- Email: [email protected]
Preface to Part A
XI
PREFACE TO PART A O r i g i n a l l y , a b o u t s i x y e a r s ago, t h e a u t h o r aimed t o p u t t o g e t h e r a mediums i z e d p u b l i c a t i o n on r a p i d methods o f column chromatography o f biopolymers and t h e i r medium-molecular-weight
fragments, i . e . ,
p r o t e i n s , enzymes, p o l y p e p t i d e s ,
n u c l e i c acids, polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, polysaccharides, o l i g o saccharides, g l y c o p e p t i d e s and o t h e r g l y c o c o n j u g a t e s ( g l y c o l i p i d s and g l y c o p r o t e i n s ) . Since t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g l o w - m o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t monomers were n o t i n c l u d e d , i n hope o f s i m p l i f y i n g t h e book. Moreover, by t h a t t i m e more monographs had been p u b l i s h e d on t h e s e p a r a t i o n of amino a c i d s , s i m p l e sugars and l o w - m o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t components o f n u c l e i c a c i d s , b u t books on t h e h i g h - p e r f o r mance l i q u i d chromatographic s e p a r a t i o n o f h i g h - and medium-molecular-weight biopolymers and b i o o l i g o m e r s were r a r e . They were s t i l l t o come as t h i s a r e a was j u s t i n i t s i n f a n c y . When s e t t i n g up t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s book I d i d n o t a n t i c i p a t e such an e x p l o s i v e development o f t h e new branch o f chromatography o f biopolymers and b i o o l i g o m e r s t h a t r e s u l t e d , a f t e r f i v e y e a r s o f e f f o r t by t h e w r i t e r , i n a f i v e f o l d expansion of t h e o r i g i n a l l y proposed e x t e n t t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f two l a r g e volumes. By agreement w i t h t h e p u b l i s h e r i t was decided t o s e p a r a t e g e n e r a l methods, d e s c r i p t i o n o f packings, i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and e x p e r i m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s ( P a r t A) from d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e chromatography of i n d i v i d u a l compounds, a R e g i s t e r of chromatographed substances and a f u l l t i t l e B i b l i o g r a p h y ( P a r t B ) . P u t t i n g t o g e t h e r such l a r g e a monograph was time-consuming,
requiring great
a c t i v i t y and c o n t i n u o u s s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h u p - t o - d a t e i n s e r t i o n s t o a l r e a d y w r i t t e n p a r t s . P a r t s A and B a l t o g e t h e r c o n t a i n 2891 c i t a t i o n s , 1303 o f which a r e summarized a l p h a b e t i c a l l y i n t h e B i b l i o g r a p h y . The p r o c e s s i n g of such a l a r g e number o f r e f e r e n c e s r e q u i r e d v a r i o u s a u x i l i a r y t a b l e s and t o p u t them t o g e t h e r was a l s o l a b o r i o u s . The s i t u a t i o n has changed so d r a m a t i c a l l y s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s book t h a t , t o my mind, i t now f a r exceeds t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f one person t o p e r f o r m such an enormous t a s k ; t h e f i e l d i s d e v e l o p i n g so q u i c k l y t h a t a l l t h e new a s p e c t s cannot be processed e f f e c t i v e l y by a s i n g l e person. I t would be more e f f e c t i v e , s i m p l e r and q u i c k e r t o e d i t volumes w r i t t e n by sev e r a l a u t h o r s . T h i s book i s an e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s r u l e , b u t I hope a b e n e f i c i a l one f o r most r e a d e r s , as a s i n g l e a u t h o r s h i p enables some u n i f y i n 9 p r i n c i p l e s f o r t h e whole work t o b e i n c l u d e d . Work on t h e whole monograph began w i t h a d e t a i l e d background l i t e r a t u r e search i n ChernicaZ Abstracts and o t h e r j o u r n a l s , and l o o k i n g back t o t h i s p r e p a r a t o r y work i n t h e l i b r a r y I remember w i t h g r a t i t u d e t h e e f f e c t i v e h e l p g i v e n
