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PREVENTION OF CONSUMPTION AND OTHER FORMS OF TUBERCULOSIS.
MEDICINE AND THE LAW.-ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND.
[
1467
Mr. Kenneth Weldon Goadby was introduced and the President handed him a cheque for the amount of the John Tomes prize together with a document declaratory of the award. It was resolved that diplomas of Membership should be which he claimed to have received as a gift from Mr. Bark. It was found by the court on a previous occasion that Mr. issued to 109 successful candidates. As recommended by the Court of Examiners an alteration Jones had received the money in his hands in a fiduciary capacity and the recent hearing was in consequence of was made in the regulations for candidates for the Diploma the medical men connected with the hospital, of which of Fellow so that Paragraph 7, Subsection II., Section III. them were apparently trustees, pointing out shall read :some of that they were unable to give their services to a charity 7. Of having attended a course of lectures on biology at a recognised medical school or of having passed an examination in this subject at a deriving profits from the sale of a proprietary medicine. recognised university. Considerable discussion appears to have taken place and an It was resolved to issue diplomas of the Licence in Dental injunction was even sought against the medical men to restrain them from withdrawing, but ultimately a new Surgery to 54 successful candidates. A letter was read from the London County Council asking scheme for the disposal of the fund was ordered to be drawn up with the consent of the Charity Commissioners and the College to suggest the names of well-qualified pathopresumably the trustees who will eventually handle it will not logists to make post-mortem examinations and to give be members of the medical profession. The report in the evidence in special inquest cases. In reply it was resolved Liverpool Post of the proceedings upon the second occasion to send the following letter :The Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, while on which the matter came before the court does not afford a the London County Council that it is desirable that detailed account of several points which might be of interest agreeing withexaminations in inquest cases of a special nature should to the medical profession. A good deal, however, would post-mortem be intrusted to specially skilled pathologists regret that they are not in a to assist the London County Council by suggesting the seem to have been said in the course of the discussion as position to the importance of maintaining the secret of the prescrip- names of well-qualified pathologists with experience of a medico-legal nature to make post-mortem examinations and to give evidence in such tion undivulged and the representative of the Attorney- cases. The Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England would General of the Duchy of Lancaster seems to have argued desire to point out to the London County Council the inadequacy, in their of the fee of two guineas for the services required from opinion, that medical men who were trustees for the charity were medical men so highly accomplished as skilled pathologists. bound, in conformity with the contract under which the The President was requested to communicate with a druggists made the pastilles, not to publish the formula. It would appear, therefore, that it was found that the druggists Member of the College to whose circular attention had merely made up a prescription and sold it under a promise been drawn. A letter was read from Mr. G. H. Makins and Mr. F. C. that as far as secrecy could give them a monopoly they alone should make the articles in question. This would be easier Abbott, honorary secretaries to the MacCormac Memorial to understand than the proposition that Mr. Bark had or had Committee, stating that a marble bust of the late Sir William MacCormac had been executed by Mr. Alfred Drury, A.R.A., ever claimed to have any proprietary right in a formula of his devising, or that any such alleged right had been trans- for St. Thomas’s Hospital and that the subscribers desired to ferred to Mr. Jones either as trustee or otherwise. The offer a replica of the bust to the Royal College of Surgeons medical men connected with the hospital acted with obvious of England in commemoration of Sir William Mac Cormac’s long and honourable connexion with the College. The offer propriety. was accepted with the best thanks of the Council to the Abortion and Mxzrder or Ma7tslctzcgltter. An abortionist was recently convicted on the Northern ’ subscribers. A letter was read from Mr. Edmund Owen reporting his Circuit of manslaughter and sentenced to 15 years’ penal servitude. The precise terms in which Mr. Justice Lawrance attendance as the representative of the College at the Foursummed up the case to the jury are not yet fully reported, teenth International Congress of Medicine held at Madrid in but he appears to some extent to have followed the summing April last. A vote of thanks was given to Mr. Owen for his services. up of Mr. Justice Bigham in R r. Whitmarsh (62 Justice of A letter was read from the secretary to the Liverpool the Peace, 711) and to have instructed the jury to the effect that if they should be of opinion that the prisoner could not University Committee stating that the Lords of the Privy Council had advised His Majesty to grant a charter incoras a reasonable man have expected death to result from his act