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PREVALENCE OF THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES
Journal of the American Dietetic Association Online
FNS programs spent about $400 million on nutrition education, training, and technical assistance. The coordinated approach extends to activities across FNS. Examples of such activities include: Eat Smart. Play HardTM — a nutrition education and promotion campaign that promotes fruits and vegetables through its materials, the Fresh Fruit and Pilot program that identify the best practices for increasing fruit and vegetables in schools, and examining the availability of fruits and vegetables in schools with and without salad bars. TITLE: EAT SMART. PLAY HARD.T WEB SITE: LINKING TO NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RESOURCES AUTHOR(S): J.F. Wilson, RD, MPH; J.M. Altman, MS; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA LEARNING OUTCOME: At the conclusion of the session, the participants will be able to identify materials and resources available on the web site. TEXT: The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) web site provides nutrition educators with direct access to current resources to promote healthy eating and physical activity to youth and their caregivers. The web site is a component of the USDA Eat Smart. Play Hard.TM Campaign and a key part of President Bush's Healthier US initiative. The Campaign is designed to promote positive changes in eating and physical activity behaviors of preschool and school-aged children and their caregivers in order to improve long-term health. The site links nutrition service providers with a variety of resources. These resources include posters, activity sheets for kids, parent brochures, posters, stickers, guidance materials, and a Power PantherTM spokescharacter costume. The recently enhanced site allows a larger number of users greater access to these resources. The site contains an order form to obtain materials, but most of the materials can be downloaded. Nutrition educators can modify and use the Power PantherTM clip art to make nutrition education exciting for kids. Drop-In Articles can be accessed and customized for local use. Ideas are given on how to integrate nutrition and physical activity messages into nutrition education efforts. A Tip Sheet provides nutrition and physical activity messages that can be incorporated into promotional materials. The photo gallery showcases events at schools, communities, conferences, and special events across the country and can spark new ideas. TITLE: PREVALENCE OF THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES AUTHOR(S): K.A. Beals, PhD, RD and A.K. Dues; Ball State University, Muncie, IN LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the prevalence of disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density among female collegiate athletes. TEXT: Disordered eating (ED), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and low bone mineral density (BMD)— collectively known as the female athlete triad (TRIAD)—can negatively impact an athlete's health and performance. This is the first study to examine the prevalence of all three disorders of the TRIAD in a large group of collegiate athletes (n=106) representing 7 different sports (diving, swimming, x-country,
http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/inst/serve?article=jjada0310309ab01&arttype=full (92 of 117) [3/21/2008 8:45:20 AM]
Journal of the American Dietetic Association Online
track, tennis, field hockey, and softball). ED and MD were assessed by a validated health, weight, dieting, eating disorder, and menstrual history questionnaire. Spinal BMD was determined via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. A clinical diagnosis of anorexia and/or bulimia nervosa was reported by only 3% of the athletes; however, 31% reported behaviors consistent with ED (e.g., extreme body dissatisfaction and pathogenic dieting methods). Seventeen percent of the athletes reported amenorrhea, 57% reported irregular menstrual cycles, and 38% indicated that their cycles became more irregular during their competitive season. While only 1 athlete had a BMD indicative of osteopenia, 22% had BMDs below that of age-matched controls. CHI2 analysis indicated that swimmers and cross-country athletes had a significantly higher prevalence of low-BMD and MD (P < 0.05), while ED prevalence was not significantly different among the sports. No athlete exhibited all three TRIAD disorders; however, 12% displayed MD + low BMD, 9% had ED + low BMD, and 10% had ED + MD. These data suggest that individual disorders of the TRIAD are common among