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Predictions of magnetostatic leakage fields around P.W.S. ropes by 3-D dynamic relaxation method
using the stress wave factor (SWF) measurement. Wire rope specimens with controlled damage were prepared by cyclic fatigue loading of the specimens for a prescribed number of cycles. It was ob~rved that the stress wave factor is correlated to the number of fatigue cycles (i.e., damage) and to the compliance of the wire rope specimens.
The authors examine a method of producing the working standard for calibrating Prut-2M device for inspecting welding flux-cored wires. Experimental recording of the fluctuation of the filling coefficient along the length of the wire and the procedure of calibrating the device with simultaneous preparation of a reference specimen are described.
45062 NG, D.W. Non-destructive wire r o p e testing in new south wales International Advances in Nondestructive Testing. Edited by W.J. McGonnagle. VoI.15, pp. 159-168. Gordon and Breach (1990) The history of non-destructive testing of mine winding ropes in New South Wales, Australia, and the stresses responsible for the deterioration of wire ropes, are discussed.
43728 Hanasaki, K.; Tsukada, K.; Fujinaka, Y. Predictions of magnetostatic leakage fields a r o u n d P.W.S. ropes by 3-D dynamic relaxation method Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation for Manufacturing and Construction. Edited by H.L.M. dos Reis. pp. 381-392. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, (1990). ISBN 0-89116-926-1 Parallel Wire Strand (P.W.S.) ropes are used as major elements in suspension roofings and suspension bridges. The authors are developing as new magnetic testing machine for P.W.S. ropes, which consists of a leakage flux detector assembly with Hall-effect sensors and two exciting solenoid coils set co-axially with the rope to be inspected. In this paper, the numerical modeling is described and the predictions by the code are compared with the results obtained from the experiments of inspecting the P.W.S. rope with artificial defects.
44943 Catalina, J.C. A u t o m a t e d inspection of contact wire using artificial vision EUR 12662 ES, 82 pp. (1990) The object of this project is to develop an automated system for measuring contact wire wear in mining railway systems using electric traction. This system would employ optical devices and use artificial vision techniques, testing the feasibility of this inspection system. A prototype sensor has been designed, based on illumination with structured light (laser) and a matrix CCD camera feeding data to a computer-controlled image processing system. Tests performed in situ in the mine and in the laboratory have demonstrated system feasibility and effectiveness, while also detecting certain limitations and possible improvements for future development work.
Grimberg, R.; Olteanu, I.; Cristea, T.; Goia, M.; Gradinariu, D.; Plavanescu, R.; Bacanu, T.; Andreescu, A.; Apavaloaie, D. Eddy current examination of steel wires 44926
NDT International, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 201-205 (Aug. 1990) This paper describes an automatic eddy current instrument designed and produced at the Center of Technical Physics of lasi and set up at the Metal Works, Cimpia Turzii, Romania. The control frequency can be adjusted between 1 and 100 kHz and the phase may be changed in steps of 15° . The test frequency was established theoretically so that the variations in the normalized components of impedance were highest for crack-type flaws. The theoretical results are compared with experimental ones for wires made of steel B 80N, 7 mm in diameter. It was possible to reveal cracks with depths of 0.05 mm and 0.012 mm long, as well as areas of structural alteration due to the appearance of ferrite phases within the martensitic mass.
Halmshaw, R. Radiography: Do we need IQis?
44892
British Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 516- 518 (Oct. 1990) A critique of image quality indicators (IQls) used in the assessment of radiographic images is presented. The development of various techniques such a ponetrameters, and wire-type IQIs is explained in their historical context. The limitations of human operatives is assessing the results of IQis is noted. The demands of common radiographic techniques with their many parameters (kV, film type, film density and source-to-film distance are as~ssed. Large variations are noted between individual film readers, only large change in technique will produce real IQI changes. Sensitivity is not sufficient to register small changes. The ability to detect cracks using IQIs is limited by the interactions between radiographic parameters. 44337 Crine, J.P. Difficulties in evaluating aging in high voltage underground cables from in situ measurements Symposium on Nondestructive Monitoring of Materials Properties, Boston, Massachusetts (United States), 28-30 Nov. 1988. pp. 221-225. Edited by J. Holbrook and J. Bussiere, MRS (1989) The techniques used to evaluate HV cable aging during service are reviewed. It is concluded that none gives a ~tisfying evaluation of cable condition. 44218 Hone, M.; Agarwal, P. On-line eddy c u r r e n t system for evaluation of cold heading rods Proceedings of the 57th Annual Convention of the Wire Association International Incorporated, Atlanta, Georgia (United States), 26-30 Oct. 1987. pp. 86-98. Wire Association International (1987) lvaco Rolling Mills (IRM) in Ontario, Canada, uses eddy current (EC) on-line inspection to maintain stringent controls on the rolling process and provide high quality billets. This paper examines EC tests u~d at IRM and presents some results of initial trials. EC tests have been so successful that control and quality assurance st IRM for the production of high quality wire rods.
