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PRESENT-DAY RADIOLOGY
954
experiments) are contradictory, but in no instance who volunteered to have the conjunctiva inoculated apparently has it been proved that the disease with B. granulosisbut although positive results is identical with trachoma in man. have been claimed, Dr. BENGTSON considers that What has been produced by some of these the results have been almost as inconclusive as experiments is a granular progressive type of lesion in the test monkeys. To sum up, while it must transmissible from animal to animal; in the tests be granted that the B. granulosis is capable of carried out by Dr. BENGTSON herself the trans- producing a granular condition of the conjunctiva mission was effected by the simple method of in rhesus monkeys, and that this condition is swabbing the diseased conjunctiva and conveying transmissible from animal to animal, more efficient the infective material to the healthy conjunctiva methods for demonstrating the organism are
of another animal. There have been a number of experiments in the transmission of trachoma from man directly to monkeys and apes, but none has yielded any striking result. A few observations are recorded on blind human subjects or on persons
greatly to be desired. In America it has been demonstrated in cases of human trachoma occurring in certain districts, and this fact merits consideration, but it cannot be the efficient cause of the disease in all cases.
ANNOTATIONS such small quantities of air a.s 3 or 5 c.cm. without PRESENT-DAY RADIOLOGY withdrawing any cerebro-spinal fluid, the patient THE development of radiology to occupy a most no inconvenience. suffering Sialography was another important place in medicine was surveyed by Dr. recent Thorotrast was now used to obtain technique. Russell J. Reynolds in his presidential address to the shadows of and the liver but great care was spleen, Section of Radiology of the Royal Society of Medicine, needed. was a valuable means of Arteriography He dealt first with the improvements on Oct. 21st. cerebral tumours. being made in the construction of tubes, apparatus, diagnosing the Despite heavy criticism which had been levelled and devices for the protection of patient and worker, X the ray as a therapeutic agent, it held a very and in the technical methods used especially in the against strong position to-day. Shortly after the application study of moving parts of the body. His review of the of the for rays diagnosis a dermatitis with epilation growing use of radio-opaque substances showed that had been noticed. This untoward incident had been a or other hardly cavity in the body has resisted one the of genesis radiotherapy. G. B. Batten in London of the ingenious processes designed to make its outline had treated one of the first cases of ringworm of the visible without more than trivial inconvenience to and cases of lupus, sycosis, and eczema had scalp, the patient. The president pointed out that the been treated very early. The effect of the rays on first worker to use a radio-opaque substance in the body had been Strauss, who in 1896 had caused tissues was a destructive one, and diseased tissues his patient to swallow capsules filled with barium were more susceptible to the effect than healthy subnitrate, and had subsequently traced them on the ones. The tendency to-day is to use still higher fluorescent screen. Lipiodol, first used in 1921, had voltages, and the rays thus produced were far proved of the greatest assistance in the investiga- more penetrating than anything previously used, so tion of spinal tumours, the condition of the lungs that deeper lesions could be attacked. Various and pleural cavities, the accessory air sinuses, the methods of measuring dosage had been used in the past, unit to-day was the" r." It was now genital organs, and the lacrymal sac. It should not, but the common to determine more or less accurately the however, be used in cases of extreme iodine intolerance, possible exact dose to a tumour at a certain depth under given active tuberculous disease with pyrexia, and poor health. Pyelography was, he said, another valuable specified conditions. The tendency to-day was to aid to diagnosis ; the intravenous route dated from fractionate the dose more and more, so that the 1923, when observers at the Mayo Clinic had found patient’s vitality was kept at a maximum, enabling that the urinary tract could be outlined by the him to put up the best possible fight against disease. went on, less was heard of the injection of sodium iodide. The " dye " technique for Fortunately, as time X rays. The acute burn was almost harmful of effects had been in 1924. the discovered gall-bladder outlining The intravenous technique for cholecystography was extinct, chronic burns were rare, and blood changes not often used nowadays, as oral administration from short wave-length rays were few, because radiologave very good results and was free from danger. gists were realising more and more the necessity of The field of embryology and obstetrics had been taking reasonable precautions. In the president’s view, rather more slowly invaded by radiology than other the position of radium therapy to-day commanded fields, but valuable information could now be obtained great respect. Those who had used radium for some on the condition, age, position, and size of the foetus, years had no doubts of its value. General experience to show that needles were to be preferred to tended in a short there be and seemed to no danger diagnostic seeds. B. in In D. and 1922 A. 1921 A. Horner During the last year or so efforts had been exposure. to made could be had shown that foetal death put radium therapy on a much more Spaulding demonstrated by overlapping of the skull bones. scientific basis. As time went on its interstitial use Many methods of radio-pelvimetry had been devised, would more and more give place to surface technique. notably the simple and accurate one introduced by L. Rowden, and the condition and position of the A TEST FOR BLOOD uterus and Fallopian tubes could be ascertained with of THE benzidine test for the presence of blood in the aid lipiodol. Ventriculography and encephalography were invalu-1urine or fseces depends upon the peroxidase action able for studying intracranial lesions. Recently f hæmatin. It is usually performed with hydrogen Dr. Laruelle, at the Central Neurological Clinic in ]peroxide or ozonic ether ; the former has the Brussels, had obtained excellent results by injecting lisadvantage that it is readily subject to decomposi-
experiments) are contradictory, but in no instance who volunteered to have the conjunctiva inoculated apparently has it been proved that the disease with B. granulosisbut although positive results is identical with trachoma in man. have been claimed, Dr. BENGTSON considers that What has been produced by some of these the results have been almost as inconclusive as experiments is a granular progressive type of lesion in the test monkeys. To sum up, while it must transmissible from animal to animal; in the tests be granted that the B. granulosis is capable of carried out by Dr. BENGTSON herself the trans- producing a granular condition of the conjunctiva mission was effected by the simple method of in rhesus monkeys, and that this condition is swabbing the diseased conjunctiva and conveying transmissible from animal to animal, more efficient the infective material to the healthy conjunctiva methods for demonstrating the organism are
of another animal. There have been a number of experiments in the transmission of trachoma from man directly to monkeys and apes, but none has yielded any striking result. A few observations are recorded on blind human subjects or on persons
greatly to be desired. In America it has been demonstrated in cases of human trachoma occurring in certain districts, and this fact merits consideration, but it cannot be the efficient cause of the disease in all cases.
