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Prospects for tourism in Ukraine
Reports
centralized visitor support; P.E. Murphy, A Communi~ Approach, TOWiS~ Methuen, New York, 1985. “Inskeep, op tit, Rd 57. 72Moore, op tit, Ref 64. ‘% .K. Richter, ‘The politics of tourism: implications of coastal and marine tourism’, in Miller and Auyong, op tit, Ref 8, pp 40-45. %id. ‘%skeep, op cit. Fief 57. 761&&f;and D.M. Schneider, D.R. Godschalk and N. Axler, ‘The carrying capacity concept as a planning tool’, Report No 338, American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, December 1978. 771nskeep,op cif, Ref 57; and Williams, op tit, Ref 33. ‘%chneider ef al, op cif, Ref 76. 79G.H. Stankey, ‘Conservation, recreation and tourism in marine settings: the good, the bad and the ugly?‘, in Miller and Auyong, op cif, Ref 8. 8oBoo, op tit, Ref 11. “Stankey, op cif, Ref 79. 82Foster and Lemay, op tit, Ref 7. e3Ashton, op cif, Ref 20; R.E. Ashton, ‘The development of “ecozones”: a method of protecting natural resources from overuse by tourism’, in Miller and Auyong, op tit, Ref 8, pp 521-530; and Inskeep, op cif, Ref 57. 84Murphy, op d, Ref 70. ‘%. Drake, ‘Development of a local par% cipation plan for ecotourjsm projects’, in Kusler, op tit, Ref 4, pp 252-268. 86M. Protti and H. Canham, ‘A community’s valuation of the Culebra wildlife refuge’, in Kusler, op tit, Fief 4, pp 269-288. *‘J. Peters, *A participatory action re-
search approach for ecotourism development in Ranomagana National Park, Madagascar’, in Kusler, op tit, Ref 4, pp 425-440. ?nskeep, op cif, Ref 57. 8sDasmann et al. ODcit. Ref 22. =K.S. Pheng a&d’ W.P. Kamm, ‘Geographical tnfo~at~on Systems in resources assessment and planning’, Tropical Coastai Coastal Area Management Newsletter, Vol4, No 2, August 1989, pp l-5. *‘Williams, op tit, Ref 33. s2Boo, op tit, Ref 11. g3Foster and Lemay, op tit, Ref 7. s4QTA, Forest Service Planning: Accommodatiffg Uses, Producing Oufpufs and Sustaining Ecosystems, OTA-F-505, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, February 1992. 95Foster and Lemay, op cir, Ref 7. =Pederson, op tit, Ref 65. “Boo, op cit. Ref 11. ‘*OTA, op tit, Ref 94. %Boo, op cit. Ref 11. ‘O”J.A. Kusler, “Ecotourism and resource conservation: introduction to issues’, in Kusler, op tit, Ref 4, pp 2-8. “‘Pederson, op tit, Ref 65. “*KUSS et a/, op tit, Ref 43. ‘03J.D. Linton, ‘Protected area planning and management: alternative approaches in Canada’, in Kusler, op cit. Ref 4, pp 557-562. ~04NationalAudubon Society, ‘Travel ethic for environmenfall~ responsible travel’, in Ecotourism Management Wo&shop, op tit, Ref 36, pp 3-4. ‘05Ziffer, op tit, Ref 23. ‘OGThorsetland Wells, i 991. 107800,op tit, Ref 11.
As one of Europe’s newest counfries, Ukraine has as yet had /#f/e chance to develop itself as an international tourist destination, despite having been a popular domestic destination when part of the USSR. In this report, Affafo/~ Mazaraki, Rector of the Kiev insfifute of Trade and Economkx at the Ukrainjan Ministry of Foreign Relations, and his colleague E. Voronova describe the country’s diverse tourism-related resources and the kinds of tourism if hopes to affract. Considerable foreign investment will probably be needed to realize the country’s potential. Ukraine as an independent state appeared on the worid’s political map in 1991. It is situated to the south-west of the East European plain and is one of the largest countries of Europe with a territory of 603 700 km” and a population of 52 million. Ukraine’s borders are the longest in Europe and make almost 7000 km. Ukraine is connected with many countries through the Black and Asov Seas and the Danube river.