44099 Godovnik, O.L.; Dorozhko, E.V.; Mikhailova, E.D. Method of calibrating the Prut-2M instrument for quality control of p o w e r welding wires (In Russian) Tekhnicheskaya Diagnostika i Nerazrushayushehii Kontrol, No. 2, pp, 9193 (1989) The methodology of producing a working standard for calibrating the Prut-2M instrument for quality control of powder welding wires is considered. Experimental recordings of the variation of the space factor over the length of the wire arc presented, together with a procedure for caiibmting the instrument with simultaneous production of a control specimen.
Godovnik, O.L.; Dorzhko, E.V.; Mikhailova, E.D. Method of calibrating Prut-2M device in determining the quality of flux cored welding wires
44088
Technical Diagnostics and Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 137-138 (Apr.-Jun. 1989)
324
Corden, C.H.H. An introduction to the non-destructive Testing of wire ropes
43727
Impact of Non-Destructive Testing, Proceedings of the 28th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Sheffield (United Kingdom), 18-21 Sep. 1989. pp. 241-253. Edited by C Brook and P.D Hanstead. Pergamon Press, (1990) The paper concentrates mainly on the magnetic method for the examination of long lengths of wire ropes and indicated how this can be used in conjunction with more traditional visual inspection methods. After describing the different types of instrument which have been developed the practical application of the technique under service conditions is discussed. A short review is made of some of the problems which may be met in the field, some of the limitations of the method, and defect signal analysis. 43722 Tietze, M. Hot wire inspection using eddy currents Steel Times, Vol. 218, No. 4, pp. 194-198 (Apr. 1990) A forward-looking concept for hot wire testing has been developed to meet the requirements of practical testing applications. Due to its open computer structure it is said to offer optimum capabilities in regard of new production technologies (CAQ) and the associated computer link-ups. Introduction of a novel accumulation method during flaw event counting results in significantly improved overall sensitivity in flaw detection.
Kwun, H.; Burkhardt, G.L. Nondestructive testing of ropes using the t r a ~ v e r s e impulse vibration
43585
method Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 8A. Edited by D. O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti, pp. 1053-1060. Plenum Press (1989) ISBN 0 306 43209 9 Recently, a new approach for NDE of ropes has been developed and its feasibility been demonstrated experimentally. This method, called the transverse impulse vibration method, uses the propagation properties of vibrational wave produced by applying a transverse impulsive force to a rope. The method can detect localized flaws and determine the load level in the rope. The method can also inspect a long rope (several hundred feet) within several seconds from a single location. In this paper, the principle of the method is described along with some of the experimental ~sults obtained from samples of wire rope up to 1/2 inch diameter and synthetic rope up to 1 inch diameter.
Figg, J.; Leeming, M. Further thoughts on m e a s u r i n g the resistance of concrete to penetration by liquids and gases 43571
Impact of Non-Destructive Testing, Proceedings of the 28th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Sheffield (United Kingdom), ! 8-21 Sep. 1989. pp. 255-269. Edited by C Brook and P.D Hanstead. Pergamon Press, (1990) There are a number of non-destructive techniques for measuring the resistance of hardened concrete to penetration by nits, liquide and gasesbut all methocL~are to some extent difficult or awkward to use on site. Experiments have been made with the apparatus for the Initial Surface Absorption Test and the Figg air and water permeability methods to improve the convenience of operation of site and to mggedise the equipment with the ultimate aim of making possible measurements from "the top of a ladder" or the end of a rope.
Li, J.S.; Yang, S.Z.; Lu, W.X.; Wang, Y.S. Space-domain feature-based a u t o m a t e d quantitative determination of localized faults in wire ropes Materials Evaluation, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 336-341 (Mar. 1990) 43494
This paper presents a practical method using feature-based analysis for quantitative interpretation of test signals with respect to the types and sizes of defects present in wire rope. An improved Hall-effect sensor used for detecting the defects is first described. Next, the analytical procedure for teat signals ol~tined from the sensor, using space-domain features readily d ~ i b l e by automated data-processing techniques, is presented. Finally, a prototype instrument for in- service wire rope inspection is introduced.
