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Prenatal depression and baby low-birth-weight: Effects on early breastfeeding practices
R. Reynolds / Psychoneuroendocrinology 61 (2015) 1–78
understood is the potential programming of infant development by normal variation in glucocorticoid exposure in the mother-infant dyad. We studied two closely related species of monkeys, pigtail macaques (Washington National Primate Research Center) and rhesus macaques (NIH Laboratory of Comparative Ethology). Our objectives were (1) to characterize variability in prenatal cortisol exposure in a convenience sample of breeders using mother and infant hair cortisol (HCort) measurements, and (2) to determine how differences in prenatal cortisol exposure under these conditions relate to infant behavioral development. Newborn pigtail macaques had very high HCort concentrations (mean = 890 pg/mg, range = 166-2082 pg/mg) compared to their mothers at parturition (mean = 147 pg/mg, range = 77-276 pg/mg), suggesting substantial cortisol exposure in utero. Infant HCort at birth was positively correlated with the rise in maternal HCort from the time of pregnancy verification by ultrasound to parturition. Infant HCort rapidly declined in the months following birth, reflecting lower hormone deposition from the animal’s own adrenocortical activity. Data from both pigtail and rhesus macaques showed significant relationships between HCort at various ages from birth through 12 months and either irritable temperament measured using the monkey Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale or cognitive developmental delay measured by the object permanence task. This novel non-human primate model of developmental programming has revealed that relatively higher levels of cortisol in the absence of an imposed stressor are associated with adverse developmental outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.473
PO26 Prenatal depression and baby low-birth-weight: Effects on early breastfeeding practices Rita Tatiana Amiel Castro 1,2,∗ , Ulrike Ehlert 2 , Vivette Glover 1 1 2
Imperial College London, London, UK University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Breastfeeding is particularly important for low-birth-weight babies (<2500 g) since it confers nutritional and immunological benefits and improves cognitive outcomes. Maternal prenatal depression may interfere on breastfeeding. We aim to investigate the impact of maternal prenatal depression and low-birth-weight on breastfeeding practices considering prenatal attitudes towards breastfeeding. Methods: N = 704 prenatally depressed women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were included in our analysis. Self-reported depression was assessed at 18 and 32 weeks gestation, breastfeeding was assessed at day 1 and from weeks 1-4 postpartum and attitudes to breastfeeding was self-reported at 32 gestational weeks. Birth weight information was collected from participant’s medical records. We only included full-term low-birth-weight babies. Results: Birth weight was associated with an increasing likelihood of breastfeeding initiation (breastfeeding at day 1: W (1): 4.2, p = .00, OR = 1.0) but not maintenance (breastfeeding W1-W4: p > .05). Breastfeeding at day 1 was significantly different in lowbirth-weight babies (M:.25, SD:.44) compared to normal birth weight babies (M:.59, SD:.49), t (705): 3.0, p = .00. Similar results
31
were found for weeks 1 and 2. Despite depression, women’s attitudes towards breastfeeding were associated with an increasing likelihood for breastfeeding in all time points. Conclusion: There is a clear link between baby birth weight and breastfeeding initiation. However, despite much evidence showing the cognitive and health benefits of breastfeeding lowbirth-weight babies, they were less breastfed than normal weight babies. Although being depressed, participants had a positive attitude to breastfeeding and were still likely to breastfeed their babies until 4 weeks postpartum. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.474
PO27 Child maltreatment and obesity over the life-course: A 40-year cohort study Andrea Danese Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK Introduction: A large meta-analysis has recently concluded that maltreated children are at increased risk of obesity compared to non-maltreated peers, consistent with experimental animal models. However, analysis of cross-sectional studies in unrelated individuals at different ages cannot adequately inform about the longitudinal trajectories of risk, which are important to understand the health burden associated with obesity. Hypothesis: We tested whether maltreated children show more persistent course of obesity, whether the effects are similar for prospectively-collected and retrospectively-reported measures of maltreatment, whether this link is independent of other familial risks, and whether the link emerges after exposure to maltreatment. Study population: This hypothesis was tested in a populationrepresentative birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed-up from birth till age 38 years as part of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study in Dunedin, New Zealand. Methods: Exposure to maltreatment was assessed through both prospectively-collected and retrospectively-reported measures. Obesity was assessed over eleven follow-up phases between age 5 and age 38 years. Results: Poisson regression models showed that both maltreated children (IRR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.13-1.73) and adults reporting childhood abuse (IRR = 1.37; 95%CI = 1.15-1.64) were obese at more assessments across the life-course, independent of family history of obesity, higher birth weight, and lower childhood socio-economic status. Childhood maltreatment was associated with greater risk of later obesity onset (HR = 2.01; 95%CI = 1.32-3.06). Conclusions: Maltreated children showed distinct longitudinal trajectories of obesity associated with greater health burden. These findings may help explain the enduring effects of childhood maltreatment on chronic, age-related conditions. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.475