316
Ukraine has powerful and diverse nature resources and its 150 state people’s museums are real treasurehouses. There are many famous historical and cultural monuments which are under the protection of the government. Ukraine has everything for the development of international tourism. The new state - an independent Ukraine - is a recreation region of world importance; its geographical
position and nature are most favourable for further resort and recreation development. Ukrainian recreation resources can meet social, group and individual demands, though the recreation demands of the entire ~pulation cannot be satisfied completely. Nowadays we can satisfy the recreation demands of only 20% of our population. The further growth of material, educational and cultural standards of the Ukrainian people will require large-scale development of resorts and recreation facilities. The material basis for such resorts has already been created. There are unique health resort and tourist complexes in the Carpathian region, on the Asov-Black Sea seashore, in the Crimea and in Polessie. Ukraine’s nature resources are varied: seashores, rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, mineral water sources, curative mud, caves and waterfalls. Climatic conditions encompass temperate periods and good sunshine, making it possible to set up resorts and recreation complexes in the greater part of the country. Thus there is the possibility of developing various kinds of active tourism: walking, boat and car trips, skiing and pot-holing. Numerous tours, eg to the densely forested Carpathian mountains, or to resorts of the Transcarpathian region, skiing in the Carpathians and sailing down the Dnieper, along the Black Sea coast, a trip to the places known for their link with the poet Shevchenko, going by boat down the Desna River and other excursions are practically unknown to foreign tourists. Ukraine possesses considerable culturai and historic resources which meet recreation requirements of a mainly cognitive character: historic and architectural monuments, historic highspots, memorial and ethnographic complexes. One of the sectors that shows real promise - being both better endowed and more advanced than in the West is that of health tourism. The mineral waters of Transcarpathia have been known for their health properties for a long time. Most of the sanatoria, boarding houses and tourist centres are to be found in the
TOURISM MANAGEMENT August 1993
Reports
Uzhgorod and Svaliava regions. They are located mainly on the picturesque hills of the Carpathian mountains, whose waters are rich in curative mineral salts. A great number of diseases are treated here. The health resort Sinyak is famous for its firstrate hydrogen sulphide spring Matsesta. Its dark-blue water cures cardiovascular, joint and peripheral nervous system diseases. The health resort is situated in a valley of the mountain river Sinyavka, surrounded by magnificent beech and fir forests. Buildings of the sanatorium are constructed in the style common to Swiss villas. Stonework blends perfectly with woodwork. Exclusively fresh air and pensive tranquillity always reign here. Such health resorts as Svaliyava, Carpathy, Chinadievo, Solnechnoye Poliana Kvasova, Zakarpatiye, Verhovina, Kvitka Polonyny and others are not inferior to those mentioned above in their beauty. The Ukraine is rich in balneological resources which are not yet effectively used. The mineral springs such as Svalyava, Polyana Kvassova and Looga are used by mineral water plants. There are more than 400 mineral water springs used by more than 250 health resorts in the TransCarpathians. Another famous recreation region of Ukraine is the Crimea. Information about Crimean cities can be found in the manuscripts of the distant past. Ancient fortifications in the Crimea have survived up to this day. The coastal line, of 2-8 km width and called the South Coast of the Crimea, is skirted in the north by the Crimean mountains. A healthy climate, a great number of sunny days, warm sea, picturesque landscape, subtropical vegetation and many precious historic sites attract tourists from many countries. Simferopol is considered to be the Gateway to the Crimea. It is an administrative and cultural centre. Its history goes back to the first century BC.