a university in Liverpool and asking the Council porating find a of A is verdict manslaughter. they might jury prone to avail itself in such a case of any loophole which will of the Royal College of Surgeons of England to appoint a enable it to acquit upon the capital charge. It is worthy of Member of the Court (the supreme governing body of the note that if Mr. Justice Bigham’s statement of the law is University) as provided in the charter as drafted for the correct he qualified it with reference to the case before him approval of His Majesty. The PRESIDENT stated that a vacancy on the Court of by others which clearly intimated to the jury that it was Examiners occasioned by the retirement of Mr. R. J. Godlee He said, amplifying his their duty to convict of murder. other observations, " If they should be of opinion that the would be filled up at the ordinary meeting of the Council in prisoner could not as a reasonable man have expected death June. A committee was appointed, in response to a request of to result from his acts they might find a verdict of manthe Royal College of Physicians of London, to confer with "If as a and in the another prisoner slaughter" ; passage, reasonable man could see no possibility of death, then you representatives of that College as to any alterations that may be desirable in the regulations for the First Conjoint can find a verdict of manslaughter," and he spoke of the extreme remoteness of the possibility which would justify Examination. A letter was read from the General Medical Council, the milder verdict. In this case the jury found Whitmarsh accompanied by a copy of the report of the visitors on the of murder. guilty final examinations of the Conjoint Board. The report was referred to the committee of management to consider and
royalty was made formed the original subject of the dispute, the druggists (Messrs. Evans and Sons) alleging that they paid it to Mr. Jones as treasurer of the charity, while Mr. Jones contended that he accepted it as proprietor of the formula
I
THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND. AN ordinary meeting of the Council was held on May 14th, Sir HENRY G. HOWSE, the President, being in the chair. Sir Francis Henry Lovell, C.M.G., was introduced, signed the by-laws, and was admitted a Fellow of the College. Mr. Thomas Crisp English was introduced and the President handed him a cheque for the amount of the Jacksonian prize for the past year together with a document declaratory i of the award. Mr. Louis Bathe Rawlingwas introduced and the President handed him a cheque together with a certificate recording I the Council’s appreciation of the merits of his dissertation for the Jacksonian prize.
to
report.
PREVENTION OF CONSUMPTION AND OTHER FORMS OF TUBERCULOSIS. STAFFORDSHIRE. AT shire
meeting of the sanitary committee of the Staffordcounty council held last February it was resolveda
That the county medical officer of health be instructed to report upon the need in this county for the provision of a sanatorium or sanatoria for the treatment of phthisis and as to the steps, if any, which the county council may. advantageously take in order to further or promote a scheme having such an object in view.
Dr.
George Reid, the county medical officer of health, has now presented a report, in the early part of which
therefore
1468
PREVENTION OF OONSUMPTION AND OTHER FORMS OF TUBERCULOSIS.
he states that in Staffordshire, excluding county boroughs, the mean annual number of deaths from tuberculosis during the past ten years was 805 and as the mean duration of the illness when fatal is from two to three years there were probably at least 2000 patients in the administrative county. Evidence of the preventable nature of the disease was afforded by the fact that during the last 40 years and coincidently with the growth of sanitation the death-rate from this cause in England and Wales had decreased greatly. In the period 1861-65 the tuberculous deaths per million persons living were 2526, but in the period 1881-85 the proportion fell to 1830 and in 1891-95 it further fell to 1461. What was known as the open-air treatment had been practised on a considerable scale for a good many years in Germany and some three or four years ago the movement extended to this country. Dr. Reid here quoted a table which was included in the appendix to Dr. A. Latham’s prize essay and which will be found in THE LANCET of Jan. 3rd, 1903, p. 30, col. 1. He then described the details of a scheme which had been under consideration by the county council of the West Riding of Yorkshire, according to which for a hospital to accommodate 50 patients (35 men and 15 women) the initial establishment cost would be 26,100 and the annual expenditure would be .63511. If a county council desired to take part in the providing of a hospital there were several methods which it might adopt. For example, its machinery might be used merely in an initial capacity with the view of obtaining what was wanted by the help of philanthropic persons, as was done in Or it might endeavour to induce local Worcestershire. authorities to unite for the purpose, with or without a promise of financial help from the county funds. On the other hand, the council might undertake the whole responsibility, structural, administrative, and household, and provide the necessary funds from the county rate. Dr. Reid 4id not advocate any of these arrangements. He, however, strongly recommended a scheme which he had outlined a considerable time ago and which was similar to the system afterwards approved of by the West Riding county council By such a scheme every authority in the administrative county, through the county rate, would contribute pro rata to the cost of the hospital and each authority might make use of the hospital on guaranteeing the payment of, say, ;S1 per patient per week, or possibly less. It would rest with the local authority as to whether it would find the whole of this amount, or whether part or the whole of it might be charged to the patient or subscribed by charitable persons, and in all probability funds would also be forth- i ’, coming from sick clubs. It was desirable on economical grounds that the whole