XI1 by my p r e v i o u s a s s i s t a n t , Ms. Jana SedldEkovd. On t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y study I requested r e p r i n t s o f t h e c i t e d papers, which were s e n t w i l l i n g l y by t h e i r a u t h o r s . I n a d d i t i o n t o such r e p r i n t s , some o f t h e a u t h o r s a l s o s e n t o t h e r r e p r i n t s and b o o k l e t s on t h e t o p i c concerned, t o g e t h e r w i t h unrequested b u t v a l u a b l e r e p r i n t s on o t h e r r e l a t e d t o p i c s o f i n t e r e s t . As a r e s u l t , t h e search f o r o r i g i n a l papers i n l i b r a r i e s was reduced t o o n l y a few m i s s i n g papers and s i d e c i t a t i o n s t h a t emerged subsequently d u r i n g t h e w r i t i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l c h a p t e r s when t h e r e was n o t enough t i m e t o r e q u e s t r e p r i n t s . I thank c o r d i a l l y a l l c o l l e a g u e s who made my l i t e r a t u r e search much e a s i e r . T h i s book was n o t t r a n s l a t e d f r o m Czech b u t w r i t t e n d i r e c t l y i n E n g l i s h . I c o n s i d e r e d i t necessary f o r t h e m a n u s c r i p t t o be r e a d by o t h e r persons i n o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e p o s s i b l e e r r o r s and o v e r s i g h t s t h a t m i g h t have e a s i l y occurred. I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n s p e c i a l thanks a r e due t o D r . Ivana Zemanovd (Research I n s t i t u t e f o r Pharmacy and B i o c h e m i s t r y , Prague), who r e a d t h e whole t e x t , p o i n t e d o u t shortcomings and made p r e l i m i n a r y language c o r r e c t i o n s . I am a l s o g r a t e f u l t o D r . M. Ryba ( I n s t i t u t e o f Organic Chemistry and B i o c h e m i s t r y , Czechoslovak
Academy o f Sciences, Prague) f o r r e a d i n g and p r o f e s s i o n a l comments on t h e whole o f P a r t A. I n d i v i d u a l c h a p t e r s o f P a r t B were r e a d by o t h e r c o l l e a g u e s , who I s h a l l thank i n t h e Preface t o t h a t p a r t . With p l e a s u r e I a l s o thank a l l t h e o t h e r s whose h e l p i n v a r i o u s ways c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s book. Above a l l I thank my w i f e D r . I r e n e MikeSovd, who ensured t h e t r a n s f e r o f a l l c o r r e c t i o n s and i n s e r t i o n s f r o m t h e m a n u s c r i p t t o t h e f i n a l copy, o r d e r e d and typed a l l t h e l i t e r a t u r e and a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l work i n volved. Next i s my daughter, D r . Eve ZaiTmalovd-MikeSovd, who c a r e f u l l y p u t t o g e t h e r t h e S u b j e c t Index. My warm thanks belong a l s o t o t h e s t a f f o f t h e publisher. Because o f my age I am due t o r e t i r e , and w i t h t h i s monograph I p a r t w i t h a c t i v e s c i e n t i f i c l i f e i n t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Organic Chemistry and B i o c h e m i s t r y a t t h e Czechoslovak Academy o f Sciences, Prague, where I f o u n d an o u t s t a n d i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l b a s i s f o r my work. The d r i v i n g m o t i v e f o r p u t t i n g t h i s book t o g e t h e r was p h i l o s o p h i c a l : I f e e l t h a t one, e s p e c i a l l y when beyond t h e z e n i t h o f o n e ' s p r o d u c t i v e l i f e , s h o u l d s t r i v e f o r a " p o s i t i v e l i f e b a l a n c e " , which means c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e development o f human s o c i e t y by g i v i n g back t o i t more v a l u e t h a n one has r e c e i v e d d u r i n g o n e ' s l i f e . D u r i n g my c a r e e r as a s c i e n t i s t
I a c q u i r e d much f r o m my c o l l e a g u e s by s t u d y i n g t h e i r o r i g i n a l papers, r e v i e w s , monographs and l e c t u r e s . T h i s book, and my p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s , I c o n s i d e r t o be a small pay-back f o r my g r e a t d e b t . I t i s up t o o t h e r s t o e s t i m a t e i t s value.