TOURISM
MANAGEMENT
It was mentioned as Neapolis by Strabon. Yalta is the largest health resort of the Crimea. It lies on the picturesque terraces and mountainsides which slope down to the wide Yalta Bay. The city is protected from the north winds by the mountains. The average temperature is +5”C in January and +24”C in July. The seawater temperature is +27”C in July and August and the bathing season lasts from May to October. The mild subtropical climate of the Crimea is famous for the treatment of diseases of the lung, tuberculosis, nervous diseases, asthma and others. The former Tsarist palace, where the Yalta Conference of the heads of the USSR, Great Britain and the USA was held, is now the Livadya sanatorium. Ukraine is also rich in socioeconomic resources - labour, land and financial - which is very beneficial for the development of resorts and recreation businesses. This should soften unemployment, providing jobs for a great number of people dismissed from other industries as Ukraine transfers to a market economy. This is so because this sphere is highly labourintensive besides which Ukraine is currentiy in need of low-qualification (mass) professions. All this makes it possible to set up recreation facilities in all regions of our country. Land resources (in their recreation aspect) are taken stock of as landscape resources, in addition to the territories where resorts and resort-related business can be built up. And though Ukrainian lands are highly developed, the country’s territorial potential, even in the most active recreation zones, is great and allows the building of new recreation facilities. Setting up resorts and providing recreational facilities requires huge investments, being a capital-intensive branch of the economy. This factor was an obstacle that hampered resort building in the past. Now foreign investments can become a source of financing.
August 1993
The problems of recreational nature use, landscape research for touristcarrying capacity consideration, zoning of recreation activities, and the geographical basis for domestic and foreign tourism have not yet been out thoroughly in the worked Ukraine. However, the possibilities for developing domestic tourism to pave the way for international visitors are constantly growing. The Ukraine has 176 tourist hostels for 99 000 guests. This network is supplemented by health recreation resort establishments: houses (332), recreation bases (2213), preventoriums (556), health resorts with therapy (505). The Ukraine has 3782 active health resorts with capacity for 725 000 people. Yet the recreation capacity of Ukraine is not exhausted. If we take the optimal alignment of the number of tourists and permanent inhabitants which maintains the hospitality (1:3), today’s capacity can be increased twoor threefold. The further development of tourist-recreation business in Ukraine can be promoted by the activities of our own and foreign investors. Another important factor in the development of tourism in Ukraine is the training of personnel. A start has been made at the Kiev Institute of Trade and Economics, where students can take courses in Business Studies and Hotel and Restaurant Management. The Institute is attempting to forge links with educational institutions and businesses in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in particular. Areas of potential cooperation include the invitation of guest lecturers, the creation of information centres for market research and joint ventures.
A. Mazaraki, Rector and E. Voronova Institute of Trade and Economics UI Kioto 19 253660 Kiev- 156 Ukraine
317
centralized visitor support; P.E. Murphy, A Communi~ Approach, TOWiS~ Methuen, New York, 1985. “Inskeep, op tit, Rd 57. 72Moore, op tit, Ref 64. ‘% .K. Richter, ‘The politics of tourism: implications of coastal and marine tourism’, in Miller and Auyong, op tit, Ref 8, pp 40-45. %id. ‘%skeep, op cit. Fief 57. 761&&f;and D.M. Schneider, D.R. Godschalk and N. Axler, ‘The carrying capacity concept as a planning tool’, Report No 338, American Planning Association, Chicago, IL, December 1978. 771nskeep,op cif, Ref 57; and Williams, op tit, Ref 33. ‘%chneider ef al, op cif, Ref 76. 79G.H. Stankey, ‘Conservation, recreation and tourism in marine settings: the good, the bad and the ugly?‘, in Miller and Auyong, op cif, Ref 8. 8oBoo, op tit, Ref 11. “Stankey, op cif, Ref 79. 82Foster and Lemay, op tit, Ref 7. e3Ashton, op cif, Ref 20; R.E. Ashton, ‘The development of “ecozones”: a method of protecting natural resources from overuse by tourism’, in Miller and Auyong, op tit, Ref 8, pp 521-530; and Inskeep, op cif, Ref 57. 84Murphy, op d, Ref 70. ‘%. Drake, ‘Development of a local par% cipation plan for ecotourjsm projects’, in Kusler, op tit, Ref 4, pp 252-268. 86M. Protti and H. Canham, ‘A community’s valuation of the Culebra wildlife refuge’, in Kusler, op tit, Fief 4, pp 269-288. *‘J. Peters, *A participatory action re-
search approach for ecotourism development in Ranomagana National Park, Madagascar’, in Kusler, op tit, Ref 4, pp 425-440. ?nskeep, op cif, Ref 57. 8sDasmann et al. ODcit. Ref 22. =K.S. Pheng a&d’ W.P. Kamm, ‘Geographical tnfo~at~on Systems in resources assessment and planning’, Tropical Coastai Coastal Area Management Newsletter, Vol4, No 2, August 1989, pp l-5. *‘Williams, op tit, Ref 33. s2Boo, op tit, Ref 11. g3Foster and Lemay, op tit, Ref 7. s4QTA, Forest Service Planning: Accommodatiffg Uses, Producing Oufpufs and Sustaining Ecosystems, OTA-F-505, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, February 1992. 95Foster and Lemay, op cir, Ref 7. =Pederson, op tit, Ref 65. “Boo, op cit. Ref 11. ‘*OTA, op tit, Ref 94. %Boo, op cit. Ref 11. ‘O”J.A. Kusler, “Ecotourism and resource conservation: introduction to issues’, in Kusler, op tit, Ref 4, pp 2-8. “‘Pederson, op tit, Ref 65. “*KUSS et a/, op tit, Ref 43. ‘03J.D. Linton, ‘Protected area planning and management: alternative approaches in Canada’, in Kusler, op cit. Ref 4, pp 557-562. ~04NationalAudubon Society, ‘Travel ethic for environmenfall~ responsible travel’, in Ecotourism Management Wo&shop, op tit, Ref 36, pp 3-4. ‘05Ziffer, op tit, Ref 23. ‘OGThorsetland Wells, i 991. 107800,op tit, Ref 11.