ANNOTATIONS such small quantities of air a.s 3 or 5 c.cm. without PRESENT-DAY RADIOLOGY withdrawing any cerebro-spinal fluid, the patient THE development of radiology to occupy a most no inconvenience. suffering Sialography was another important place in medicine was surveyed by Dr. recent Thorotrast was now used to obtain technique. Russell J. Reynolds in his presidential address to the shadows of and the liver but great care was spleen, Section of Radiology of the Royal Society of Medicine, needed. was a valuable means of Arteriography He dealt first with the improvements on Oct. 21st. cerebral tumours. being made in the construction of tubes, apparatus, diagnosing the Despite heavy criticism which had been levelled and devices for the protection of patient and worker, X the ray as a therapeutic agent, it held a very and in the technical methods used especially in the against strong position to-day. Shortly after the application study of moving parts of the body. His review of the of the for rays diagnosis a dermatitis with epilation growing use of radio-opaque substances showed that had been noticed. This untoward incident had been a or other hardly cavity in the body has resisted one the of genesis radiotherapy. G. B. Batten in London of the ingenious processes designed to make its outline had treated one of the first cases of ringworm of the visible without more than trivial inconvenience to and cases of lupus, sycosis, and eczema had scalp, the patient. The president pointed out that the been treated very early. The effect of the rays on first worker to use a radio-opaque substance in the body had been Strauss, who in 1896 had caused tissues was a destructive one, and diseased tissues his patient to swallow capsules filled with barium were more susceptible to the effect than healthy subnitrate, and had subsequently traced them on the ones. The tendency to-day is to use still higher fluorescent screen. Lipiodol, first used in 1921, had voltages, and the rays thus produced were far proved of the greatest assistance in the investiga- more penetrating than anything previously used, so tion of spinal tumours, the condition of the lungs that deeper lesions could be attacked. Various and pleural cavities, the accessory air sinuses, the methods of measuring dosage had been used in the past, unit to-day was the" r." It was now genital organs, and the lacrymal sac. It should not, but the common to determine more or less accurately the however, be used in cases of extreme iodine intolerance, possible exact dose to a tumour at a certain depth under given active tuberculous disease with pyrexia, and poor health. Pyelography was, he said, another valuable specified conditions. The tendency to-day was to aid to diagnosis ; the intravenous route dated from fractionate the dose more and more, so that the 1923, when observers at the Mayo Clinic had found patient’s vitality was kept at a maximum, enabling that the urinary tract could be outlined by the him to put up the best possible fight against disease. went on, less was heard of the injection of sodium iodide. The " dye " technique for Fortunately, as time X rays. The acute burn was almost harmful of effects had been in 1924. the discovered gall-bladder outlining The intravenous technique for cholecystography was extinct, chronic burns were rare, and blood changes not often used nowadays, as oral administration from short wave-length rays were few, because radiologave very good results and was free from danger. gists were realising more and more the necessity of The field of embryology and obstetrics had been taking reasonable precautions. In the president’s view, rather more slowly invaded by radiology than other the position of radium therapy to-day commanded fields, but valuable information could now be obtained great respect. Those who had used radium for some on the condition, age, position, and size of the foetus, years had no doubts of its value. General experience to show that needles were to be preferred to tended in a short there be and seemed to no danger diagnostic seeds. B. in In D. and 1922 A. 1921 A. Horner During the last year or so efforts had been exposure. to made could be had shown that foetal death put radium therapy on a much more Spaulding demonstrated by overlapping of the skull bones. scientific basis. As time went on its interstitial use Many methods of radio-pelvimetry had been devised, would more and more give place to surface technique. notably the simple and accurate one introduced by L. Rowden, and the condition and position of the A TEST FOR BLOOD uterus and Fallopian tubes could be ascertained with of THE benzidine test for the presence of blood in the aid lipiodol. Ventriculography and encephalography were invalu-1urine or fseces depends upon the peroxidase action able for studying intracranial lesions. Recently f hæmatin. It is usually performed with hydrogen Dr. Laruelle, at the Central Neurological Clinic in ]peroxide or ozonic ether ; the former has the Brussels, had obtained excellent results by injecting lisadvantage that it is readily subject to decomposi-