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Preliminary study of sulphide removal using ion exchange resin
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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 22080–22084
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering Technology (3rd GCET_2017): Materials Science
Preliminary study of sulphide removal using ion exchange resin Syarifah Abd Rahima* and Kai Li Teoa a
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract The paper presents the investigation of sulphide removal via ion exchange resin. Sulphidic spent caustic (SSC) is a dark brown to black effluent generated from petrochemical and oil refinery industries. Typically, SSC has a pH of 13-14, and sulphide concentration of 0.5-4.0wt%. The large amount of sulphide content in SSC leads to its toxic property, obnoxious odor and hazardous nature. This will threaten health and safety of workers, and may pollute the environment. The SSC may not be discharged to wastewater treatment facilities untreated as the high sulphide content will cause corrosion in the pipes especially in aqueous condition. In fact, the Malaysia Department of Environment has limited the acceptable sulphide discharge in industrial effluent at 0.5 mg/L as stated in the Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulation 2009. Hence, it is desirable to remove sulphide in the SSC. This research focused on the removal of sulphide from synthetic SSC via strongly basic anion exchange resin. A synthetic SSC was simulated to represent the SSC. The static method was applied, where the synthetic SSC was allowed to stay in a column of resin for several retentions time. The synthetic SSC was characterised for its sulphide content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH before and after the treatment in order to analyse the effect of ion exchange resin treatment. The resin was also characterised for its moisture retention, exchange capacity, and pore size. The treatment was able to remove about 95.8% of the sulphide and the COD was reduced by 94.5%. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology (3rd GCET): Materials Science, 07-08 November 2017. Keywords: Ion exchange resin; Sulphidic spent caustic; Chemical oxygen demand; Sulphide;
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60-95492886; fax: +60-95492889. E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology (3rd GCET): Materials Science, 07-08 November 2017.
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1. Introduction Petrochemical industry is one of the major industries in Malaysia. Petrochemical industry generates spent caustic containing high levels of sulphide compounds together with phenolic, cresylic and naphthenic acids that exhibit toxic and odorous properties. The spent caustic is usually being treated with caustic soda in scrubbing tower to remove gaseous sulphide compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and thiols which then results in sulphidic spent caustic (SSC) [1]. It has been a major concern for petrochemical industries to treat SSC due to its hazardous nature and noxious properties [2] in which mainly appear as hydrogen sulphide ions (HS-) and sulphide ions (S2-) [3]. The most common deadly and odorous compound in all spent caustic is hydrogen sulphide, which also known as an acute toxic gas that readily dissolves in caustic solutions at high pH condition (above pH 10). Notably, it can easily be released into the air by slight disturb of the spent caustic solution or the lowering of the pH. This is gravely important because hydrogen sulphide is more toxic than hydrogen cyanide to human and death can occur in exposures of just 100 to 500 ppmv in the atmosphere [4]. The large amount of sulphide content in the SSC contributed to the high COD. This will result in oxygen depletion, hence, threatening aquatic life forms when discharged. In addition, oxygen depletion is important because chemical and biochemical reactions that occur anaerobically often create aesthetically displeasing colors, tastes, and odors, which further degrade the quality of water [5]. As such, several treatment methods have been developed to remove sulphide content in SSC. Some common methods include wet air oxidation (WAO) and chemical precipitation. Recently, phytoremediation for sulphide degradation [6] and sulphide adsorption via anion exchange resin method [7] has been reported as an alternative for SSC treatment. In this study, the strongly basic anion exchange resin is applied for the removal of sulphide from sulphidic synthetic waste. The research encompassed the treatment of sulphidic synthetic waste for several retention and the treatment result was analyzed based on sulphide content, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and pH. The anion exchange resin was characterized for its moisture retention, exchange capacity and pore size for the analysis of its effect on the treatment. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The chemical used were the anion exchange resin, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium sulphide, COD reagent, phenolphthalein reagent, sulphide reagent 1 and sulphide reagent 2. All chemicals and reagents used were analytical grade and no further purification was performed prior to use. 2.2. Resin characterisation (moisture retention, total ion exchange capacity and pore size) The moisture retention of the resin was analysed by soaking the resin in pure water, filtering the resin using filter paper and filter funnel, and finally air drying in an oven to remove the moisture. The differences in weight of the resin before and after drying was used to express moisture retention in percentage of the total wet resin weight [8]. Approximately 5g of the resin was soaked in 100 mL of pure water for 1 hour. The resin was then filtered, and dried in an oven for 24 hours. The drying temperature was set at 60°C. Equation (1) was used to calculate the moisture retention. The weight of wet and dry resin was denoted as WW and WD respectively. % moisture retained