Prague, Czechoslovakia
OTAKAR
MIKES
PREFACE TO PART A O r i g i n a l l y , a b o u t s i x y e a r s ago, t h e a u t h o r aimed t o p u t t o g e t h e r a mediums i z e d p u b l i c a t i o n on r a p i d methods o f column chromatography o f biopolymers and t h e i r medium-molecular-weight
fragments, i . e . ,
p r o t e i n s , enzymes, p o l y p e p t i d e s ,
n u c l e i c acids, polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, polysaccharides, o l i g o saccharides, g l y c o p e p t i d e s and o t h e r g l y c o c o n j u g a t e s ( g l y c o l i p i d s and g l y c o p r o t e i n s ) . Since t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g l o w - m o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t monomers were n o t i n c l u d e d , i n hope o f s i m p l i f y i n g t h e book. Moreover, by t h a t t i m e more monographs had been p u b l i s h e d on t h e s e p a r a t i o n of amino a c i d s , s i m p l e sugars and l o w - m o l e c u l a r - w e i g h t components o f n u c l e i c a c i d s , b u t books on t h e h i g h - p e r f o r mance l i q u i d chromatographic s e p a r a t i o n o f h i g h - and medium-molecular-weight biopolymers and b i o o l i g o m e r s were r a r e . They were s t i l l t o come as t h i s a r e a was j u s t i n i t s i n f a n c y . When s e t t i n g up t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s book I d i d n o t a n t i c i p a t e such an e x p l o s i v e development o f t h e new branch o f chromatography o f biopolymers and b i o o l i g o m e r s t h a t r e s u l t e d , a f t e r f i v e y e a r s o f e f f o r t by t h e w r i t e r , i n a f i v e f o l d expansion of t h e o r i g i n a l l y proposed e x t e n t t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f two l a r g e volumes. By agreement w i t h t h e p u b l i s h e r i t was decided t o s e p a r a t e g e n e r a l methods, d e s c r i p t i o n o f packings, i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and e x p e r i m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s ( P a r t A) from d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e chromatography of i n d i v i d u a l compounds, a R e g i s t e r of chromatographed substances and a f u l l t i t l e B i b l i o g r a p h y ( P a r t B ) . P u t t i n g t o g e t h e r such l a r g e a monograph was time-consuming,
requiring great
a c t i v i t y and c o n t i n u o u s s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h u p - t o - d a t e i n s e r t i o n s t o a l r e a d y w r i t t e n p a r t s . P a r t s A and B a l t o g e t h e r c o n t a i n 2891 c i t a t i o n s , 1303 o f which a r e summarized a l p h a b e t i c a l l y i n t h e B i b l i o g r a p h y . The p r o c e s s i n g of such a l a r g e number o f r e f e r e n c e s r e q u i r e d v a r i o u s a u x i l i a r y t a b l e s and t o p u t them t o g e t h e r was a l s o l a b o r i o u s . The s i t u a t i o n has changed so d r a m a t i c a l l y s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s book t h a t , t o my mind, i t now f a r exceeds t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f one person t o p e r f o r m such an enormous t a s k ; t h e f i e l d i s d e v e l o p i n g so q u i c k l y t h a t a l l t h e new a s p e c t s cannot be processed e f f e c t i v e l y by a s i n g l e person. I t would be more e f f e c t i v e , s i m p l e r and q u i c k e r t o e d i t volumes w r i t t e n by sev e r a l a u t h o r s . T h i s book i s an e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s r u l e , b u t I hope a b e n e f i c i a l one f o r most r e a d e r s , as a s i n g l e a u t h o r s h i p enables some u n i f y i n 9 p r i n c i p l e s f o r t h e whole work t o b e i n c l u d e d . Work on t h e whole monograph began w i t h a d e t a i l e d background l i t e r a t u r e search i n ChernicaZ Abstracts and o t h e r j o u r n a l s , and l o o k i n g back t o t h i s p r e p a r a t o r y work i n t h e l i b r a r y I remember w i t h g r a t i t u d e t h e e f f e c t i v e h e l p g i v e n
