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Prediction of liquefaction in sand deposits during earthquakes. 17F, 16R
I~TA
stress. The observed velocity changes in the granite gouge experiments are believed to be produced by reversible opening and closing of s-~II cracks. For a gouge material consisting of moderately compacted, sorted, coarser-grained, dry sand, irreversible changes in Vp were observed. The predominant changes in Vp for %he sand gouge are believed to result from grain fracturing and from readjustment of grains to a denser state of aggregation with changes in the general stress.
1358 FINN, WDL UNIV .BRIT.COLUMBIA, VANCOUV~, CDN BYRNE, PM UNIV .AUCKIAND, NZ MARTIN, GR UNIV .AUCKLAND,NZ Seismic response and liquefaction of sands. IhF,IhR. J. GEOT~H. ENGNG DIV. ,ASCE,Vl02, GT8,1976, F841-856. An effective stress analysis has be~% developed for determining the dynamic response of horizontal saturated s~nd deposits to earthquake motions consisting of vertiqally propagating shear waves. A hyperbolic stress-straln law is used for sands in shear and during the earthquake motions the modulus and damping properties of the sands are modified continuously for the effects of dynamic shear strains and pore-water pressures. The pore-water pressures are also continuously updated. Comparisons bet~;een the effective stress analysis and current total stress methods show that only the effective stress method can predict and reproduce the l~henomena that occur in saturated sands during earthquakes.
1359 B ~ L , JL Blasting vibration levels transmitted across fracture planes. 7F,3R. MIN .MAG .VI35,N4,OCT .1976,F361-363. Briefly reports tests carried out at the Cerizo de Riotiron open pit, Burgos, Spain. Results, showing considerably reduced vibration levels due to faults or single or double presplit fracture planes, are shown in graphical form.
1360 TOKSOZ, MN MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, USA CHENG, CH MIT, CAMBRIDGE, M~SS, USA TIMUR,A Velocities of seismic waves in porous rocks. 18F, 5T,~7R. GEOPHYSICS,V41, N~,AUG.1976,P621.645. Velocities of seismic compressional and shear waves in porous rocks under different saturation conditions are calculated theoretically and compared with laboratory data. For theoretical formulations the rocks are represented by a solid matrix and pores of spherical or oblate spheroidal shapes. The effect of confining pressure on velocities is calculated by taking into account pore closing and saturant compressibilities. 1361 H~iNN, JH CLEV~uAND STATE UNIV,OHIO USA ACHENBACH, JD N O R T ~ ; E S T ~ UNIV, EVANSTON, USA FANG, SJ SARGENT & LUNDY, CHICAGO ,USA Dynamic photoelastic study of stress-wave propagation through an inclusion. @F,IT, IIR EXP .MECH,VI6,N8,AUG 1976, P291-299. Isochromatic-fringe patterns were obtained, which give the maxiu~Am shear stresses, both inside the inclusion and in the surrounding medium. The principal stresses on the axis of symmetry were determined through the use of the oblique-incidence method. It was found that small tensile stresses are gauerated at the interface on the shadow side of the inclusion. The focusing effect inside the inclusion predicted by ray theory was not observed. Finally, the shape of the w~vefront as the wave passes the inclusion was determined.
1362 MLLES,AW Shock-front loadinE method for studies in dynamic photoelasticity. IIF, 7~. EXP .MECH .VI6,Ng, SEPT. 1976, P349-355.
The method utilizes the shock front produced in a gasdynamic shock tube to apply a load to models by direct normal impact. The method is suited to studies where simple variation and accurate ~ e t e r m l n ~ t ~ of the load. cycle paramleters, as well as precise reprod"clbillty, are necessary. The method, in addition, permits closefield study of the initial response of ,~terials to dynamic l o a d ~ to be undertaken Some exs~les of the dynamic stresses arisir~ from shock-front i~act on a lowmodulus photoelastic model are presented and discussed.
Geology 1363 CHAPLOW,R EngineerlnE geology of Lake Lar,Northern Irsn.58R. PH.D.THESIS. IMPERIAL COLLEGE, 1976,352P. The succession of sediments in the Lar Basin has been established and found to be similar to those found in other natural and artificial lakes. The sediments, particularly those in the upper part of the sequence,have been found to possess metastable characteristics, the silts being relatively highly sensitive and the sands being prone to liquefaction. Bubble structures have been identified in the sands. A very depressed groundwater table has been identified in the Lar Valley; evidence indicates that thls is a result of the presence and influence of the pre-Damavsad channel of the Lar river.