understood is the potential programming of infant development by normal variation in glucocorticoid exposure in the mother-infant dyad. We studied two closely related species of monkeys, pigtail macaques (Washington National Primate Research Center) and rhesus macaques (NIH Laboratory of Comparative Ethology). Our objectives were (1) to characterize variability in prenatal cortisol exposure in a convenience sample of breeders using mother and infant hair cortisol (HCort) measurements, and (2) to determine how differences in prenatal cortisol exposure under these conditions relate to infant behavioral development. Newborn pigtail macaques had very high HCort concentrations (mean = 890 pg/mg, range = 166-2082 pg/mg) compared to their mothers at parturition (mean = 147 pg/mg, range = 77-276 pg/mg), suggesting substantial cortisol exposure in utero. Infant HCort at birth was positively correlated with the rise in maternal HCort from the time of pregnancy verification by ultrasound to parturition. Infant HCort rapidly declined in the months following birth, reflecting lower hormone deposition from the animal’s own adrenocortical activity. Data from both pigtail and rhesus macaques showed significant relationships between HCort at various ages from birth through 12 months and either irritable temperament measured using the monkey Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale or cognitive developmental delay measured by the object permanence task. This novel non-human primate model of developmental programming has revealed that relatively higher levels of cortisol in the absence of an imposed stressor are associated with adverse developmental outcomes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.473
PO26 Prenatal depression and baby low-birth-weight: Effects on early breastfeeding practices Rita Tatiana Amiel Castro 1,2,∗ , Ulrike Ehlert 2 , Vivette Glover 1 1 2
Imperial College London, London, UK University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Breastfeeding is particularly important for low-birth-weight babies (<2500 g) since it confers nutritional and immunological benefits and improves cognitive outcomes. Maternal prenatal depression may interfere on breastfeeding. We aim to investigate the impact of maternal prenatal depression and low-birth-weight on breastfeeding practices considering prenatal attitudes towards breastfeeding. Methods: N = 704 prenatally depressed women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were included in our analysis. Self-reported depression was assessed at 18 and 32 weeks gestation, breastfeeding was assessed at day 1 and from weeks 1-4 postpartum and attitudes to breastfeeding was self-reported at 32 gestational weeks. Birth weight information was collected from participant’s medical records. We only included full-term low-birth-weight babies. Results: Birth weight was associated with an increasing likelihood of breastfeeding initiation (breastfeeding at day 1: W (1): 4.2, p = .00, OR = 1.0) but not maintenance (breastfeeding W1-W4: p > .05). Breastfeeding at day 1 was significantly different in lowbirth-weight babies (M:.25, SD:.44) compared to normal birth weight babies (M:.59, SD:.49), t (705): 3.0, p = .00. Similar results
31
were found for weeks 1 and 2. Despite depression, women’s attitudes towards breastfeeding were associated with an increasing likelihood for breastfeeding in all time points. Conclusion: There is a clear link between baby birth weight and breastfeeding initiation. However, despite much evidence showing the cognitive and health benefits of breastfeeding lowbirth-weight babies, they were less breastfed than normal weight babies. Although being depressed, participants had a positive attitude to breastfeeding and were still likely to breastfeed their babies until 4 weeks postpartum. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.474
PO27 Child maltreatment and obesity over the life-course: A 40-year cohort study Andrea Danese Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK Introduction: A large meta-analysis has recently concluded that maltreated children are at increased risk of obesity compared to non-maltreated peers, consistent with experimental animal models. However, analysis of cross-sectional studies in unrelated individuals at different ages cannot adequately inform about the longitudinal trajectories of risk, which are important to understand the health burden associated with obesity. Hypothesis: We tested whether maltreated children show more persistent course of obesity, whether the effects are similar for prospectively-collected and retrospectively-reported measures of maltreatment, whether this link is independent of other familial risks, and whether the link emerges after exposure to maltreatment. Study population: This hypothesis was tested in a populationrepresentative birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed-up from birth till age 38 years as part of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study in Dunedin, New Zealand. Methods: Exposure to maltreatment was assessed through both prospectively-collected and retrospectively-reported measures. Obesity was assessed over eleven follow-up phases between age 5 and age 38 years. Results: Poisson regression models showed that both maltreated children (IRR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.13-1.73) and adults reporting childhood abuse (IRR = 1.37; 95%CI = 1.15-1.64) were obese at more assessments across the life-course, independent of family history of obesity, higher birth weight, and lower childhood socio-economic status. Childhood maltreatment was associated with greater risk of later obesity onset (HR = 2.01; 95%CI = 1.32-3.06). Conclusions: Maltreated children showed distinct longitudinal trajectories of obesity associated with greater health burden. These findings may help explain the enduring effects of childhood maltreatment on chronic, age-related conditions. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.475