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PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND REMOTE SENSING
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND REMOTE SENSING L. C. Rowan U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
Dr. Rowan reviewed the principles of geologic remote sensing with emphasis being placed on lithologie mapping. An outline of his illustrated lecture is given below along with a list of published references which are of current use. LITHOLOGIC MAPPING I.
Properties A. B. C.
Gamma radiation Fluorescence Spectral Reflectance (0.4-2.5 urn) 1. 2.
D.
Spectral Emittance (8-14 urn) 1.
E. F.
G. II.
Visible and short wavelength Near-IR (.4-1.3 urn) -electronic transitions in Fe, Mn, Znf etc. Long wavelength Near-IR (1.3-2.5 urn) -vibrational overtones in water, hydroxyl-bearing minerals and carbonates.
Fundamental vibrations in silicates.
Thermal Inertia (8-14 urn) Vegetation 1.
Plant geography
2.
Spectral features
Surface Roughness
Applications A.
Spectral Reflectance (.4-1.3 urn)
13
L. C. Rowan
14
B.
C.
1.
Fe transitions and absorption bands -limonite, hematite, geothite spectra -origin of visible color -dominance in Landsat MSS response region -altered/unaltered rock spectra
2.
Processing techniques for displaying Fe related spectral relectance differences -use of ratio images for subduing reflectance variations due to albedo and topography. -construction of color-ratio composite images to show spectral reflectance differences in color. -other techniques including classification and principal component analysis.
3.
Use of color-ratio composite image for mapping -extraction of colors using visual, color-recognition scanner, and Munsell algorithm.
4.
Limiting factors -vegetation; total amount and affects on ratio and contrast stretch selection. -topographic affects. -atmospheric considerations. -mineralogy of altered rocks .non-limonitic altered rocks (Cuprite, Nev.) .limonitic unaltered rocks (Coaldale, Nev.)
Spectral Reflectance (1.3-2.5 urn) 1.
Location and origin of absorption bands -exclusion of 1.4 and 1.8 urn bands due to atmosphere. -2.2 urn band related to clays, alunite, muscovite and other hydroxyl-bearing minerals. -2.35 urn carbonate band and its infrequent appearance.
2.
Use of 2.2 urn band for mapping altered rocks -NASA 24-channel scanner images. -Cuprite, Nev.; nonlimonitic altered rocks. -Coaldale, Nev.; limonitic unaltered rocks. -East Tintic Mt.; detection of altered rocks; no confusion with carbonates.
Spectral Emmittance (8-14 urn) 1.
Location, origin and variation of silicate absorption feature in lab spectra; lack of absorption feature in carbonate spectra in this region.
2.
East Tintic Mt. color composite -conspicuous quartzite -inconspicuous limestone -differentiation of silicified and argillic altered rocks. -importance of vegetation.
3.
Possible limitations.
Principles of Electromagnetic Radiation and Remote Sensing
D.
1
Thermal Inertia (8-14 urn) 1. 2. 3.
Definition, diurnal cycle, annual cycle, need for a model. Mill Creek, OK and Oman cases. Limitations - vegetations, soil moisture.
Future Prospects A. B. C. D.
High-spectral resolution Stereoscopic multispectral images Active systems Fraunhofer-line discriminator (FLD). REFERENCES
Reeves, R.G., Ed., 1975, Manual of Remote Sensing: American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, Virginia, U.S.A., Vol. I, 867p., Vol. II, 2144p. Sabins, Jr., F.F., 1978, Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation: W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif., U.S.A., 425p. Smith, W.L., ed., 1977, Remote-Sensing Applications for Mineral Exploration: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pa., 18360, U.S.A., 391p.
Dr. Rowan reviewed the principles of geologic remote sensing with emphasis being placed on lithologie mapping. An outline of his illustrated lecture is given below along with a list of published references which are of current use. LITHOLOGIC MAPPING I.
Properties A. B. C.
Gamma radiation Fluorescence Spectral Reflectance (0.4-2.5 urn) 1. 2.
D.
Spectral Emittance (8-14 urn) 1.
E. F.
G. II.
Visible and short wavelength Near-IR (.4-1.3 urn) -electronic transitions in Fe, Mn, Znf etc. Long wavelength Near-IR (1.3-2.5 urn) -vibrational overtones in water, hydroxyl-bearing minerals and carbonates.
Fundamental vibrations in silicates.
Thermal Inertia (8-14 urn) Vegetation 1.
Plant geography
2.
Spectral features
Surface Roughness
Applications A.
Spectral Reflectance (.4-1.3 urn)
13
L. C. Rowan
14
B.
C.
1.
Fe transitions and absorption bands -limonite, hematite, geothite spectra -origin of visible color -dominance in Landsat MSS response region -altered/unaltered rock spectra
2.
Processing techniques for displaying Fe related spectral relectance differences -use of ratio images for subduing reflectance variations due to albedo and topography. -construction of color-ratio composite images to show spectral reflectance differences in color. -other techniques including classification and principal component analysis.
3.
Use of color-ratio composite image for mapping -extraction of colors using visual, color-recognition scanner, and Munsell algorithm.
4.
Limiting factors -vegetation; total amount and affects on ratio and contrast stretch selection. -topographic affects. -atmospheric considerations. -mineralogy of altered rocks .non-limonitic altered rocks (Cuprite, Nev.) .limonitic unaltered rocks (Coaldale, Nev.)
Spectral Reflectance (1.3-2.5 urn) 1.
Location and origin of absorption bands -exclusion of 1.4 and 1.8 urn bands due to atmosphere. -2.2 urn band related to clays, alunite, muscovite and other hydroxyl-bearing minerals. -2.35 urn carbonate band and its infrequent appearance.
2.
Use of 2.2 urn band for mapping altered rocks -NASA 24-channel scanner images. -Cuprite, Nev.; nonlimonitic altered rocks. -Coaldale, Nev.; limonitic unaltered rocks. -East Tintic Mt.; detection of altered rocks; no confusion with carbonates.
Spectral Emmittance (8-14 urn) 1.
Location, origin and variation of silicate absorption feature in lab spectra; lack of absorption feature in carbonate spectra in this region.
2.
East Tintic Mt. color composite -conspicuous quartzite -inconspicuous limestone -differentiation of silicified and argillic altered rocks. -importance of vegetation.
3.
Possible limitations.
Principles of Electromagnetic Radiation and Remote Sensing
D.
1
Thermal Inertia (8-14 urn) 1. 2. 3.
Definition, diurnal cycle, annual cycle, need for a model. Mill Creek, OK and Oman cases. Limitations - vegetations, soil moisture.
Future Prospects A. B. C. D.
High-spectral resolution Stereoscopic multispectral images Active systems Fraunhofer-line discriminator (FLD). REFERENCES
Reeves, R.G., Ed., 1975, Manual of Remote Sensing: American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, Virginia, U.S.A., Vol. I, 867p., Vol. II, 2144p. Sabins, Jr., F.F., 1978, Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation: W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif., U.S.A., 425p. Smith, W.L., ed., 1977, Remote-Sensing Applications for Mineral Exploration: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pa., 18360, U.S.A., 391p.