As one of Europe’s newest counfries, Ukraine has as yet had /#f/e chance to develop itself as an international tourist destination, despite having been a popular domestic destination when part of the USSR. In this report, Affafo/~ Mazaraki, Rector of the Kiev insfifute of Trade and Economkx at the Ukrainjan Ministry of Foreign Relations, and his colleague E. Voronova describe the country’s diverse tourism-related resources and the kinds of tourism if hopes to affract. Considerable foreign investment will probably be needed to realize the country’s potential. Ukraine as an independent state appeared on the worid’s political map in 1991. It is situated to the south-west of the East European plain and is one of the largest countries of Europe with a territory of 603 700 km” and a population of 52 million. Ukraine’s borders are the longest in Europe and make almost 7000 km. Ukraine is connected with many countries through the Black and Asov Seas and the Danube river.
316
Ukraine has powerful and diverse nature resources and its 150 state people’s museums are real treasurehouses. There are many famous historical and cultural monuments which are under the protection of the government. Ukraine has everything for the development of international tourism. The new state - an independent Ukraine - is a recreation region of world importance; its geographical
position and nature are most favourable for further resort and recreation development. Ukrainian recreation resources can meet social, group and individual demands, though the recreation demands of the entire ~pulation cannot be satisfied completely. Nowadays we can satisfy the recreation demands of only 20% of our population. The further growth of material, educational and cultural standards of the Ukrainian people will require large-scale development of resorts and recreation facilities. The material basis for such resorts has already been created. There are unique health resort and tourist complexes in the Carpathian region, on the Asov-Black Sea seashore, in the Crimea and in Polessie. Ukraine’s nature resources are varied: seashores, rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, mineral water sources, curative mud, caves and waterfalls. Climatic conditions encompass temperate periods and good sunshine, making it possible to set up resorts and recreation complexes in the greater part of the country. Thus there is the possibility of developing various kinds of active tourism: walking, boat and car trips, skiing and pot-holing. Numerous tours, eg to the densely forested Carpathian mountains, or to resorts of the Transcarpathian region, skiing in the Carpathians and sailing down the Dnieper, along the Black Sea coast, a trip to the places known for their link with the poet Shevchenko, going by boat down the Desna River and other excursions are practically unknown to foreign tourists. Ukraine possesses considerable culturai and historic resources which meet recreation requirements of a mainly cognitive character: historic and architectural monuments, historic highspots, memorial and ethnographic complexes. One of the sectors that shows real promise - being both better endowed and more advanced than in the West is that of health tourism. The mineral waters of Transcarpathia have been known for their health properties for a long time. Most of the sanatoria, boarding houses and tourist centres are to be found in the
TOURISM MANAGEMENT August 1993
Reports
Uzhgorod and Svaliava regions. They are located mainly on the picturesque hills of the Carpathian mountains, whose waters are rich in curative mineral salts. A great number of diseases are treated here. The health resort Sinyak is famous for its firstrate hydrogen sulphide spring Matsesta. Its dark-blue water cures cardiovascular, joint and peripheral nervous system diseases. The health resort is situated in a valley of the mountain river Sinyavka, surrounded by magnificent beech and fir forests. Buildings of the sanatorium are constructed in the style common to Swiss villas. Stonework blends perfectly with woodwork. Exclusively fresh air and pensive tranquillity always reign here. Such health resorts as Svaliyava, Carpathy, Chinadievo, Solnechnoye Poliana Kvasova, Zakarpatiye, Verhovina, Kvitka Polonyny and others are not inferior to those mentioned above in their beauty. The Ukraine is rich in balneological resources which are not yet effectively used. The mineral springs such as