Earthquake mechanisms and effects 136h MIZUNTANI, H TOKYO UNIV, J ISHIDO,T TOKYO UNIV, J YOKOHURA, T TOKYO UNIV, J Electrokinetic l~henomena associated with earthquakes. IF, IT, 2~q% GEOPHYS .RES.LETT,V3, NT, JULY, 1976, P365-368. Electrokinetic phenom~aa induce~ by ground water flow associated with earthquakes are proposed to provide a possible means of earthquake prediction. Detectable variations of earth currents, electric potential and geomagnetic field may be caused by diffusion of fluid into a dilatant focal region. The principle of electrokinetic phenomena may be used for earthquake control by controlling the water flow with an artificial electric potential field. 1365 RIKITAKE, T Earthquake prediction. Developments in solid earth geophysics,vol 9. AMSTerDAM, ELSEVI~, 1976,357P. Reviews the phe~omemology of observations deemed pertinent to prediction, but does not include a broad discus. sion of the basic problems of the subject. Gives extensive tabulations of observations of diverse precursory pheuome~a. The editing and the selection of topics make this a personal view of earthquake prediction. 1366 ISHIHARA, K TOKYO UNIV, J LYSM~, J CALIFORNIA UNIV, BERKELEY, USA YASUDA, S TOKYO UNIV, J Prediction of liquefaction in sand deposits during earthquakes. 17F,16R. SOILS FOUND.VI6, NI, MAR. 1976, Pl_16. Previously developed method for computing the progressive rise of pore pressures in saturated sands subjected to cyclic loading has been adjusted to fit data obtained from triaxial torsion tests. Also, the method has been incorporated into a computer code for the computation
iLcA
of pore pressures based on shear stresses obtained from an independent earthquake response analysis of the ground. The method has been applied in three case studies involving sand deposits where actual acceleration records were obtained during recent ma~or earthquakes. The predicted behaviour of the sand deposits has been compared with the observed damage related to the deposits.
tions. The cavsbility of adjacent are~-a, ~s well ~ seismic energ~J absorption, proved to be good factors ~--n determining cavability. Seismic velocity, core recovery, end rock quality designation (RQD) .,'ere found to be not as reliable.
In-situ stresses and stress around underground openings
Hydrogeology 1367 S IDOREEHq3,AV, EDITOR. Hydrogeology of the USSR. S~mma~y volume part i. Basic regularities governing ground water distribution in the USSR.In Russian with English table of contents. MOSCOW, NEDRA, 1976,656P.
Underground excavations Mines 1368 RANKILOR, PR Engineering geology and mining. Er~ineering geology in practice in Britain ii. 16,6R. GROUND ENGNG .V9,N7, OCT .1976, P22- 26 • Surveys the functions of the engineering geologist in a working mine e n v l r ~ t , from the exploration and planning stage onwards, concentrating on underground mining. 1369 ROCK BURST PROJECT TEAM Rock burst research project, Western Deep Levels Limited. Final report on an investigation into the influence of geological Joint systems on the stability of longwalls. IOF,ST,3 R • ANGLO AMERICAN CORP.TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, ROCK MECHANICS D E . R E P O R T RP-17,2 JUNE.1976,40P. An analysis based on 20 000 seismic event locations (1975-1976), the daily blasting information for all the stope panels (1975-1976), underground accident statistics (1975-1976) snd an extensive underground geological survey of Joints revealed that the presence of the predominant system of quartz-filled ("micaceous") joints, occurring over the entire lease area of Western Deep Levels, is apparently one of the most important factors associated with the mine's rock burst problems. The results obtained from the analysis are presented and the short and long term implications to mining are discussed. 1370 BRE~UP,FK LEIT~ITZ, H WAGEN~,B Inst~,-~ts and devices for mine surveying and the prevention of rock bumps shown at the Bergbau 76
(in German). GLUCKAUF, Vll2, NI8, 23 SEPT. 1976, PI069-I071 • 1371 OBERT, L ~JNSON, R RICH, C Caving properties of the Climax ore body. 7F,4T,4R. TRANS .SOC .MIN.ENGR AIME,V260, N2, JUNE, 1976, P129-133 • Improved methods of predicting the caving characteristics of ore bodies are discussed. Experiments were conducted at Climax mine, Climax, Colo., on varied rock composi-