XI1 by my p r e v i o u s a s s i s t a n t , Ms. Jana SedldEkovd. On t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y study I requested r e p r i n t s o f t h e c i t e d papers, which were s e n t w i l l i n g l y by t h e i r a u t h o r s . I n a d d i t i o n t o such r e p r i n t s , some o f t h e a u t h o r s a l s o s e n t o t h e r r e p r i n t s and b o o k l e t s on t h e t o p i c concerned, t o g e t h e r w i t h unrequested b u t v a l u a b l e r e p r i n t s on o t h e r r e l a t e d t o p i c s o f i n t e r e s t . As a r e s u l t , t h e search f o r o r i g i n a l papers i n l i b r a r i e s was reduced t o o n l y a few m i s s i n g papers and s i d e c i t a t i o n s t h a t emerged subsequently d u r i n g t h e w r i t i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l c h a p t e r s when t h e r e was n o t enough t i m e t o r e q u e s t r e p r i n t s . I thank c o r d i a l l y a l l c o l l e a g u e s who made my l i t e r a t u r e search much e a s i e r . T h i s book was n o t t r a n s l a t e d f r o m Czech b u t w r i t t e n d i r e c t l y i n E n g l i s h . I c o n s i d e r e d i t necessary f o r t h e m a n u s c r i p t t o be r e a d by o t h e r persons i n o r d e r t o e l i m i n a t e p o s s i b l e e r r o r s and o v e r s i g h t s t h a t m i g h t have e a s i l y occurred. I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n s p e c i a l thanks a r e due t o D r . Ivana Zemanovd (Research I n s t i t u t e f o r Pharmacy and B i o c h e m i s t r y , Prague), who r e a d t h e whole t e x t , p o i n t e d o u t shortcomings and made p r e l i m i n a r y language c o r r e c t i o n s . I am a l s o g r a t e f u l t o D r . M. Ryba ( I n s t i t u t e o f Organic Chemistry and B i o c h e m i s t r y , Czechoslovak
Academy o f Sciences, Prague) f o r r e a d i n g and p r o f e s s i o n a l comments on t h e whole o f P a r t A. I n d i v i d u a l c h a p t e r s o f P a r t B were r e a d by o t h e r c o l l e a g u e s , who I s h a l l thank i n t h e Preface t o t h a t p a r t . With p l e a s u r e I a l s o thank a l l t h e o t h e r s whose h e l p i n v a r i o u s ways c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s book. Above a l l I thank my w i f e D r . I r e n e MikeSovd, who ensured t h e t r a n s f e r o f a l l c o r r e c t i o n s and i n s e r t i o n s f r o m t h e m a n u s c r i p t t o t h e f i n a l copy, o r d e r e d and typed a l l t h e l i t e r a t u r e and a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l work i n volved. Next i s my daughter, D r . Eve ZaiTmalovd-MikeSovd, who c a r e f u l l y p u t t o g e t h e r t h e S u b j e c t Index. My warm thanks belong a l s o t o t h e s t a f f o f t h e publisher. Because o f my age I am due t o r e t i r e , and w i t h t h i s monograph I p a r t w i t h a c t i v e s c i e n t i f i c l i f e i n t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Organic Chemistry and B i o c h e m i s t r y a t t h e Czechoslovak Academy o f Sciences, Prague, where I f o u n d an o u t s t a n d i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l b a s i s f o r my work. The d r i v i n g m o t i v e f o r p u t t i n g t h i s book t o g e t h e r was p h i l o s o p h i c a l : I f e e l t h a t one, e s p e c i a l l y when beyond t h e z e n i t h o f o n e ' s p r o d u c t i v e l i f e , s h o u l d s t r i v e f o r a " p o s i t i v e l i f e b a l a n c e " , which means c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e development o f human s o c i e t y by g i v i n g back t o i t more v a l u e t h a n one has r e c e i v e d d u r i n g o n e ' s l i f e . D u r i n g my c a r e e r as a s c i e n t i s t
I a c q u i r e d much f r o m my c o l l e a g u e s by s t u d y i n g t h e i r o r i g i n a l papers, r e v i e w s , monographs and l e c t u r e s . T h i s book, and my p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s , I c o n s i d e r t o be a small pay-back f o r my g r e a t d e b t . I t i s up t o o t h e r s t o e s t i m a t e i t s value.
Prague, Czechoslovakia
OTAKAR
MIKES