[
of the important, but as yet unsolved, problems-namely, the future of the patients after leaving hospital and the finding of suitable employment. One scheme he had dimly in his mind was to send them across the sea, for he was told that in Tasmania "land was cheap and consumption unknown." There was an urgent necessity for continuing the open-air life that had led to cure, but in the case of town populations the problem seemed to be almost insoluble. one
THE ROYAL SOCIETY’S CONVERSAZIONE. SIR WILLIAM CROOKES’S DEMONSTRATION
OF THE
EMANATIONS OF RADIUM. THE contributions to science during the past year have been of more than ordinary interest and the result has been a more than usually attractive exhibition in the rooms of the Royal Society on the occasion of the annual conversazione which was held on May 15th. The fact that the greater part of the council room, duly darkened, was allotted to Sir William Crookes made it fairly certain that this distinguished chemist was taking the opportunity of demonstrating the properties of that mysterious substance radium. The exhibit attracted the greatest interest and in spite of an alteration having been made this year for the first time in the day of holding the conversazione there was a very large and brilliant gathering present, the company being received by the President, Sir William Huggins, K.C.B. In reviewing in our columns the work contributed by scientific men during the past few years we have frequently had occasion to direct our readers’ attention to the remarkable results promised by the study of that property of certain elements known as radio-activity of which radium is now the most remarkable example. We may regard Sir William Crookes’s recent statement as the most authoritative announcement upon this subject and the following is his striking description given to the Fellows of the Royal Society and their friends during the demonstration. -Phe emanations from radium, he says, are of three kinds, one set is the same as the cathode stream now identified with free electrons-atoms of electricity projected into space apart from gross matter-identical with matter in the fourth or ultragaseous state, Kelvin’s satellites, Thomson’s corpuscles or particles, disembodied ionic charges retaining individuality and identity. Electrons are deviable in a magnetic field and are shot from radium with a velocity of two-thirds that of light, but are gradually obstructed by collisions with air atoms. Another set of emanations from radium are not affected by an ordinarily powerful magnetic field, and are incapable of passing through very thin material obstructions. They have about 1000 times the energy radiated by the deflectable emanations. They render air a conductor and act strongly on a photographic plate. These are the positively electrified atoms. Their mass is enormous in comparison with that of the electrons. A third kind of emanation is also produced by radium besides the highly penetrating rays which are deflected by a magnet: there are other very penetrating rays which are not at all affected by magnetism. These always accompany the other emanations and are Roentgen
about
patients annually. MANCHESTER. meeting of the friends of the Manchester Hospital for Consumption good progress with the building of the Crossley Sanatorium at Delamere was reported. It was also stated that the first 650,000 of the .6100,000 wanted as an endowment had been reached. One or two points of interest came out in the course of the proceedings. The large proportion of "housewives" among the 11,300 outpatients was referred to as showing the pernicious effects of in-door employments and Mr. Crossley went on to speak of At the annual
rays-ether vibrations--produced by the sudden arrest of velocity
secondary phenomena by solid of Stokesianpulses ’ or explosive as
of the electrons
a series ether waves shot into space. These rays chiefly affect a barium platinocyanide screen and only in a much feebler degree zinc sulphide. Both Roentgen rays and electrons act on a photographic plate and produce images of metal and other substances inclosed in wood and leather and shadows of bodies on a barium platinocyanide screen. Electrons are much less penetrating than Roentgen rays and will not, A for instance, show easily the bones of the hand. photograph of a closed case of instruments is taken by the radium emanations in three days and one of the same case by Roentgen rays in three minutes. The resemblance between the two pictures is slight and the difference great. The actions of these emanations cn phosphorescent screens is different. The deflectable emanations affect a screen of barium platinocyanide strongly, but one of Sidot’s zinc sulphide only slightly. On the other hand, the heavy, massive, non-deflectable positive atoms affect the zinc sulphide screen strcngly and the barium platinocyanide screen in a much less degree.
