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Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Systemic Disease (PCV2-SD) in Polish Swine Herds
J. Comp. Path. 2017, Vol. 156, 54e141
ESVP and ECVP Proceedings 2016
101
ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE INFECTION IN AN ALPINE IBEX (CAPRA IBEX) L. Domenis, R. Spedicato, R. Orusa and S. Robetto National Reference Centre for Wildlife Diseases/Sezione di Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Quart, Italy Introduction: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a gram-positive and nonspore-forming bacillus, can infect man and a wide range of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. The pathological manifestations are generally represented by cutaneous lesions (erysipelas), endocarditis and polyarthritis. The purpose of this study was to describe a case of E. rhusiopathiae septicaemia in an Alpine ibex (Capra ibex). Materials and Methods: A 12-year-old male Alpine ibex was admitted to the Wildlife Rescue Centre in Aosta Valley Region (Northwestern Italy) and died after 2 days. The animal was subjected to necropsy examination, followed by histological and bacteriological examination. Results: The main gross lesions were subcutaneous and muscle serohaemorrhagic oedema; catarrhal haemorrhagic enteritis; fibrinous peritonitis with serohaemorrhagic peritoneal effusion; left kidney atrophy, right kidney hypertrophy with calculus; gallbladder with biliary stasis and thickened wall; pulmonary consolidation and fibrinous pleuritis; hydropericardium and epicardial petechial haemorrhages; and prominent hepatic lobulation. The main microscopical lesion was a severe secondary systemic amyloidosis (most evident in the liver, kidney and intestine), associated with a lymphohistiocytic inflammation of variable degree. E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from the kidney, peritoneal effusion, pericardial fluid and brain. Conclusions: Sporadic cases of clinical disease and mortality from E. rhusiopathiae have been reported, among wild ungulates, in wild boar (Sus scrofa), Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), moose (Alces alces), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and white tailed deer (Odocoileus virgianianus). After considering the bibliographic data, this is the first report of disease caused by E. rhusiopathiae in an Italian Alpine ibex (Capra ibex).
PIROPLASMOSIS IN A GREY WOLF (CANIS LUPUS) POPULATION IN CROATIA D. Huber *, A. Beck *, V. Benko y, S. Reljic z, I. Reil x, J. Kusak z, V. Mrljak y and R. Beckx *Department of Veterinary Pathology, yInternal Diseases Clinic, zDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb and x Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia Introduction: Infection with Babesia canis is common in Croatian dogs suffering from haemolytic anaemia, but also in asymptomatic dogs. Captive wolves can also develop babesiosis, while the role of free-ranging wolves in the life cycle of piroplasms and the impact on the health status of wolves has not been investigated. Materials and Methods: Blood or organ samples from one livetrapped wolf and 108 carcasses were screened for presence of Babesia/Theileria DNA. Wolf W1 was captured for movement monitoring, blood-sampled and traced for 1 year. Wolf W2 was humanely destroyed after a car collision. Samples from W2 were submitted for haematology, biochemistry and pathology. Results: Theileria sp. closely related to T. capreoli was confirmed in 13.8%, while B. canis was found in 5.5% of animals, which presents the first report of these pathogens in free-ranging grey wolves. Haematological and biochemical findings in W1 and W2 were within reference values although merozoites were present in 0.03% and 0.09% of erythrocytes, respectively. The majority of necropsied wolves had tissue autolysis, but there were no signs of hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, anaemia, pigmenturia or DIC. In W2, tissue analysis revealed discrete splenic histocytosis and merozoites within erythrocytes in the brain and myocardial capillaries, without other signs specific for babesiosis. Conclusions: B. canis and Theileria sp. maintain a sylvatic cycle within the wolf population in Croatia. Wolves, although closely related to dogs, do not appear to develop disease and probably serve as asymptomatic carriers. Free-ranging wolf pups most likely have developed mechanisms for piroplasm clearance like foals infected with B. caballi, in which maternal antibodies aid in protective immunity.
PREVALENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 SYSTEMIC DISEASE (PCV2-SD) IN POLISH SWINE HERDS orska *, A. Szczotka-Bochniarz *, Z. Osi nski y, K. Podg * P. Karkut and Z. Pejsak* *Department of Swine Diseases, Poland and yDepartment of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland Introduction: Porcine circovirus type 2 systemic disease (PCV2-SD) is an important syndrome limiting profitability of swine production. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of PCV2- SD in Poland, over a period of 11 years. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on lymph nodes from 340 pigs with clinical signs of PCV2-SD, collected in the years 2005e2015. The age of the pigs varied from 4 to 20 weeks. The number of herds tested annually varied from 13 to 84. PCV2-SD was diagnosed by in-situ hybridization (ISH) and histopathology. The results were analyzed using an approximation for beta distribution for each time period to estimate PCV2-SD true prevalence (TP) and confidence intervals (CI). Results: The highest prevalence of PCV2-SD was found in the year 2010, reaching 14% (CI 5 5e28%). The rest of the results may be divided into two periods: the first, with a higher number of PCV2SD-positive herds from 2005 to 2009, with a prevalence from 40% (CI 5 28e53%) in 2009 to 54% (CI 5 35e72%) in 2005 and 2007. In the second period, from 2011 to 2015, the number of PCV2-SD-positive herds varied from 31% (CI 5 15e52%) in 2015 to 47% (CI 5 26e69%) in 2013. These discrepancies in PCV2-SD prevalence are related to introduction of vaccines against PCV2 infections in Poland (the first one licensed in 2007), popularization of biosecurity measures and omission of newly imported pig vaccination in the last years. Conclusions: The results indicate that, like in other European countries, PCV2-SD still remains a problem in Polish swine populations.
EXPLORING THE PATHOGENESIS OF EARLY STAGE PCV-2 INFECTION T.S. Eley, R. Patterson, D. Werling and H.M. Martineau Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK Introduction: Porcine circovirus 2 causes porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which is of significant economic cost to the pig industry. The aim of this study was to use an experimental challenge model to examine the viral pathogenesis in the first 2 weeks post infection. Materials and Methods: Nine 3-week-old piglets were infected intranasally with PCV2 and killed on days 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12 post challenge. Tissue and serum samples were analyzed by microscopy for PCVAD lesions, IHC for capsid protein and qPCR for viral DNA. Results were compared with samples from non-infected agematched control animals killed at days 5, 8 and 12. Results: There were no microscopical lesions suggestive of PCVAD. IHC detected viral protein in three out of nine challenged piglets. On day 5, one piglet showed labelling within the tonsil. By day 12, two piglets showed labelling in the bronchial, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, the tonsil and the ileum. Viral protein was detected in the ileum of one control piglet. Piglets from both groups were viraemic at post-mortem examination, and viral DNA was detected in all IHC-positive tissues. Conclusions: A variable pattern of viral protein expression was detected in the early stages of experimental PCV-2 infection. This pattern does not resemble that seen in chronic experimental infections or in cases of PCVAD. The IHC results may indicate the primary site of viral replication or secondary replication following viraemic spread. It is thought that control animals were infected during the experiment.
ESVP and ECVP Proceedings 2016
101
ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE INFECTION IN AN ALPINE IBEX (CAPRA IBEX) L. Domenis, R. Spedicato, R. Orusa and S. Robetto National Reference Centre for Wildlife Diseases/Sezione di Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Quart, Italy Introduction: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a gram-positive and nonspore-forming bacillus, can infect man and a wide range of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. The pathological manifestations are generally represented by cutaneous lesions (erysipelas), endocarditis and polyarthritis. The purpose of this study was to describe a case of E. rhusiopathiae septicaemia in an Alpine ibex (Capra ibex). Materials and Methods: A 12-year-old male Alpine ibex was admitted to the Wildlife Rescue Centre in Aosta Valley Region (Northwestern Italy) and died after 2 days. The animal was subjected to necropsy examination, followed by histological and bacteriological examination. Results: The main gross lesions were subcutaneous and muscle serohaemorrhagic oedema; catarrhal haemorrhagic enteritis; fibrinous peritonitis with serohaemorrhagic peritoneal effusion; left kidney atrophy, right kidney hypertrophy with calculus; gallbladder with biliary stasis and thickened wall; pulmonary consolidation and fibrinous pleuritis; hydropericardium and epicardial petechial haemorrhages; and prominent hepatic lobulation. The main microscopical lesion was a severe secondary systemic amyloidosis (most evident in the liver, kidney and intestine), associated with a lymphohistiocytic inflammation of variable degree. E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from the kidney, peritoneal effusion, pericardial fluid and brain. Conclusions: Sporadic cases of clinical disease and mortality from E. rhusiopathiae have been reported, among wild ungulates, in wild boar (Sus scrofa), Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), moose (Alces alces), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and white tailed deer (Odocoileus virgianianus). After considering the bibliographic data, this is the first report of disease caused by E. rhusiopathiae in an Italian Alpine ibex (Capra ibex).