WW WD 100 WW
(1) (1)
The total ion exchange capacity was determined by equilibrating the resin in a 1 cm diameter column with 4% NaOH solution. After equilibration, the resin was collected and then soaked in 500 mL of 0.2M HCL solution for
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24 hours. The supernatant was then collected and titrated with 0.1M NaOH and phenolphthalein as indicator. The total ion exchange capacity was then calculated. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was used to observe the surface morphology and pore size of resin. The resin was coated with platinum at 40 mA for 70 seconds. The coated resin was placed in the object chamber which is in high vacuum state. The suitable acceleration voltage and magnification was used to observe the surface morphology and pore size on the resin sample. 2.3. Synthetic SSC preparation and treatment procedure The synthetic SSC was prepare by mixing the deionized water with pre-weight of Na2S in the glass bottle and was shaken till dissolved. The synthetic SSC prepared was characterised for the chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and sulphide content. The resin was filled into the 2 cm diameter of column to the height of 10 cm and then equilibrated with 500 mL of 1.0 mol/L NaOH for 30 minutes. The NaOH was then drained out from the column using pure water until all traces of NaOH was disappeared. Phenolphthalein was used as indicator. The column was filled with the synthetic SSC to the height of 10 cm – 12 cm above the resin bed. The valve was opened to allow the synthetic SSC to enter the resin bed. The valve was closed when the synthetic SSC level is about 2 cm above the resin bed. The synthetic SSC was collected from the bottom at different retention time and was characterised for the COD, pH, and sulphide content. Fig. 1 shows the illustration of the experiment set up.
Fig. 1. Illustration for the set-up of the experiment.
2.4. Characterisation The COD was analysed using Hach Spectrophotometer DR2800. 2.0 mL of the synthetic SSC was pipette into the COD reagent vial. The mixture was mixed by inverting the vial a few times before placed in the COD reactor which was preheated at 150°C, for 2 hrs. The vial was removed from the reactor and left to cool. The COD was tested colorimetrically. The pH was measured using Mettler Toledo S20 pH meter. The pH meter was calibrated using pH4.0, pH7.0, and pH10.0 buffers, at room temperature (25°C) prior to sample measurement. The sulphide content was analysed using Merck Spectroquant Pharo 300 spectrohotometer. 5.0 mL of the synthetic SSC was mixed with 1 drop of Reagent S-1 and 5 drops of Reagent S-2 and left to equilibrate for 1 minute prior to sulphide content analysis.
Rahim & Teo / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 22080–22084
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3. Result and Discussions 3.1. Resin characterisation (moisture retention, total ion exchange capacity and pore size) The percentage of moisture retention obtained at 60°C was 60%. The water retention capacity of the resin is proportional to its pore volume/porosity and inversely proportional to its degree of crosslinking. Porosity will affect the size of species that may enter a specific structure and its rate of diffusion and exchange [9]. The percentage of moisture retention obtained in this study suggested that the resin used has high porosity and ion exchange is possible to take place. The total ion exchange capacity is the total amount of sites available for ion exchange. It is dependent on the total number of ion active groups per unit weight of material [10]. The greater the number of ions, the greater the ion exchange capacity of the resin. In this study, the total ion exchange capacity of the resin was 4.47 meq/mL signifies that the resin has many active sites available for ion exchange. The value can be explained as for every 1 mL of resin, there are 4.47 miliequivalents of exchange sites available. The exchange sites available factor does not, however, solely determine the amount of sulphide that may be removed per volume of resin. The actual useful capacity of resin is a portion of the total exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin volume that is used [11] known as the operating capacity where the ion exchange really take place during the operation. The operating capacity can be affected by the concentration and type of ions to be adsorbed, the flow rate, the operating temperature, and particle size of the ion exchange resin. The surface and pore size of the resin used in this study are shown in Fig.2 (A) and Fig. 2 (B) respectively. The surface of the resin is irregular and has a coarse surface. The resin has macroporous structure as the pore size are larger than 50 nm [12]. Large pore size permits the ease of access to the exchange sites in the pores and allows more complete exchange of large ions [9]. However, larger pore size reduces the porosity of the ion exchange resin as the porosity of the ion exchange resin (macroporous) is directly related to resin bead surface area in which the resin bead surface area is inversely related to the size of the discrete pores [11].