1372 DUNHAM,RK N~WCASTLE- UPON-TYNE L~Y.',GB In-situ monitoring at Sendwith Anhydrite ~Lne.6F, IT, 9R. MINE & QUARRY VS,Ng,SEPT.1976,P19-22. To determine the stability of the new mining geometry it was decided to instrument an area of rooms and pillars in the lower workings prior to overmining. As working in the upper seam proceeded the instrumentation monitored stress and deformational changes in the rock mass surrounding the lower workings. 1373 MCVEY, JR SERBOUSEK, MO How computerized instrumentation monitors coal mine roofs. 3F,4R. MIN.ENGNG,AIME.V28, N9, SEPT .1976, P40-43. Discusses a computerized Instrtunentation system that c ~ examine the structural behaviour of roof supports in a coal mine. It can instantaneously compute and plot the load, load rates, deformation, stress, opening closure, etc., in an actual production operation carried out by such conventional mining techniques as room-sad-pillar. The measurement system provides total or random access of up to 4©0 underground instruments or measurement ~oin%s. It consists of a minicomputerized instrumentation vsa that conmm/nlcates with a slaved 400.channel data acquisition system which can be located up to 3.2kin (2 miles) underground. All instrumentation is advsaced with the mining cycle sad is installed within 3 0 5 ~ (ift) of the face. 1374 BUIATOV, W Analysis of the stress state in the rock or soil mass around a vertical borehole. 4R. SO IL ~L~CH.FoUND.ENGNG,VI3, NI, JAN-F~ .1976, P66-69. 1375 P A ~ , JHL LO,KY In situ stress measurements in some near-surface rock formations-Thorold,Ontario. 6F, 9R. CAN. GEOTECH. J .VI3, N1, FEB. 1976, P1 -7. Performance of some structures constructed in rocks in Southern Ontario have shown severe distress. It has been hypothesize d that the problem is due to the high horizontal stresses existing in the rock formations. As part of a comprehensive investigation into the stress relief and time-dependent behavlour of the rocks in this area s in situ stress measurements were carried out at a location near the Thorold Tunnel to a depth of 25m. ~ e technique and procedure used are described in detail. it was found that high horizontal stresses, varying fro8300 to lhSOOkPa exist in each rock unit encountered. The direction of the ma~or principal stress in the horizontal plane appears to be orientated at N60 E. 1376 BOW~, CFP HEWSON,FI MACDONALD, DH Rock squeeze at Thorold tunnel. IOF,5R. CAN .GEOTECH. J,V13, N2 ,MAY, 1976, Plll-126 • The Thorold Tunnel, constructed between 1965 and 1968, provides a four-lane highway crossing under the Welland
stress. The observed velocity changes in the granite gouge experiments are believed to be produced by reversible opening and closing of s-~II cracks. For a gouge material consisting of moderately compacted, sorted, coarser-grained, dry sand, irreversible changes in Vp were observed. The predominant changes in Vp for %he sand gouge are believed to result from grain fracturing and from readjustment of grains to a denser state of aggregation with changes in the general stress.
1358 FINN, WDL UNIV .BRIT.COLUMBIA, VANCOUV~, CDN BYRNE, PM UNIV .AUCKIAND, NZ MARTIN, GR UNIV .AUCKLAND,NZ Seismic response and liquefaction of sands. IhF,IhR. J. GEOT~H. ENGNG DIV. ,ASCE,Vl02, GT8,1976, F841-856. An effective stress analysis has be~% developed for determining the dynamic response of horizontal saturated s~nd deposits to earthquake motions consisting of vertiqally propagating shear waves. A hyperbolic stress-straln law is used for sands in shear and during the earthquake motions the modulus and damping properties of the sands are modified continuously for the effects of dynamic shear strains and pore-water pressures. The pore-water pressures are also continuously updated. Comparisons bet~;een the effective stress analysis and current total stress methods show that only the effective stress method can predict and reproduce the l~henomena that occur in saturated sands during earthquakes.
1359 B ~ L , JL Blasting vibration levels transmitted across fracture planes. 7F,3R. MIN .MAG .VI35,N4,OCT .1976,F361-363. Briefly reports tests carried out at the Cerizo de Riotiron open pit, Burgos, Spain. Results, showing considerably reduced vibration levels due to faults or single or double presplit fracture planes, are shown in graphical form.