collegiate athletes and a small, but significant, percentage suffer from two of the three disorders. Swimmers and x-country athletes may be at a heightened risk; however, all female athletes should be closely monitored for signs of the TRIAD. TITLE: COMPLIANCE WITH THE RDA FOR VITAMIN E IN HEALTHY MEN FROM THREE ETHNIC GROUPS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER AUTHOR(S): J.D. Radcliffe, PhD, RD, FACN, L. M. Hernandez, MS, RD, LD, P.C. Pillow, MS, RD, LD, D. L. Elmore, BA, DTR, S. S. Strom, PhD LEARNING OUTCOME: To become aware of ethnic differences in the compliance for the RDA for vitamin E and the implications for the prevention of prostate cancer. TEXT: Prostate cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in men in the United States, having its peak (1 in 8) incidence in men aged 60-79 years. There are ethnic differences in the incidence of this disease, with the rate being the highest in African American men, who have a rate of prostate cancer incidence that is 59% and 119% higher than White and Hispanic men, respectively. Because epidemiologic evidence suggests that vitamin E may protect against the development of prostate cancer, it was of interest to determine compliance with the RDA for this vitamin in a multiethnic population. Intakes of vitamin E, diet plus supplement, were determined by using a food frequency questionnaire with 573 adult male subjects (mean age = 60.7 years), comprising White (n = 190), Hispanic (n=151), and African American (n = 232) men. RDA compliance was 70%, 31%, and 46% for the White, Hispanic, and African American groups, respectively. The majority of White subjects met the RDA for vitamin E. However, the RDA was not met for a majority of the Hispanic and African American subjects. This suggests that interventive strategies designed to increase the intake of vitamin E (such as promoting the consumption of vitamin E-rich foods) would be appropriate, particularly for African American men, who are genetically susceptible to prostate cancer. Supported by NCI CA84964 grant and The Human Nutrition Research Fund, Texas Woman's University. TITLE: AN ANALYSIS OF EIGHT DECADES OF WEIGHT & SHAPE IDEALS AS DEFINED BY TOP FASHION ‘SUPER’ MODELS AUTHOR(S): C. Byrd-Bredbenner, PhD, RD, FADA; J. Murray; Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/inst/serve?article=jjada0310309ab01&arttype=full (93 of 117) [3/21/2008 8:45:20 AM]
FNS programs spent about $400 million on nutrition education, training, and technical assistance. The coordinated approach extends to activities across FNS. Examples of such activities include: Eat Smart. Play HardTM — a nutrition education and promotion campaign that promotes fruits and vegetables through its materials, the Fresh Fruit and Pilot program that identify the best practices for increasing fruit and vegetables in schools, and examining the availability of fruits and vegetables in schools with and without salad bars. TITLE: EAT SMART. PLAY HARD.T WEB SITE: LINKING TO NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY RESOURCES AUTHOR(S): J.F. Wilson, RD, MPH; J.M. Altman, MS; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA LEARNING OUTCOME: At the conclusion of the session, the participants will be able to identify materials and resources available on the web site. TEXT: The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) web site provides nutrition educators with direct access to current resources to promote healthy eating and physical activity to youth and their caregivers. The web site is a component of the USDA Eat Smart. Play Hard.TM Campaign and a key part of President Bush's Healthier US initiative. The Campaign is designed to promote positive changes in eating and physical activity behaviors of preschool and school-aged children and their caregivers in order to improve long-term health. The site links nutrition service providers with a variety of resources. These resources include posters, activity sheets for kids, parent brochures, posters, stickers, guidance materials, and a Power PantherTM spokescharacter costume. The recently enhanced site allows a larger number of users greater access to these resources. The site contains an order form to obtain materials, but most of the materials can be downloaded. Nutrition educators can modify and use the Power PantherTM clip art to make nutrition education exciting for kids. Drop-In Articles can be accessed and customized for local use. Ideas are given on how to integrate nutrition and physical activity messages into nutrition education efforts. A Tip Sheet provides nutrition and physical activity messages that can be incorporated into promotional