Fig. 2. Surface and pore size of the resin. The resin was observed under (a) 5.0 kV accelerating velocity and x3000 magnification and; (b) 5.0 kV accelerating velocity and x40000 magnification.
3.2. Synthetic SSC treatment (COD, pH and sulphide content) The properties of the synthetic SSC before and after the treatment using resin is tabulated in Table 1. The data shows that after 4 hours of treatment, 95.8% of the sulphide was removed. The sulphide concentration was reduced to less than 1.5 mg/L from an initial concentration of 35.5 mg/L. This value meets the allowable environment standard which is sulphide content should lower than 0.5 mg/L [13]. At the same time, COD of the waste has reduced 94.5% from 29700 mg/L to 1630 mg/L. The result is in agreement with the previous reported study. Strongly basic anion exchange resin is able to remove sulphide from SSC [7]. The synthetic SSC remained alkali
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throughout the treatment. Thus, it is suggested that the hydrogen sulphide was not released during the treatment. The finding revealed that this preliminary study was successfully reduced the COD and sulphide content of the synthetic SSC. Table 1. Properties of synthetic SSC before and after treatment using resin. Technique Before Treatment 1 hour COD (mg/L) 29700 11290 pH 12.3 12.2 Sulphide content (mg/L) 35.5 12.7
Retention time 2 hours 4250 12.2 9.7
4 hours 1630 12.2 <1.5
4. Conclusion The finding shows that the preliminary study of the synthetic SSC treatments’ using anion exchange resin has successfully reduced the COD and sulphide content up to 94.5% and 95.5% respectively while maintaining the pH throughout the process. Hence, it is suggested that the anion exchange resin is possible to be used as an alternative for COD and sulphide content removal. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) for grant support (RDU150318), equipment and facilities used. References [1] I.B. Hariz, A. Halleb, N. Adhoum, L. Monser, Separation and Purification Technology, 107 (2013) 150-157. [2] G. Veerabhadraiah, N. Mallika, S. Jindal, Hydrocarbon Processing (2011). [3] L. Altaş, H, Büyükgüngör, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153 (2008) 462–469. [4] R. Dettmeyer, M.A. Verhoff, H.F. Schütz, Forensic Medicine: Fundamentals and Perspectives, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. [5] B.H. Diya’uddeen, W.M.A.W. Daud, A.R. AbdulAziz. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 89 (2011) 95–105. [6] S. Abd Rahim, N.A. Ramli, Indian Journal of Science and Technology 10 (2017) 111208. [7] J.F. Paulino, J. C. Afonso, J. Hazard Mater, 35 (2012) 1447–1452. [8] L.S. Golden, Ion Exchange Resins: Characterization Of. In Academic Press, 2000, pp. 3172–3179. [9] Dow Chemical Company, Ion Exchange Resin: Fundamentals of Ion Exchange, 2000. [10] G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 1989 [11] W.S. Miller, C.J. Castagna, A.W. Pieper, GE Water & Process Technologies, TP1050EN (2009) 1-13. [12] S. Nakao, Journal of Membrane Science, 96 (1994) 131–165. [13] Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Environmental Requirements: A Guide For Investors, Putrajaya, 2010.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 22080–22084
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering Technology (3rd GCET_2017): Materials Science
Preliminary study of sulphide removal using ion exchange resin Syarifah Abd Rahima* and Kai Li Teoa a
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract The paper presents the investigation of sulphide removal via ion exchange resin. Sulphidic spent caustic (SSC) is a dark brown to black effluent generated from petrochemical and oil refinery industries. Typically, SSC has a pH of 13-14, and sulphide concentration of 0.5-4.0wt%. The large amount of sulphide content in SSC leads to its toxic property, obnoxious odor and hazardous nature. This will threaten health and safety of workers, and may pollute the environment. The SSC may not be discharged to wastewater treatment facilities untreated as the high sulphide content will cause corrosion in the pipes especially in aqueous condition. In fact, the Malaysia Department of Environment has limited the acceptable sulphide discharge in industrial effluent at 0.5 mg/L as stated in the Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulation 2009. Hence, it is desirable to remove sulphide in the SSC. This research focused on the removal of sulphide from synthetic SSC via strongly basic anion exchange resin. A synthetic SSC was simulated to represent the SSC. The static method was applied, where the synthetic SSC was allowed to stay in a column of resin for several retentions time. The synthetic SSC was characterised for its sulphide content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH before and after the treatment in order to analyse the effect of ion exchange resin treatment. The resin was also characterised for its moisture retention, exchange capacity, and pore size. The treatment was able to remove about 95.8% of the sulphide and the COD was reduced by 94.5%. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology (3rd GCET): Materials Science, 07-08 November 2017. Keywords: Ion exchange resin; Sulphidic spent caustic; Chemical oxygen demand; Sulphide;
