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Presence of mutagenic activity in surface water in The Netherlands
244 This modification of t h e AUium test: is a r a p i d screening tes~ s u i ~ b l e for natural waters and for known chemicals. I n contaminated natural waters this test m a y be a useful tool to trace t h e source of contamination.
150 C.F. van Kreijl, H.J. Koot, H.J. van Kranen and E. de Greef~ National Institute for Water Supply (NIWS), P.O. Box 150, 2 2 6 0 AD Leidschendam (The Nether° lands) Presence o f mutagenic activity in surface water in The Netherlands In The Netherlands, trace amounts of several hundreds of organic compounds, among which several recognized carcinogens/mutagens, have been identified in both surface water and drinking water. Using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and a fluctuation assay we have shown t h a t mutagenic activity in surface water can also be detected in biological assays. Different water samples were taken along the river Rhine, including the river branches Waal, Lek and IJssel, and the river Meuse. The organic compounds were concentrated by adsorption on XAD resins. Subsequent testing of the concentrates showed t h a t all water samples derived from the river Rhine or its branches contain mu~agenic activity. Positive Ames test results showing dose--response relationships were observed primarily with strain TA98 (+$9 mix). A doubling of the spontaneous m u t a t i o n rate was observed with concentrates of as little as 50 ml of river water. In samples from the river Meuse no significant activity was detected, indicating t h a t the overall mutagenic activity: with the methods used, was at least 10 times below that o f the river Rhine. When positive reservoir-stored Rhine water was oxidized in a pilot plant with different concentrations of aqueous chlorine or chlorine dioxide changes in mutagenic activity were observed relating to changes in pH as well as type o f oxidant. Twofold and threefold increases in the n u m b e r of revertants were observed with strain TA98 (-- $9 mix) after chlorine dioxide t r e a t m e n t at resp. ambient and low pH. In the presence of $9 mix only decreases of mutagenic activity were observed.
151 A.D. White, National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell (United Kingdom) In vitro induction o f sister-chromatid exchange in h u m a n l y m p h o c y t e s by epichlorohydrin with metabolic activation. A preliminary s t u d y Human t y m p h o c y t e s cultured for 72 h in the presence of BrdU were exposed to epichlorohydrin (ECH) with and w i t h o u t metabolic activation. Cells exposed w i t h o u t activation for the entire culture time showed a significant increase in SCE yield with increasing concentration of ECH from 4 X 10 -5 to 10 -4 M, which was the m a x i m u m tolerated concentration. An approximate doubling of
150 C.F. van Kreijl, H.J. Koot, H.J. van Kranen and E. de Greef~ National Institute for Water Supply (NIWS), P.O. Box 150, 2 2 6 0 AD Leidschendam (The Nether° lands) Presence o f mutagenic activity in surface water in The Netherlands In The Netherlands, trace amounts of several hundreds of organic compounds, among which several recognized carcinogens/mutagens, have been identified in both surface water and drinking water. Using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay and a fluctuation assay we have shown t h a t mutagenic activity in surface water can also be detected in biological assays. Different water samples were taken along the river Rhine, including the river branches Waal, Lek and IJssel, and the river Meuse. The organic compounds were concentrated by adsorption on XAD resins. Subsequent testing of the concentrates showed t h a t all water samples derived from the river Rhine or its branches contain mu~agenic activity. Positive Ames test results showing dose--response relationships were observed primarily with strain TA98 (+$9 mix). A doubling of the spontaneous m u t a t i o n rate was observed with concentrates of as little as 50 ml of river water. In samples from the river Meuse no significant activity was detected, indicating t h a t the overall mutagenic activity: with the methods used, was at least 10 times below that o f the river Rhine. When positive reservoir-stored Rhine water was oxidized in a pilot plant with different concentrations of aqueous chlorine or chlorine dioxide changes in mutagenic activity were observed relating to changes in pH as well as type o f oxidant. Twofold and threefold increases in the n u m b e r of revertants were observed with strain TA98 (-- $9 mix) after chlorine dioxide t r e a t m e n t at resp. ambient and low pH. In the presence of $9 mix only decreases of mutagenic activity were observed.
151 A.D. White, National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell (United Kingdom) In vitro induction o f sister-chromatid exchange in h u m a n l y m p h o c y t e s by epichlorohydrin with metabolic activation. A preliminary s t u d y Human t y m p h o c y t e s cultured for 72 h in the presence of BrdU were exposed to epichlorohydrin (ECH) with and w i t h o u t metabolic activation. Cells exposed w i t h o u t activation for the entire culture time showed a significant increase in SCE yield with increasing concentration of ECH from 4 X 10 -5 to 10 -4 M, which was the m a x i m u m tolerated concentration. An approximate doubling of