materials. The photo gallery showcases events at schools, communities, conferences, and special events across the country and can spark new ideas. TITLE: PREVALENCE OF THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES AUTHOR(S): K.A. Beals, PhD, RD and A.K. Dues; Ball State University, Muncie, IN LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe the prevalence of disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density among female collegiate athletes. TEXT: Disordered eating (ED), menstrual dysfunction (MD), and low bone mineral density (BMD)— collectively known as the female athlete triad (TRIAD)—can negatively impact an athlete's health and performance. This is the first study to examine the prevalence of all three disorders of the TRIAD in a large group of collegiate athletes (n=106) representing 7 different sports (diving, swimming, x-country,
http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/inst/serve?article=jjada0310309ab01&arttype=full (92 of 117) [3/21/2008 8:45:20 AM]
Journal of the American Dietetic Association Online
track, tennis, field hockey, and softball). ED and MD were assessed by a validated health, weight, dieting, eating disorder, and menstrual history questionnaire. Spinal BMD was determined via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. A clinical diagnosis of anorexia and/or bulimia nervosa was reported by only 3% of the athletes; however, 31% reported behaviors consistent with ED (e.g., extreme body dissatisfaction and pathogenic dieting methods). Seventeen percent of the athletes reported amenorrhea, 57% reported irregular menstrual cycles, and 38% indicated that their cycles became more irregular during their competitive season. While only 1 athlete had a BMD indicative of osteopenia, 22% had BMDs below that of age-matched controls. CHI2 analysis indicated that swimmers and cross-country athletes had a significantly higher prevalence of low-BMD and MD (P < 0.05), while ED prevalence was not significantly different among the sports. No athlete exhibited all three TRIAD disorders; however, 12% displayed MD + low BMD, 9% had ED + low BMD, and 10% had ED + MD. These data suggest that individual disorders of the TRIAD are common among collegiate athletes and a small, but significant, percentage suffer from two of the three disorders. Swimmers and x-country athletes may be at a heightened risk; however, all female athletes should be closely monitored for signs of the TRIAD. TITLE: COMPLIANCE WITH THE RDA FOR VITAMIN E IN HEALTHY MEN FROM THREE ETHNIC GROUPS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER AUTHOR(S): J.D. Radcliffe, PhD, RD, FACN, L. M. Hernandez, MS, RD, LD, P.C. Pillow, MS, RD, LD, D. L. Elmore, BA, DTR, S. S. Strom, PhD LEARNING OUTCOME: To become aware of ethnic differences in the compliance for the RDA for vitamin E and the implications for the prevention of prostate cancer. TEXT: Prostate cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in men in the United States, having its peak (1 in 8) incidence in men aged 60-79 years. There are ethnic differences in the incidence of this disease, with the rate being the highest in African American men, who have a rate of prostate cancer incidence that is 59% and 119% higher than White and Hispanic men, respectively. Because epidemiologic evidence suggests that vitamin E may protect against the development of prostate cancer, it was of interest to determine compliance with the RDA for this vitamin in a multiethnic population. Intakes of vitamin E, diet plus supplement, were determined by using a food frequency questionnaire with 573 adult male subjects (mean age = 60.7 years), comprising White (n = 190), Hispanic (n=151), and African American (n = 232) men. RDA compliance was 70%, 31%, and 46% for the White, Hispanic, and African American groups, respectively. The majority of White subjects met the RDA for vitamin E. However, the RDA was not met for a majority of the Hispanic and African American subjects. This suggests that interventive strategies designed to increase the intake of vitamin E (such as promoting the consumption of vitamin E-rich foods) would be appropriate, particularly for African American men, who are genetically susceptible to prostate cancer. Supported by NCI CA84964 grant and The Human Nutrition Research Fund, Texas Woman's University. TITLE: AN ANALYSIS OF EIGHT DECADES OF WEIGHT & SHAPE IDEALS AS DEFINED BY TOP FASHION ‘SUPER’ MODELS AUTHOR(S): C. Byrd-Bredbenner, PhD, RD, FADA; J. Murray; Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ http://www2.us.elsevierhealth.com/inst/serve?article=jjada0310309ab01&arttype=full (93 of 117) [3/21/2008 8:45:20 AM]