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60-95492886; fax: +60-95492889. E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of The 3rd International Conference on Green Chemical Engineering and Technology (3rd GCET): Materials Science, 07-08 November 2017.
Rahim & Teo / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 22080–22084
22081
1. Introduction Petrochemical industry is one of the major industries in Malaysia. Petrochemical industry generates spent caustic containing high levels of sulphide compounds together with phenolic, cresylic and naphthenic acids that exhibit toxic and odorous properties. The spent caustic is usually being treated with caustic soda in scrubbing tower to remove gaseous sulphide compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and thiols which then results in sulphidic spent caustic (SSC) [1]. It has been a major concern for petrochemical industries to treat SSC due to its hazardous nature and noxious properties [2] in which mainly appear as hydrogen sulphide ions (HS-) and sulphide ions (S2-) [3]. The most common deadly and odorous compound in all spent caustic is hydrogen sulphide, which also known as an acute toxic gas that readily dissolves in caustic solutions at high pH condition (above pH 10). Notably, it can easily be released into the air by slight disturb of the spent caustic solution or the lowering of the pH. This is gravely important because hydrogen sulphide is more toxic than hydrogen cyanide to human and death can occur in exposures of just 100 to 500 ppmv in the atmosphere [4]. The large amount of sulphide content in the SSC contributed to the high COD. This will result in oxygen depletion, hence, threatening aquatic life forms when discharged. In addition, oxygen depletion is important because chemical and biochemical reactions that occur anaerobically often create aesthetically displeasing colors, tastes, and odors, which further degrade the quality of water [5]. As such, several treatment methods have been developed to remove sulphide content in SSC. Some common methods include wet air oxidation (WAO) and chemical precipitation. Recently, phytoremediation for sulphide degradation [6] and sulphide adsorption via anion exchange resin method [7] has been reported as an alternative for SSC treatment. In this study, the strongly basic anion exchange resin is applied for the removal of sulphide from sulphidic synthetic waste. The research encompassed the treatment of sulphidic synthetic waste for several retention and the treatment result was analyzed based on sulphide content, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and pH. The anion exchange resin was characterized for its moisture retention, exchange capacity and pore size for the analysis of its effect on the treatment. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials The chemical used were the anion exchange resin, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium sulphide, COD reagent, phenolphthalein reagent, sulphide reagent 1 and sulphide reagent 2. All chemicals and reagents used were analytical grade and no further purification was performed prior to use. 2.2. Resin characterisation (moisture retention, total ion exchange capacity and pore size) The moisture retention of the resin was analysed by soaking the resin in pure water, filtering the resin using filter paper and filter funnel, and finally air drying in an oven to remove the moisture. The differences in weight of the resin before and after drying was used to express moisture retention in percentage of the total wet resin weight [8]. Approximately 5g of the resin was soaked in 100 mL of pure water for 1 hour. The resin was then filtered, and dried in an oven for 24 hours. The drying temperature was set at 60°C. Equation (1) was used to calculate the moisture retention. The weight of wet and dry resin was denoted as WW and WD respectively. % moisture retained
WW WD 100 WW
(1) (1)
The total ion exchange capacity was determined by equilibrating the resin in a 1 cm diameter column with 4% NaOH solution. After equilibration, the resin was collected and then soaked in 500 mL of 0.2M HCL solution for
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Rahim & Teo / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 22080–22084