matter, producing
[
1467
Mr. Kenneth Weldon Goadby was introduced and the President handed him a cheque for the amount of the John Tomes prize together with a document declaratory of the award. It was resolved that diplomas of Membership should be which he claimed to have received as a gift from Mr. Bark. It was found by the court on a previous occasion that Mr. issued to 109 successful candidates. As recommended by the Court of Examiners an alteration Jones had received the money in his hands in a fiduciary capacity and the recent hearing was in consequence of was made in the regulations for candidates for the Diploma the medical men connected with the hospital, of which of Fellow so that Paragraph 7, Subsection II., Section III. them were apparently trustees, pointing out shall read :some of that they were unable to give their services to a charity 7. Of having attended a course of lectures on biology at a recognised medical school or of having passed an examination in this subject at a deriving profits from the sale of a proprietary medicine. recognised university. Considerable discussion appears to have taken place and an It was resolved to issue diplomas of the Licence in Dental injunction was even sought against the medical men to restrain them from withdrawing, but ultimately a new Surgery to 54 successful candidates. A letter was read from the London County Council asking scheme for the disposal of the fund was ordered to be drawn up with the consent of the Charity Commissioners and the College to suggest the names of well-qualified pathopresumably the trustees who will eventually handle it will not logists to make post-mortem examinations and to give be members of the medical profession. The report in the evidence in special inquest cases. In reply it was resolved Liverpool Post of the proceedings upon the second occasion to send the following letter :The Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, while on which the matter came before the court does not afford a the London County Council that it is desirable that detailed account of several points which might be of interest agreeing withexaminations in inquest cases of a special nature should to the medical profession. A good deal, however, would post-mortem be intrusted to specially skilled pathologists regret that they are not in a to assist the London County Council by suggesting the seem to have been said in the course of the discussion as position to the importance of maintaining the secret of the prescrip- names of well-qualified pathologists with experience of a medico-legal nature to make post-mortem examinations and to give evidence in such tion undivulged and the representative of the Attorney- cases. The Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England would General of the Duchy of Lancaster seems to have argued desire to point out to the London County Council the inadequacy, in their of the fee of two guineas for the services required from opinion, that medical men who were trustees for the charity were medical men so highly accomplished as skilled pathologists. bound, in conformity with the contract under which the The President was requested to communicate with a druggists made the pastilles, not to publish the formula. It would appear, therefore, that it was found that the druggists Member of the College to whose circular attention had merely made up a prescription and sold it under a promise been drawn. A letter was read from Mr. G. H. Makins and Mr. F. C. that as far as secrecy could give them a monopoly they alone should make the articles in question. This would be easier Abbott, honorary secretaries to the MacCormac Memorial to understand than the proposition that Mr. Bark had or had Committee, stating that a marble bust of the late Sir William MacCormac had been executed by Mr. Alfred Drury, A.R.A., ever claimed to have any proprietary right in a formula of his devising, or that any such alleged right had been trans- for St. Thomas’s Hospital and that the subscribers desired to ferred to Mr. Jones either as trustee or otherwise. The offer a replica of the bust to the Royal College of Surgeons medical men connected with the hospital acted with obvious of England in commemoration of Sir William Mac Cormac’s long and honourable connexion with the College. The offer propriety. was accepted with the best thanks of the Council to the Abortion and Mxzrder or Ma7tslctzcgltter. An abortionist was recently convicted on the Northern ’ subscribers. A letter was read from Mr. Edmund Owen reporting his Circuit of manslaughter and sentenced to 15 years’ penal servitude. The precise terms in which Mr. Justice Lawrance attendance as the representative of the College at the Foursummed up the case to the jury are not yet fully reported, teenth International Congress of Medicine held at Madrid in but he appears to some extent to have followed the summing April last. A vote of thanks was given to Mr. Owen for his services. up of Mr. Justice Bigham in R r. Whitmarsh (62 Justice of A letter was read from the secretary to the Liverpool the Peace, 711) and to have instructed the jury to the effect that if they should be of opinion that the prisoner could not University Committee stating that the Lords of the Privy Council had advised His Majesty to grant a charter incoras a reasonable man have expected death to result from his act a university in Liverpool and asking the Council porating find a of A is verdict manslaughter. they might jury prone to