,v , , °i chickens. These trials were established . , , iT to compare the value of various commer. , . . , , , , • „ cial protein supplements when fed in small amounts in rations which contain soybean Ti
ol1 m e a l
a s their chlef s o u r c e of
Pr°tein.
The protein content of the rations was maintained at a level of approximately 18 [18]
PRACTICAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR SOYBEAN OIL MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
percent. These rations were analyzed at intervals for nitrogen content. In the first series, five groups of 30 dayold White Leghorn chicks were placed in battery brooders. The groups were fed the following rations: Supplements to "B basal" ration ExGroup Basal peller Min- Casein Meat scrap SBOM erals 1 2 3 4 S
82 83 84 82 82.5
16 14
2 2
—
—
13 10
1
2 1.5
— — —
— 8
— —
Dr. skim milk
— — 8 3 6
The results are tabulated in Table 1. It can be seen that when the chicks were fed the ration containing 3 percent of dried
19
has been confirmed by a number of subsequent growth trials. The second series consisted of seven groups. Each group contained SO chicks. In this trial a comparison was made of the value of the vegetable products corn gluten and linseed oil meals, with the animal products consisting of whitefish, sardine, and menhaden fish meals. From results of this trial, which are shown in Table 2, it can be seen that the combination of either of the vegetable products with soybean oil meal resulted in a lower efficiency of the ration than was obtained from the feeding of soybean oil meal alone. The growth of chicks was less rapid and the quantity of feed consumed for each pound of gain was greater
TABLE 1.—Value of single supplements to soybean oil meal Single Comb White Leghorns—30 chicks to the group Lbs. feed consumed per lb. gained
Group ration
Average weights per week 0
1
2
3
4
6
58.9
90.4
139.6
194.1
355.0
I. Basal SBOM Minerals
82 16 2
4.2
40.6
II. Basal SBOM Casein Minerals
83 14 1 2
4.075
39.8
59.8
97.1
149.5
208.8
373.8
III. Basal 84 Meat scrap 8 Dr. skimmilk 8
3.802
40.0
63.9
106.7
167.9
242.2
414.8
IV. Basal 82 SBOM 13 Dr. skimmilk 3 Minerals 2
3.845
40.0
63.2
100.5
150.0
210.8
401.0
3.930
39.9
59.1
99.7
150.7
190.3
404.8
V. Basal 82.5 SBOM 10 Dr. skimmilk 6 Minerals 1.5
skimmilk they grew as well as those receiving 6 percent. The dried skimmilk proved to be a more satisfactory supplement than did the casein. This observation
in the groups receiving the vegetable protein supplements. The various animal protein—soybean oil meal combinations all proved to be better
20
CHRISTIANSEN, DEOBALD, H A L P I N , AND HART
TABLE 2.—Comparison of vegetalle and animal protein supplements to soybean oil meal Single Comb White Leghorns— 50 chicks to the group Lbs. feed consumed per lb. gained
0
1
2
3
4
6
8
84 8 8
3.51
41.6
62.3
112.0
172.3
253.0
439.9
639.0
I I . B(37) basal SBOM Minerals
82 16 2
3.94
42.1
59.5
99.5
143.3
205.8
335.9
530.5
I I I . B(37) basal SBOM Casein Minerals
83 14 1 2
3.91
41.8
61.6
105.5
157.8
230.0
377.7
569.9
IV. B(37) basal SBOM Dr. skimmilk Minerals
82 13 3 2
3.98
41.8
61.7
106.9
159.5
231.6
382.2
566.6
V. B(37) basal SBOM Linseed meal Minerals
82 11 5 2
4.47
41.5
59.3
93.5
144.8
204.7
352.1
514.7
VI. B(37) basal 82 SBOM 11 Corn gluten meal 5 Minerals 2
3.98
41.6
56.0
76.8
122.9
182.3
332.7
520.4
83.5 12 3 1.5
3.54
42.0
64.9
112.5
168.4
253.4
419.2
633.5
82.5 12 3 1.5
3.26
41.7
62.3
102.9
163.0
243.5
421.1
647.23
83.5 12
3.72
42.1
60.4
99.5
157.2
230.3
401.2
605.1
4.02
41.9
59.4
99.2
149.6
217.1
371.7
547.2
I. B(37) basal Meat scrap Dr. skimmilk
VII. B(37) basal SBOM Wh. fish meal Minerals VIII. B(37) basal SBOM Sardine meal Minerals IX. B(37) basal SBOM Menhaden fish meal Minerals X. B(37) basal SBOM Meat scrap Minerals
Average weights per week
3 1.5 83.5 12 3 1.5
supplements to the basal ration than did the single supplement of soybean oil meal. Of these, sardine fish meal proved to be particularly valuable. When three pounds of sardine fish meal were substituted for its protein equivalent of soybean oil meal,
the chicks weighed slightly more at eight weeks than did those in the positive control group (lot 1). The samples of menhaden and whitefish meal were slightly less efficient in this respect. These results were, in part, verified by a
PRACTICAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR SOYBEAN OIL MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
third series using day-old Barred Plymouth Rock chicks. The rations and results are given in Table 3. It is seen that the corn gluten meal and linseed meal again were not of value as supplements to the soybean oil meal.