PIROPLASMOSIS IN A GREY WOLF (CANIS LUPUS) POPULATION IN CROATIA D. Huber *, A. Beck *, V. Benko y, S. Reljic z, I. Reil x, J. Kusak z, V. Mrljak y and R. Beckx *Department of Veterinary Pathology, yInternal Diseases Clinic, zDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb and x Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia Introduction: Infection with Babesia canis is common in Croatian dogs suffering from haemolytic anaemia, but also in asymptomatic dogs. Captive wolves can also develop babesiosis, while the role of free-ranging wolves in the life cycle of piroplasms and the impact on the health status of wolves has not been investigated. Materials and Methods: Blood or organ samples from one livetrapped wolf and 108 carcasses were screened for presence of Babesia/Theileria DNA. Wolf W1 was captured for movement monitoring, blood-sampled and traced for 1 year. Wolf W2 was humanely destroyed after a car collision. Samples from W2 were submitted for haematology, biochemistry and pathology. Results: Theileria sp. closely related to T. capreoli was confirmed in 13.8%, while B. canis was found in 5.5% of animals, which presents the first report of these pathogens in free-ranging grey wolves. Haematological and biochemical findings in W1 and W2 were within reference values although merozoites were present in 0.03% and 0.09% of erythrocytes, respectively. The majority of necropsied wolves had tissue autolysis, but there were no signs of hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, anaemia, pigmenturia or DIC. In W2, tissue analysis revealed discrete splenic histocytosis and merozoites within erythrocytes in the brain and myocardial capillaries, without other signs specific for babesiosis. Conclusions: B. canis and Theileria sp. maintain a sylvatic cycle within the wolf population in Croatia. Wolves, although closely related to dogs, do not appear to develop disease and probably serve as asymptomatic carriers. Free-ranging wolf pups most likely have developed mechanisms for piroplasm clearance like foals infected with B. caballi, in which maternal antibodies aid in protective immunity.
PREVALENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 SYSTEMIC DISEASE (PCV2-SD) IN POLISH SWINE HERDS orska *, A. Szczotka-Bochniarz *, Z. Osi nski y, K. Podg * P. Karkut and Z. Pejsak* *Department of Swine Diseases, Poland and yDepartment of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland Introduction: Porcine circovirus type 2 systemic disease (PCV2-SD) is an important syndrome limiting profitability of swine production. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of PCV2- SD in Poland, over a period of 11 years. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on lymph nodes from 340 pigs with clinical signs of PCV2-SD, collected in the years 2005e2015. The age of the pigs varied from 4 to 20 weeks. The number of herds tested annually varied from 13 to 84. PCV2-SD was diagnosed by in-situ hybridization (ISH) and histopathology. The results were analyzed using an approximation for beta distribution for each time period to estimate PCV2-SD true prevalence (TP) and confidence intervals (CI). Results: The highest prevalence of PCV2-SD was found in the year 2010, reaching 14% (CI 5 5e28%). The rest of the results may be divided into two periods: the first, with a higher number of PCV2SD-positive herds from 2005 to 2009, with a prevalence from 40% (CI 5 28e53%) in 2009 to 54% (CI 5 35e72%) in 2005 and 2007. In the second period, from 2011 to 2015, the number of PCV2-SD-positive herds varied from 31% (CI 5 15e52%) in 2015 to 47% (CI 5 26e69%) in 2013. These discrepancies in PCV2-SD prevalence are related to introduction of vaccines against PCV2 infections in Poland (the first one licensed in 2007), popularization of biosecurity measures and omission of newly imported pig vaccination in the last years. Conclusions: The results indicate that, like in other European countries, PCV2-SD still remains a problem in Polish swine populations.
EXPLORING THE PATHOGENESIS OF EARLY STAGE PCV-2 INFECTION T.S. Eley, R. Patterson, D. Werling and H.M. Martineau Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK Introduction: Porcine circovirus 2 causes porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which is of significant economic cost to the pig industry. The aim of this study was to use an experimental challenge model to examine the viral pathogenesis in the first 2 weeks post infection. Materials and Methods: Nine 3-week-old piglets were infected intranasally with PCV2 and killed on days 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12 post challenge. Tissue and serum samples were analyzed by microscopy for PCVAD lesions, IHC for capsid protein and qPCR for viral DNA. Results were compared with samples from non-infected agematched control animals killed at days 5, 8 and 12. Results: There were no microscopical lesions suggestive of PCVAD. IHC detected viral protein in three out of nine challenged piglets. On day 5, one piglet showed labelling within the tonsil. By day 12, two piglets showed labelling in the bronchial, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, the tonsil and the ileum. Viral protein was detected in the ileum of one control piglet. Piglets from both groups were viraemic at post-mortem examination, and viral DNA was detected in all IHC-positive tissues. Conclusions: A variable pattern of viral protein expression was detected in the early stages of experimental PCV-2 infection. This pattern does not resemble that seen in chronic experimental infections or in cases of PCVAD. The IHC results may indicate the primary site of viral replication or secondary replication following viraemic spread. It is thought that control animals were infected during the experiment.