24 hours. The supernatant was then collected and titrated with 0.1M NaOH and phenolphthalein as indicator. The total ion exchange capacity was then calculated. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was used to observe the surface morphology and pore size of resin. The resin was coated with platinum at 40 mA for 70 seconds. The coated resin was placed in the object chamber which is in high vacuum state. The suitable acceleration voltage and magnification was used to observe the surface morphology and pore size on the resin sample. 2.3. Synthetic SSC preparation and treatment procedure The synthetic SSC was prepare by mixing the deionized water with pre-weight of Na2S in the glass bottle and was shaken till dissolved. The synthetic SSC prepared was characterised for the chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and sulphide content. The resin was filled into the 2 cm diameter of column to the height of 10 cm and then equilibrated with 500 mL of 1.0 mol/L NaOH for 30 minutes. The NaOH was then drained out from the column using pure water until all traces of NaOH was disappeared. Phenolphthalein was used as indicator. The column was filled with the synthetic SSC to the height of 10 cm – 12 cm above the resin bed. The valve was opened to allow the synthetic SSC to enter the resin bed. The valve was closed when the synthetic SSC level is about 2 cm above the resin bed. The synthetic SSC was collected from the bottom at different retention time and was characterised for the COD, pH, and sulphide content. Fig. 1 shows the illustration of the experiment set up.
Fig. 1. Illustration for the set-up of the experiment.
2.4. Characterisation The COD was analysed using Hach Spectrophotometer DR2800. 2.0 mL of the synthetic SSC was pipette into the COD reagent vial. The mixture was mixed by inverting the vial a few times before placed in the COD reactor which was preheated at 150°C, for 2 hrs. The vial was removed from the reactor and left to cool. The COD was tested colorimetrically. The pH was measured using Mettler Toledo S20 pH meter. The pH meter was calibrated using pH4.0, pH7.0, and pH10.0 buffers, at room temperature (25°C) prior to sample measurement. The sulphide content was analysed using Merck Spectroquant Pharo 300 spectrohotometer. 5.0 mL of the synthetic SSC was mixed with 1 drop of Reagent S-1 and 5 drops of Reagent S-2 and left to equilibrate for 1 minute prior to sulphide content analysis.
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3. Result and Discussions 3.1. Resin characterisation (moisture retention, total ion exchange capacity and pore size) The percentage of moisture retention obtained at 60°C was 60%. The water retention capacity of the resin is proportional to its pore volume/porosity and inversely proportional to its degree of crosslinking. Porosity will affect the size of species that may enter a specific structure and its rate of diffusion and exchange [9]. The percentage of moisture retention obtained in this study suggested that the resin used has high porosity and ion exchange is possible to take place. The total ion exchange capacity is the total amount of sites available for ion exchange. It is dependent on the total number of ion active groups per unit weight of material [10]. The greater the number of ions, the greater the ion exchange capacity of the resin. In this study, the total ion exchange capacity of the resin was 4.47 meq/mL signifies that the resin has many active sites available for ion exchange. The value can be explained as for every 1 mL of resin, there are 4.47 miliequivalents of exchange sites available. The exchange sites available factor does not, however, solely determine the amount of sulphide that may be removed per volume of resin. The actual useful capacity of resin is a portion of the total exchange capacity of the ion exchange resin volume that is used [11] known as the operating capacity where the ion exchange really take place during the operation. The operating capacity can be affected by the concentration and type of ions to be adsorbed, the flow rate, the operating temperature, and particle size of the ion exchange resin. The surface and pore size of the resin used in this study are shown in Fig.2 (A) and Fig. 2 (B) respectively. The surface of the resin is irregular and has a coarse surface. The resin has macroporous structure as the pore size are larger than 50 nm [12]. Large pore size permits the ease of access to the exchange sites in the pores and allows more complete exchange of large ions [9]. However, larger pore size reduces the porosity of the ion exchange resin as the porosity of the ion exchange resin (macroporous) is directly related to resin bead surface area in which the resin bead surface area is inversely related to the size of the discrete pores [11].