21
were combined with soybean oil meal, the combinations were not as good as when soybean oil meal was used alone as supplement to the grain mixture. The various animal products in contrast all supplemented the meal to some extent.
TABLE 3.—Vegetable and animal protein supplements to soybean oil meal for heavy chtcks Barred Plymouth Rocks—60 chicks to the group Lbs. feed consumed per lb. gained
Average weights per week 0
1
2
3
4
6
8
84 8 8
3.57
39.5
65.3
100.8
168.3
233.8
407.2
633.3
II. Basal Minerals SBOM (exp.)
82 2 16
3.84
39.5
56.2
93.4
156.3
216.6
367.5
561.0
III. Basal Minerals SBOM (exp.) Linseed meal
82 2 11 5
3.72
39.5
60.4
92.1
147.8
211.5
366.4
539.8
IV. Basal 82 Minerals 2 SBOM 11 Corn gluten meal 5
3.94
39.2
62.8
94.2
150.7
219.8
387.2
581.0
83.5 4 1.5 11
3.74
39.5
63.9
100.4
163.4
235.6
398.9
591.4
83.5 1.5 11 4
3.69
39.4
60.9
104.2
184.5
250.4
472.8
695.6
I. Basal Dr. milk M. scrap
V. Basal M. scrap Minerals SBOM VI. Basal Minerals SBOM Sardine meal
In both trials the combination of sardine fish meal and soybean oil meal was the most useful supplement tried. Meat scraps did not prove to be particularly valuable in combination with soybean oil meal. Great variation in the value of different samples of meat scraps has been found in subsequent trials. The belief that various vegetable protein supplements are deficient in much the same components is supported by these results. When vegetable sources of protein
From a practical point of view, the fish meals were of exceptional value in these rations. The single supplement of dried skimmilk proved to be somewhat better than was either the meat scraps or casein supplement. CONCLUSIONS 1. Studies have been reported on the value of small amounts of various commercial products as supplements to chick rations in which soybean oil meal furnished the majority of the protein.
22
CHRISTIANSEN, DEOBALD, HALPIN, AND HART
2. As much as 5 percent of the vegetable protein supplements, linseed oil meal or corn gluten meal, proved to be of no value in these rations. 3. Exceptionally good growth of chicks was obtained when 3 or 4 percent of sardine, menhaden, or whitefish meal was combined with the soybean oil meal in these rations. The sample of sardine oil meal used proved to be the best of the fish meals tried. 4. The combination of dried skimmilk
was somewhat more valuable than the combination of either meat scraps or casein with the soybean oil meal in these rations. REFERENCES
Hayward, J. W., H. Steenbock, and G. Bohstedt, 1936. The effect of cystine and casein supplements upon the nutritive value of the protein of raw and heated soy beans. Jour. Nutrition 12:275-283. Hayward, J. W., J. G. Halpin, C. E. Holmes, G. Bohstedt, and E. B. Hart, 1937. Soybean oil meal prepared at different temperatures as a feed for poultry. Poul. Sci. 16 :3-14.
AYWARD, Steenbock, and Bohstedt
groups of the experiment. The day-old
(1936) reported that rats required additional cystine in their ration when its protein was supplied by unheated soybean oil meal. Heat treatment of the meal under specifled conditions eliminated this deficiency, Hayward, Halpin, Holmes, Bohstedt, and Hart (1937) reported that heated or unheated soybean oil meal was unsatisfactory as the sole protein supplement in poultry rations. The substitution of 2 per, . , . , , . .„ , cent each of dried skimmilk and meat scraps for their protein equivalents of soybean oil meal markedly improved the value of the ration. These two papers included reviews of the previous literature. Very little other work has been published concerning materials which improve the value of soybean oil meal in chick rations. EXPERIMENTAL
chicks were then placed in the experimental groups. The treatment of the groups in each experiment was identical except for the ration fed. Commercial expeller soybean oil meal was used throughout these experiments. Except where otherwise noted, the supplements were added to the following basal ration: Ground yellow com 45 Wheat bran IS Wheat middlings IS Alfalfa leaf meal S Limestone grits 1.5 iodized salt**..................... .5 Cod liver oil 5 The addition of 8 percent each of dried skimmilk and meat scraps to this ration produced satisfactory growth when fed to chicks. The mineral mixture used in these experiments was composed of:
H
ts
The following experiments were devised . .