Svalyava, Polyana Kvassova and Looga are used by mineral water plants. There are more than 400 mineral water springs used by more than 250 health resorts in the TransCarpathians. Another famous recreation region of Ukraine is the Crimea. Information about Crimean cities can be found in the manuscripts of the distant past. Ancient fortifications in the Crimea have survived up to this day. The coastal line, of 2-8 km width and called the South Coast of the Crimea, is skirted in the north by the Crimean mountains. A healthy climate, a great number of sunny days, warm sea, picturesque landscape, subtropical vegetation and many precious historic sites attract tourists from many countries. Simferopol is considered to be the Gateway to the Crimea. It is an administrative and cultural centre. Its history goes back to the first century BC.
TOURISM
MANAGEMENT
It was mentioned as Neapolis by Strabon. Yalta is the largest health resort of the Crimea. It lies on the picturesque terraces and mountainsides which slope down to the wide Yalta Bay. The city is protected from the north winds by the mountains. The average temperature is +5”C in January and +24”C in July. The seawater temperature is +27”C in July and August and the bathing season lasts from May to October. The mild subtropical climate of the Crimea is famous for the treatment of diseases of the lung, tuberculosis, nervous diseases, asthma and others. The former Tsarist palace, where the Yalta Conference of the heads of the USSR, Great Britain and the USA was held, is now the Livadya sanatorium. Ukraine is also rich in socioeconomic resources - labour, land and financial - which is very beneficial for the development of resorts and recreation businesses. This should soften unemployment, providing jobs for a great number of people dismissed from other industries as Ukraine transfers to a market economy. This is so because this sphere is highly labourintensive besides which Ukraine is currentiy in need of low-qualification (mass) professions. All this makes it possible to set up recreation facilities in all regions of our country. Land resources (in their recreation aspect) are taken stock of as landscape resources, in addition to the territories where resorts and resort-related business can be built up. And though Ukrainian lands are highly developed, the country’s territorial potential, even in the most active recreation zones, is great and allows the building of new recreation facilities. Setting up resorts and providing recreational facilities requires huge investments, being a capital-intensive branch of the economy. This factor was an obstacle that hampered resort building in the past. Now foreign investments can become a source of financing.
August 1993
The problems of recreational nature use, landscape research for touristcarrying capacity consideration, zoning of recreation activities, and the geographical basis for domestic and foreign tourism have not yet been out thoroughly in the worked Ukraine. However, the possibilities for developing domestic tourism to pave the way for international visitors are constantly growing. The Ukraine has 176 tourist hostels for 99 000 guests. This network is supplemented by health recreation resort establishments: houses (332), recreation bases (2213), preventoriums (556), health resorts with therapy (505). The Ukraine has 3782 active health resorts with capacity for 725 000 people. Yet the recreation capacity of Ukraine is not exhausted. If we take the optimal alignment of the number of tourists and permanent inhabitants which maintains the hospitality (1:3), today’s capacity can be increased twoor threefold. The further development of tourist-recreation business in Ukraine can be promoted by the activities of our own and foreign investors. Another important factor in the development of tourism in Ukraine is the training of personnel. A start has been made at the Kiev Institute of Trade and Economics, where students can take courses in Business Studies and Hotel and Restaurant Management. The Institute is attempting to forge links with educational institutions and businesses in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in particular. Areas of potential cooperation include the invitation of guest lecturers, the creation of information centres for market research and joint ventures.
A. Mazaraki, Rector and E. Voronova Institute of Trade and Economics UI Kioto 19 253660 Kiev- 156 Ukraine
317