avail itself in such a case of any loophole which will of the Royal College of Surgeons of England to appoint a enable it to acquit upon the capital charge. It is worthy of Member of the Court (the supreme governing body of the note that if Mr. Justice Bigham’s statement of the law is University) as provided in the charter as drafted for the correct he qualified it with reference to the case before him approval of His Majesty. The PRESIDENT stated that a vacancy on the Court of by others which clearly intimated to the jury that it was Examiners occasioned by the retirement of Mr. R. J. Godlee He said, amplifying his their duty to convict of murder. other observations, " If they should be of opinion that the would be filled up at the ordinary meeting of the Council in prisoner could not as a reasonable man have expected death June. A committee was appointed, in response to a request of to result from his acts they might find a verdict of manthe Royal College of Physicians of London, to confer with "If as a and in the another prisoner slaughter" ; passage, reasonable man could see no possibility of death, then you representatives of that College as to any alterations that may be desirable in the regulations for the First Conjoint can find a verdict of manslaughter," and he spoke of the extreme remoteness of the possibility which would justify Examination. A letter was read from the General Medical Council, the milder verdict. In this case the jury found Whitmarsh accompanied by a copy of the report of the visitors on the of murder. guilty final examinations of the Conjoint Board. The report was referred to the committee of management to consider and
royalty was made formed the original subject of the dispute, the druggists (Messrs. Evans and Sons) alleging that they paid it to Mr. Jones as treasurer of the charity, while Mr. Jones contended that he accepted it as proprietor of the formula
I
THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND. AN ordinary meeting of the Council was held on May 14th, Sir HENRY G. HOWSE, the President, being in the chair. Sir Francis Henry Lovell, C.M.G., was introduced, signed the by-laws, and was admitted a Fellow of the College. Mr. Thomas Crisp English was introduced and the President handed him a cheque for the amount of the Jacksonian prize for the past year together with a document declaratory i of the award. Mr. Louis Bathe Rawlingwas introduced and the President handed him a cheque together with a certificate recording I the Council’s appreciation of the merits of his dissertation for the Jacksonian prize.
to
report.
PREVENTION OF CONSUMPTION AND OTHER FORMS OF TUBERCULOSIS. STAFFORDSHIRE. AT shire
meeting of the sanitary committee of the Staffordcounty council held last February it was resolveda
That the county medical officer of health be instructed to report upon the need in this county for the provision of a sanatorium or sanatoria for the treatment of phthisis and as to the steps, if any, which the county council may. advantageously take in order to further or promote a scheme having such an object in view.
Dr.
George Reid, the county medical officer of health, has now presented a report, in the early part of which
therefore
1468
PREVENTION OF OONSUMPTION AND OTHER FORMS OF TUBERCULOSIS.
he states that in Staffordshire, excluding county boroughs, the mean annual number of deaths from tuberculosis during the past ten years was 805 and as the mean duration of the illness when fatal is from two to three years there were probably at least 2000 patients in the administrative county. Evidence of the preventable nature of the disease was afforded by the fact that during the last 40 years and coincidently with the growth of sanitation the death-rate from this cause in England and Wales had decreased greatly. In the period 1861-65 the tuberculous deaths per million persons living were 2526, but in the period 1881-85 the proportion fell to 1830 and in 1891-95 it further fell to 1461. What was known as the open-air treatment had been practised on a considerable scale for a good many years in Germany and some three or four years ago the movement extended to this country. Dr. Reid here quoted a table which was included in the appendix to Dr. A. Latham’s prize essay and which will be found in THE LANCET of Jan. 3rd, 1903, p. 30, col. 1. He then described the details of a scheme which had been under consideration by the county council of the West Riding of Yorkshire, according to which for a hospital to accommodate 50 patients (35 men and 15 women) the initial establishment cost would be 26,100 and the annual expenditure would be .63511. If a county council desired to take part in the providing of a hospital there were several methods which it might adopt. For example, its machinery might be used merely in an initial capacity with the view of obtaining what was wanted by the help of philanthropic persons, as was done in Or it might endeavour to induce local Worcestershire. authorities to unite for the purpose, with or without a promise of financial help from the county funds. On the other hand, the council might undertake the whole responsibility, structural, administrative, and household, and provide the necessary funds from the county rate. Dr. Reid 4id not advocate any of these arrangements. He, however, strongly recommended a scheme which he had outlined a considerable time ago and which was similar to the system afterwards approved of by the West Riding county council By such a scheme every authority in the administrative county, through the county rate, would contribute pro rata to the cost of the hospital and each authority might make use of the hospital on guaranteeing the payment of, say, ;S1 per patient per week, or possibly less. It would rest with the local authority as to whether it would find the whole of this amount, or whether part or the whole of it might be charged to the patient or subscribed by charitable persons, and in all probability funds would also be forth- i ’, coming from sick clubs. It was desirable on economical grounds that the whole