Fig. 2. Surface and pore size of the resin. The resin was observed under (a) 5.0 kV accelerating velocity and x3000 magnification and; (b) 5.0 kV accelerating velocity and x40000 magnification.
3.2. Synthetic SSC treatment (COD, pH and sulphide content) The properties of the synthetic SSC before and after the treatment using resin is tabulated in Table 1. The data shows that after 4 hours of treatment, 95.8% of the sulphide was removed. The sulphide concentration was reduced to less than 1.5 mg/L from an initial concentration of 35.5 mg/L. This value meets the allowable environment standard which is sulphide content should lower than 0.5 mg/L [13]. At the same time, COD of the waste has reduced 94.5% from 29700 mg/L to 1630 mg/L. The result is in agreement with the previous reported study. Strongly basic anion exchange resin is able to remove sulphide from SSC [7]. The synthetic SSC remained alkali
22084
Rahim & Teo / Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 22080–22084
throughout the treatment. Thus, it is suggested that the hydrogen sulphide was not released during the treatment. The finding revealed that this preliminary study was successfully reduced the COD and sulphide content of the synthetic SSC. Table 1. Properties of synthetic SSC before and after treatment using resin. Technique Before Treatment 1 hour COD (mg/L) 29700 11290 pH 12.3 12.2 Sulphide content (mg/L) 35.5 12.7
Retention time 2 hours 4250 12.2 9.7
4 hours 1630 12.2 <1.5
4. Conclusion The finding shows that the preliminary study of the synthetic SSC treatments’ using anion exchange resin has successfully reduced the COD and sulphide content up to 94.5% and 95.5% respectively while maintaining the pH throughout the process. Hence, it is suggested that the anion exchange resin is possible to be used as an alternative for COD and sulphide content removal. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) for grant support (RDU150318), equipment and facilities used. References [1] I.B. Hariz, A. Halleb, N. Adhoum, L. Monser, Separation and Purification Technology, 107 (2013) 150-157. [2] G. Veerabhadraiah, N. Mallika, S. Jindal, Hydrocarbon Processing (2011). [3] L. Altaş, H, Büyükgüngör, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153 (2008) 462–469. [4] R. Dettmeyer, M.A. Verhoff, H.F. Schütz, Forensic Medicine: Fundamentals and Perspectives, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. [5] B.H. Diya’uddeen, W.M.A.W. Daud, A.R. AbdulAziz. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 89 (2011) 95–105. [6] S. Abd Rahim, N.A. Ramli, Indian Journal of Science and Technology 10 (2017) 111208. [7] J.F. Paulino, J. C. Afonso, J. Hazard Mater, 35 (2012) 1447–1452. [8] L.S. Golden, Ion Exchange Resins: Characterization Of. In Academic Press, 2000, pp. 3172–3179. [9] Dow Chemical Company, Ion Exchange Resin: Fundamentals of Ion Exchange, 2000. [10] G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 1989 [11] W.S. Miller, C.J. Castagna, A.W. Pieper, GE Water & Process Technologies, TP1050EN (2009) 1-13. [12] S. Nakao, Journal of Membrane Science, 96 (1994) 131–165. [13] Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Environmental Requirements: A Guide For Investors, Putrajaya, 2010.