, ,
.
..
.
m an attempt to determine the types of commercial products which would be use, , ful as supplements to a soybean oil mealJ . 0grain ration. . , T In the experiments to be described, the c ,. , .. , , . , , ' , chicks were pedigree hatched, banded, and 1 i i i . i , , sorted so that the chicks from any one hen ,. ., , , , , were evenly distributed throughout the J ° 1Published n Li- u J with.u the o approval , of -the ., Director T^of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. 2 Allied Mills Fellow.
Steamed bone meal
3
High
calcium limestone (ground) ... 1 . , ,, ., , ., , It is frequently considered that a vege, ,, . . . , ,. .., table protein requires supplementing with . . , , . , protein from an animal source in order to , ., .. , , . . , ., ., furnish satisfactory protein for the growth , ,. , „, . . , . ,v , , °i chickens. These trials were established . , , iT to compare the value of various commer. , . . , , , , • „ cial protein supplements when fed in small amounts in rations which contain soybean Ti
ol1 m e a l
a s their chlef s o u r c e of
Pr°tein.
The protein content of the rations was maintained at a level of approximately 18 [18]
PRACTICAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR SOYBEAN OIL MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
percent. These rations were analyzed at intervals for nitrogen content. In the first series, five groups of 30 dayold White Leghorn chicks were placed in battery brooders. The groups were fed the following rations: Supplements to "B basal" ration ExGroup Basal peller Min- Casein Meat scrap SBOM erals 1 2 3 4 S
82 83 84 82 82.5
16 14
2 2
—
—
13 10
1
2 1.5
— — —
— 8
— —
Dr. skim milk
— — 8 3 6
The results are tabulated in Table 1. It can be seen that when the chicks were fed the ration containing 3 percent of dried
19
has been confirmed by a number of subsequent growth trials. The second series consisted of seven groups. Each group contained SO chicks. In this trial a comparison was made of the value of the vegetable products corn gluten and linseed oil meals, with the animal products consisting of whitefish, sardine, and menhaden fish meals. From results of this trial, which are shown in Table 2, it can be seen that the combination of either of the vegetable products with soybean oil meal resulted in a lower efficiency of the ration than was obtained from the feeding of soybean oil meal alone. The growth of chicks was less rapid and the quantity of feed consumed for each pound of gain was greater
TABLE 1.—Value of single supplements to soybean oil meal Single Comb White Leghorns—30 chicks to the group Lbs. feed consumed per lb. gained
Group ration
Average weights per week 0
1
2
3
4
6
58.9
90.4
139.6
194.1
355.0
I. Basal SBOM Minerals
82 16 2
4.2
40.6
II. Basal SBOM Casein Minerals
83 14 1 2
4.075
39.8
59.8
97.1
149.5
208.8
373.8
III. Basal 84 Meat scrap 8 Dr. skimmilk 8
3.802
40.0
63.9
106.7
167.9
242.2
414.8
IV. Basal 82 SBOM 13 Dr. skimmilk 3 Minerals 2
3.845
40.0
63.2
100.5
150.0
210.8
401.0
3.930
39.9
59.1
99.7
150.7
190.3
404.8
V. Basal 82.5 SBOM 10 Dr. skimmilk 6 Minerals 1.5
skimmilk they grew as well as those receiving 6 percent. The dried skimmilk proved to be a more satisfactory supplement than did the casein. This observation
in the groups receiving the vegetable protein supplements. The various animal protein—soybean oil meal combinations all proved to be better
20
CHRISTIANSEN, DEOBALD, H A L P I N , AND HART
TABLE 2.—Comparison of vegetalle and animal protein supplements to soybean oil meal Single Comb White Leghorns— 50 chicks to the group Lbs. feed consumed per lb. gained
0
1
2
3
4
6
8
84 8 8
3.51
41.6
62.3
112.0
172.3
253.0
439.9
639.0
I I . B(37) basal SBOM Minerals
82 16 2
3.94
42.1
59.5
99.5
143.3
205.8
335.9
530.5
I I I . B(37) basal SBOM Casein Minerals
83 14 1 2
3.91
41.8
61.6
105.5
157.8
230.0
377.7
569.9
IV. B(37) basal SBOM Dr. skimmilk Minerals
82 13 3 2
3.98
41.8
61.7
106.9
159.5
231.6
382.2
566.6
V. B(37) basal SBOM Linseed meal Minerals
82 11 5 2
4.47
41.5
59.3
93.5
144.8
204.7
352.1
514.7
VI. B(37) basal 82 SBOM 11 Corn gluten meal 5 Minerals 2
3.98
41.6
56.0
76.8
122.9