Su, M-B. Fracture monitoring within concrete structure by time domain re. flectometry 43235
N DT & E International
December
1991
The authors examine a method of producing the working standard for calibrating Prut-2M device for inspecting welding flux-cored wires. Experimental recording of the fluctuation of the filling coefficient along the length of the wire and the procedure of calibrating the device with simultaneous preparation of a reference specimen are described.
45062 NG, D.W. Non-destructive wire r o p e testing in new south wales International Advances in Nondestructive Testing. Edited by W.J. McGonnagle. VoI.15, pp. 159-168. Gordon and Breach (1990) The history of non-destructive testing of mine winding ropes in New South Wales, Australia, and the stresses responsible for the deterioration of wire ropes, are discussed.
43728 Hanasaki, K.; Tsukada, K.; Fujinaka, Y. Predictions of magnetostatic leakage fields a r o u n d P.W.S. ropes by 3-D dynamic relaxation method Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation for Manufacturing and Construction. Edited by H.L.M. dos Reis. pp. 381-392. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, (1990). ISBN 0-89116-926-1 Parallel Wire Strand (P.W.S.) ropes are used as major elements in suspension roofings and suspension bridges. The authors are developing as new magnetic testing machine for P.W.S. ropes, which consists of a leakage flux detector assembly with Hall-effect sensors and two exciting solenoid coils set co-axially with the rope to be inspected. In this paper, the numerical modeling is described and the predictions by the code are compared with the results obtained from the experiments of inspecting the P.W.S. rope with artificial defects.
44943 Catalina, J.C. A u t o m a t e d inspection of contact wire using artificial vision EUR 12662 ES, 82 pp. (1990) The object of this project is to develop an automated system for measuring contact wire wear in mining railway systems using electric traction. This system would employ optical devices and use artificial vision techniques, testing the feasibility of this inspection system. A prototype sensor has been designed, based on illumination with structured light (laser) and a matrix CCD camera feeding data to a computer-controlled image processing system. Tests performed in situ in the mine and in the laboratory have demonstrated system feasibility and effectiveness, while also detecting certain limitations and possible improvements for future development work.
Grimberg, R.; Olteanu, I.; Cristea, T.; Goia, M.; Gradinariu, D.; Plavanescu, R.; Bacanu, T.; Andreescu, A.; Apavaloaie, D. Eddy current examination of steel wires 44926
NDT International, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 201-205 (Aug. 1990) This paper describes an automatic eddy current instrument designed and produced at the Center of Technical Physics of lasi and set up at the Metal Works, Cimpia Turzii, Romania. The control frequency can be adjusted between 1 and 100 kHz and the phase may be changed in steps of 15° . The test frequency was established theoretically so that the variations in the normalized components of impedance were highest for crack-type flaws. The theoretical results are compared with experimental ones for wires made of steel B 80N, 7 mm in diameter. It was possible to reveal cracks with depths of 0.05 mm and 0.012 mm long, as well as areas of structural alteration due to the appearance of ferrite phases within the martensitic mass.
Halmshaw, R. Radiography: Do we need IQis?
44892
British Journal of Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 516- 518 (Oct. 1990) A critique of image quality indicators (IQls) used in the assessment of radiographic images is presented. The development of various techniques such a ponetrameters, and wire-type IQIs is explained in their historical context. The limitations of human operatives is assessing the results of IQis is noted. The demands of common radiographic techniques with their many parameters (kV, film type, film density and source-to-film distance are as~ssed. Large variations are noted between individual film readers, only large change in technique will produce real IQI changes. Sensitivity is not sufficient to register small changes. The ability to detect cracks using IQIs is limited by the interactions between radiographic parameters. 44337 Crine, J.P. Difficulties in evaluating aging in high voltage underground cables from in situ measurements Symposium on Nondestructive Monitoring of Materials Properties, Boston, Massachusetts (United States), 28-30 Nov. 1988. pp. 221-225. Edited by J. Holbrook and J. Bussiere, MRS (1989) The techniques used to evaluate HV cable aging during service are reviewed. It is concluded that none gives a ~tisfying evaluation of cable condition. 44218 Hone, M.; Agarwal, P. On-line eddy c u r r e n t system for evaluation of cold heading rods Proceedings of the 57th Annual Convention of the Wire Association International Incorporated, Atlanta, Georgia (United States), 26-30 Oct. 1987. pp. 86-98. Wire Association International (1987) lvaco Rolling Mills (IRM) in Ontario, Canada, uses eddy current (EC) on-line inspection to maintain stringent controls on the rolling process and provide high quality billets. This paper examines EC tests u~d at IRM and presents some results of initial trials. EC tests have been so successful that control and quality assurance st IRM for the production of high quality wire rods.