1360 TOKSOZ, MN MIT, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, USA CHENG, CH MIT, CAMBRIDGE, M~SS, USA TIMUR,A Velocities of seismic waves in porous rocks. 18F, 5T,~7R. GEOPHYSICS,V41, N~,AUG.1976,P621.645. Velocities of seismic compressional and shear waves in porous rocks under different saturation conditions are calculated theoretically and compared with laboratory data. For theoretical formulations the rocks are represented by a solid matrix and pores of spherical or oblate spheroidal shapes. The effect of confining pressure on velocities is calculated by taking into account pore closing and saturant compressibilities. 1361 H~iNN, JH CLEV~uAND STATE UNIV,OHIO USA ACHENBACH, JD N O R T ~ ; E S T ~ UNIV, EVANSTON, USA FANG, SJ SARGENT & LUNDY, CHICAGO ,USA Dynamic photoelastic study of stress-wave propagation through an inclusion. @F,IT, IIR EXP .MECH,VI6,N8,AUG 1976, P291-299. Isochromatic-fringe patterns were obtained, which give the maxiu~Am shear stresses, both inside the inclusion and in the surrounding medium. The principal stresses on the axis of symmetry were determined through the use of the oblique-incidence method. It was found that small tensile stresses are gauerated at the interface on the shadow side of the inclusion. The focusing effect inside the inclusion predicted by ray theory was not observed. Finally, the shape of the w~vefront as the wave passes the inclusion was determined.
1362 MLLES,AW Shock-front loadinE method for studies in dynamic photoelasticity. IIF, 7~. EXP .MECH .VI6,Ng, SEPT. 1976, P349-355.
The method utilizes the shock front produced in a gasdynamic shock tube to apply a load to models by direct normal impact. The method is suited to studies where simple variation and accurate ~ e t e r m l n ~ t ~ of the load. cycle paramleters, as well as precise reprod"clbillty, are necessary. The method, in addition, permits closefield study of the initial response of ,~terials to dynamic l o a d ~ to be undertaken Some exs~les of the dynamic stresses arisir~ from shock-front i~act on a lowmodulus photoelastic model are presented and discussed.
Geology 1363 CHAPLOW,R EngineerlnE geology of Lake Lar,Northern Irsn.58R. PH.D.THESIS. IMPERIAL COLLEGE, 1976,352P. The succession of sediments in the Lar Basin has been established and found to be similar to those found in other natural and artificial lakes. The sediments, particularly those in the upper part of the sequence,have been found to possess metastable characteristics, the silts being relatively highly sensitive and the sands being prone to liquefaction. Bubble structures have been identified in the sands. A very depressed groundwater table has been identified in the Lar Valley; evidence indicates that thls is a result of the presence and influence of the pre-Damavsad channel of the Lar river.
Earthquake mechanisms and effects 136h MIZUNTANI, H TOKYO UNIV, J ISHIDO,T TOKYO UNIV, J YOKOHURA, T TOKYO UNIV, J Electrokinetic l~henomena associated with earthquakes. IF, IT, 2~q% GEOPHYS .RES.LETT,V3, NT, JULY, 1976, P365-368. Electrokinetic phenom~aa induce~ by ground water flow associated with earthquakes are proposed to provide a possible means of earthquake prediction. Detectable variations of earth currents, electric potential and geomagnetic field may be caused by diffusion of fluid into a dilatant focal region. The principle of electrokinetic phenomena may be used for earthquake control by controlling the water flow with an artificial electric potential field. 1365 RIKITAKE, T Earthquake prediction. Developments in solid earth geophysics,vol 9. AMSTerDAM, ELSEVI~, 1976,357P. Reviews the phe~omemology of observations deemed pertinent to prediction, but does not include a broad discus. sion of the basic problems of the subject. Gives extensive tabulations of observations of diverse precursory pheuome~a. The editing and the selection of topics make this a personal view of earthquake prediction. 1366 ISHIHARA, K TOKYO UNIV, J LYSM~, J CALIFORNIA UNIV, BERKELEY, USA YASUDA, S TOKYO UNIV, J Prediction of liquefaction in sand deposits during earthquakes. 17F,16R. SOILS FOUND.VI6, NI, MAR. 1976, Pl_16. Previously developed method for computing the progressive rise of pore pressures in saturated sands subjected to cyclic loading has been adjusted to fit data obtained from triaxial torsion tests. Also, the method has been incorporated into a computer code for the computation
iLcA
of pore pressures based on shear stresses obtained from an independent earthquake response analysis of the ground. The method has been applied in three case studies involving sand deposits where actual acceleration records were obtained during recent ma~or earthquakes. The predicted behaviour of the sand deposits has been compared with the observed damage related to the deposits.
tions. The cavsbility of adjacent are~-a, ~s well ~ seismic energ~J absorption, proved to be good factors ~--n determining cavability. Seismic velocity, core recovery, end rock quality designation (RQD) .,'ere found to be not as reliable.
In-situ stresses and stress around underground openings
Hydrogeology 1367 S IDOREEHq3,AV, EDITOR. Hydrogeology of the USSR. S~mma~y volume part i. Basic regularities governing ground water distribution in the USSR.In Russian with English table of contents. MOSCOW, NEDRA, 1976,656P.