182.3
332.7
520.4
83.5 12 3 1.5
3.54
42.0
64.9
112.5
168.4
253.4
419.2
633.5
82.5 12 3 1.5
3.26
41.7
62.3
102.9
163.0
243.5
421.1
647.23
83.5 12
3.72
42.1
60.4
99.5
157.2
230.3
401.2
605.1
4.02
41.9
59.4
99.2
149.6
217.1
371.7
547.2
I. B(37) basal Meat scrap Dr. skimmilk
VII. B(37) basal SBOM Wh. fish meal Minerals VIII. B(37) basal SBOM Sardine meal Minerals IX. B(37) basal SBOM Menhaden fish meal Minerals X. B(37) basal SBOM Meat scrap Minerals
Average weights per week
3 1.5 83.5 12 3 1.5
supplements to the basal ration than did the single supplement of soybean oil meal. Of these, sardine fish meal proved to be particularly valuable. When three pounds of sardine fish meal were substituted for its protein equivalent of soybean oil meal,
the chicks weighed slightly more at eight weeks than did those in the positive control group (lot 1). The samples of menhaden and whitefish meal were slightly less efficient in this respect. These results were, in part, verified by a
PRACTICAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR SOYBEAN OIL MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
third series using day-old Barred Plymouth Rock chicks. The rations and results are given in Table 3. It is seen that the corn gluten meal and linseed meal again were not of value as supplements to the soybean oil meal.
21
were combined with soybean oil meal, the combinations were not as good as when soybean oil meal was used alone as supplement to the grain mixture. The various animal products in contrast all supplemented the meal to some extent.
TABLE 3.—Vegetable and animal protein supplements to soybean oil meal for heavy chtcks Barred Plymouth Rocks—60 chicks to the group Lbs. feed consumed per lb. gained
Average weights per week 0
1
2
3
4
6
8
84 8 8
3.57
39.5
65.3
100.8
168.3
233.8
407.2
633.3
II. Basal Minerals SBOM (exp.)
82 2 16
3.84
39.5
56.2
93.4
156.3
216.6
367.5
561.0
III. Basal Minerals SBOM (exp.) Linseed meal
82 2 11 5
3.72
39.5
60.4
92.1
147.8
211.5
366.4
539.8
IV. Basal 82 Minerals 2 SBOM 11 Corn gluten meal 5
3.94
39.2
62.8
94.2
150.7
219.8
387.2
581.0
83.5 4 1.5 11
3.74
39.5
63.9
100.4
163.4
235.6
398.9
591.4
83.5 1.5 11 4
3.69
39.4
60.9
104.2
184.5
250.4
472.8
695.6
I. Basal Dr. milk M. scrap
V. Basal M. scrap Minerals SBOM VI. Basal Minerals SBOM Sardine meal
In both trials the combination of sardine fish meal and soybean oil meal was the most useful supplement tried. Meat scraps did not prove to be particularly valuable in combination with soybean oil meal. Great variation in the value of different samples of meat scraps has been found in subsequent trials. The belief that various vegetable protein supplements are deficient in much the same components is supported by these results. When vegetable sources of protein
From a practical point of view, the fish meals were of exceptional value in these rations. The single supplement of dried skimmilk proved to be somewhat better than was either the meat scraps or casein supplement. CONCLUSIONS 1. Studies have been reported on the value of small amounts of various commercial products as supplements to chick rations in which soybean oil meal furnished the majority of the protein.
22
CHRISTIANSEN, DEOBALD, HALPIN, AND HART
2. As much as 5 percent of the vegetable protein supplements, linseed oil meal or corn gluten meal, proved to be of no value in these rations. 3. Exceptionally good growth of chicks was obtained when 3 or 4 percent of sardine, menhaden, or whitefish meal was combined with the soybean oil meal in these rations. The sample of sardine oil meal used proved to be the best of the fish meals tried. 4. The combination of dried skimmilk
was somewhat more valuable than the combination of either meat scraps or casein with the soybean oil meal in these rations. REFERENCES
Hayward, J. W., H. Steenbock, and G. Bohstedt, 1936. The effect of cystine and casein supplements upon the nutritive value of the protein of raw and heated soy beans. Jour. Nutrition 12:275-283. Hayward, J. W., J. G. Halpin, C. E. Holmes, G. Bohstedt, and E. B. Hart, 1937. Soybean oil meal prepared at different temperatures as a feed for poultry. Poul. Sci. 16 :3-14.