44099 Godovnik, O.L.; Dorozhko, E.V.; Mikhailova, E.D. Method of calibrating the Prut-2M instrument for quality control of p o w e r welding wires (In Russian) Tekhnicheskaya Diagnostika i Nerazrushayushehii Kontrol, No. 2, pp, 9193 (1989) The methodology of producing a working standard for calibrating the Prut-2M instrument for quality control of powder welding wires is considered. Experimental recordings of the variation of the space factor over the length of the wire arc presented, together with a procedure for caiibmting the instrument with simultaneous production of a control specimen.
Godovnik, O.L.; Dorzhko, E.V.; Mikhailova, E.D. Method of calibrating Prut-2M device in determining the quality of flux cored welding wires
44088
Technical Diagnostics and Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 137-138 (Apr.-Jun. 1989)
324
Corden, C.H.H. An introduction to the non-destructive Testing of wire ropes
43727
Impact of Non-Destructive Testing, Proceedings of the 28th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Sheffield (United Kingdom), 18-21 Sep. 1989. pp. 241-253. Edited by C Brook and P.D Hanstead. Pergamon Press, (1990) The paper concentrates mainly on the magnetic method for the examination of long lengths of wire ropes and indicated how this can be used in conjunction with more traditional visual inspection methods. After describing the different types of instrument which have been developed the practical application of the technique under service conditions is discussed. A short review is made of some of the problems which may be met in the field, some of the limitations of the method, and defect signal analysis. 43722 Tietze, M. Hot wire inspection using eddy currents Steel Times, Vol. 218, No. 4, pp. 194-198 (Apr. 1990) A forward-looking concept for hot wire testing has been developed to meet the requirements of practical testing applications. Due to its open computer structure it is said to offer optimum capabilities in regard of new production technologies (CAQ) and the associated computer link-ups. Introduction of a novel accumulation method during flaw event counting results in significantly improved overall sensitivity in flaw detection.
Kwun, H.; Burkhardt, G.L. Nondestructive testing of ropes using the t r a ~ v e r s e impulse vibration
43585
method Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 8A. Edited by D. O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti, pp. 1053-1060. Plenum Press (1989) ISBN 0 306 43209 9 Recently, a new approach for NDE of ropes has been developed and its feasibility been demonstrated experimentally. This method, called the transverse impulse vibration method, uses the propagation properties of vibrational wave produced by applying a transverse impulsive force to a rope. The method can detect localized flaws and determine the load level in the rope. The method can also inspect a long rope (several hundred feet) within several seconds from a single location. In this paper, the principle of the method is described along with some of the experimental ~sults obtained from samples of wire rope up to 1/2 inch diameter and synthetic rope up to 1 inch diameter.
Figg, J.; Leeming, M. Further thoughts on m e a s u r i n g the resistance of concrete to penetration by liquids and gases 43571
Impact of Non-Destructive Testing, Proceedings of the 28th Annual British Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Sheffield (United Kingdom), ! 8-21 Sep. 1989. pp. 255-269. Edited by C Brook and P.D Hanstead. Pergamon Press, (1990) There are a number of non-destructive techniques for measuring the resistance of hardened concrete to penetration by nits, liquide and gasesbut all methocL~are to some extent difficult or awkward to use on site. Experiments have been made with the apparatus for the Initial Surface Absorption Test and the Figg air and water permeability methods to improve the convenience of operation of site and to mggedise the equipment with the ultimate aim of making possible measurements from "the top of a ladder" or the end of a rope.
Li, J.S.; Yang, S.Z.; Lu, W.X.; Wang, Y.S. Space-domain feature-based a u t o m a t e d quantitative determination of localized faults in wire ropes Materials Evaluation, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 336-341 (Mar. 1990) 43494
This paper presents a practical method using feature-based analysis for quantitative interpretation of test signals with respect to the types and sizes of defects present in wire rope. An improved Hall-effect sensor used for detecting the defects is first described. Next, the analytical procedure for teat signals ol~tined from the sensor, using space-domain features readily d ~ i b l e by automated data-processing techniques, is presented. Finally, a prototype instrument for in- service wire rope inspection is introduced.
Su, M-B. Fracture monitoring within concrete structure by time domain re. flectometry 43235
N DT & E International
December
1991