[
of the important, but as yet unsolved, problems-namely, the future of the patients after leaving hospital and the finding of suitable employment. One scheme he had dimly in his mind was to send them across the sea, for he was told that in Tasmania "land was cheap and consumption unknown." There was an urgent necessity for continuing the open-air life that had led to cure, but in the case of town populations the problem seemed to be almost insoluble. one
THE ROYAL SOCIETY’S CONVERSAZIONE. SIR WILLIAM CROOKES’S DEMONSTRATION
OF THE
EMANATIONS OF RADIUM. THE contributions to science during the past year have been of more than ordinary interest and the result has been a more than usually attractive exhibition in the rooms of the Royal Society on the occasion of the annual conversazione which was held on May 15th. The fact that the greater part of the council room, duly darkened, was allotted to Sir William Crookes made it fairly certain that this distinguished chemist was taking the opportunity of demonstrating the properties of that mysterious substance radium. The exhibit attracted the greatest interest and in spite of an alteration having been made this year for the first time in the day of holding the conversazione there was a very large and brilliant gathering present, the company being received by the President, Sir William Huggins, K.C.B. In reviewing in our columns the work contributed by scientific men during the past few years we have frequently had occasion to direct our readers’ attention to the remarkable results promised by the study of that property of certain elements known as radio-activity of which radium is now the most remarkable example. We may regard Sir William Crookes’s recent statement as the most authoritative announcement upon this subject and the following is his striking description given to the Fellows of the Royal Society and their friends during the demonstration. -Phe emanations from radium, he says, are of three kinds, one set is the same as the cathode stream now identified with free electrons-atoms of electricity projected into space apart from gross matter-identical with matter in the fourth or ultragaseous state, Kelvin’s satellites, Thomson’s corpuscles or particles, disembodied ionic charges retaining individuality and identity. Electrons are deviable in a magnetic field and are shot from radium with a velocity of two-thirds that of light, but are gradually obstructed by collisions with air atoms. Another set of emanations from radium are not affected by an ordinarily powerful magnetic field, and are incapable of passing through very thin material obstructions. They have about 1000 times the energy radiated by the deflectable emanations. They render air a conductor and act strongly on a photographic plate. These are the positively electrified atoms. Their mass is enormous in comparison with that of the electrons. A third kind of emanation is also produced by radium besides the highly penetrating rays which are deflected by a magnet: there are other very penetrating rays which are not at all affected by magnetism. These always accompany the other emanations and are Roentgen
about
patients annually. MANCHESTER. meeting of the friends of the Manchester Hospital for Consumption good progress with the building of the Crossley Sanatorium at Delamere was reported. It was also stated that the first 650,000 of the .6100,000 wanted as an endowment had been reached. One or two points of interest came out in the course of the proceedings. The large proportion of "housewives" among the 11,300 outpatients was referred to as showing the pernicious effects of in-door employments and Mr. Crossley went on to speak of At the annual
rays-ether vibrations--produced by the sudden arrest of velocity
secondary phenomena by solid of Stokesianpulses ’ or explosive as
of the electrons
a series ether waves shot into space. These rays chiefly affect a barium platinocyanide screen and only in a much feebler degree zinc sulphide. Both Roentgen rays and electrons act on a photographic plate and produce images of metal and other substances inclosed in wood and leather and shadows of bodies on a barium platinocyanide screen. Electrons are much less penetrating than Roentgen rays and will not, A for instance, show easily the bones of the hand. photograph of a closed case of instruments is taken by the radium emanations in three days and one of the same case by Roentgen rays in three minutes. The resemblance between the two pictures is slight and the difference great. The actions of these emanations cn phosphorescent screens is different. The deflectable emanations affect a screen of barium platinocyanide strongly, but one of Sidot’s zinc sulphide only slightly. On the other hand, the heavy, massive, non-deflectable positive atoms affect the zinc sulphide screen strcngly and the barium platinocyanide screen in a much less degree.
matter, producing