Underground excavations Mines 1368 RANKILOR, PR Engineering geology and mining. Er~ineering geology in practice in Britain ii. 16,6R. GROUND ENGNG .V9,N7, OCT .1976, P22- 26 • Surveys the functions of the engineering geologist in a working mine e n v l r ~ t , from the exploration and planning stage onwards, concentrating on underground mining. 1369 ROCK BURST PROJECT TEAM Rock burst research project, Western Deep Levels Limited. Final report on an investigation into the influence of geological Joint systems on the stability of longwalls. IOF,ST,3 R • ANGLO AMERICAN CORP.TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT SERVICES, ROCK MECHANICS D E . R E P O R T RP-17,2 JUNE.1976,40P. An analysis based on 20 000 seismic event locations (1975-1976), the daily blasting information for all the stope panels (1975-1976), underground accident statistics (1975-1976) snd an extensive underground geological survey of Joints revealed that the presence of the predominant system of quartz-filled ("micaceous") joints, occurring over the entire lease area of Western Deep Levels, is apparently one of the most important factors associated with the mine's rock burst problems. The results obtained from the analysis are presented and the short and long term implications to mining are discussed. 1370 BRE~UP,FK LEIT~ITZ, H WAGEN~,B Inst~,-~ts and devices for mine surveying and the prevention of rock bumps shown at the Bergbau 76
(in German). GLUCKAUF, Vll2, NI8, 23 SEPT. 1976, PI069-I071 • 1371 OBERT, L ~JNSON, R RICH, C Caving properties of the Climax ore body. 7F,4T,4R. TRANS .SOC .MIN.ENGR AIME,V260, N2, JUNE, 1976, P129-133 • Improved methods of predicting the caving characteristics of ore bodies are discussed. Experiments were conducted at Climax mine, Climax, Colo., on varied rock composi-
1372 DUNHAM,RK N~WCASTLE- UPON-TYNE L~Y.',GB In-situ monitoring at Sendwith Anhydrite ~Lne.6F, IT, 9R. MINE & QUARRY VS,Ng,SEPT.1976,P19-22. To determine the stability of the new mining geometry it was decided to instrument an area of rooms and pillars in the lower workings prior to overmining. As working in the upper seam proceeded the instrumentation monitored stress and deformational changes in the rock mass surrounding the lower workings. 1373 MCVEY, JR SERBOUSEK, MO How computerized instrumentation monitors coal mine roofs. 3F,4R. MIN.ENGNG,AIME.V28, N9, SEPT .1976, P40-43. Discusses a computerized Instrtunentation system that c ~ examine the structural behaviour of roof supports in a coal mine. It can instantaneously compute and plot the load, load rates, deformation, stress, opening closure, etc., in an actual production operation carried out by such conventional mining techniques as room-sad-pillar. The measurement system provides total or random access of up to 4©0 underground instruments or measurement ~oin%s. It consists of a minicomputerized instrumentation vsa that conmm/nlcates with a slaved 400.channel data acquisition system which can be located up to 3.2kin (2 miles) underground. All instrumentation is advsaced with the mining cycle sad is installed within 3 0 5 ~ (ift) of the face. 1374 BUIATOV, W Analysis of the stress state in the rock or soil mass around a vertical borehole. 4R. SO IL ~L~CH.FoUND.ENGNG,VI3, NI, JAN-F~ .1976, P66-69. 1375 P A ~ , JHL LO,KY In situ stress measurements in some near-surface rock formations-Thorold,Ontario. 6F, 9R. CAN. GEOTECH. J .VI3, N1, FEB. 1976, P1 -7. Performance of some structures constructed in rocks in Southern Ontario have shown severe distress. It has been hypothesize d that the problem is due to the high horizontal stresses existing in the rock formations. As part of a comprehensive investigation into the stress relief and time-dependent behavlour of the rocks in this area s in situ stress measurements were carried out at a location near the Thorold Tunnel to a depth of 25m. ~ e technique and procedure used are described in detail. it was found that high horizontal stresses, varying fro8300 to lhSOOkPa exist in each rock unit encountered. The direction of the ma~or principal stress in the horizontal plane appears to be orientated at N60 E. 1376 BOW~, CFP HEWSON,FI MACDONALD, DH Rock squeeze at Thorold tunnel. IOF,5R. CAN .GEOTECH. J,V13, N2 ,MAY, 1976, Plll-126 • The Thorold Tunnel, constructed between 1965 and 1968, provides a four-lane highway crossing under the Welland