- Email: [email protected]
Prospects of Harvesting Energy from Vibration in Bangladesh
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ,&0(
3URVSHFWVRIKDUYHVWLQJHQHUJ\IURPYLEUDWLRQLQ%DQJODGHVK $ULIXU5DKPDQD 0G(PGDGXO+RTXHD a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
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© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%DQJODGHVK8QLYHUVLW\RI Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering (QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ %8(7 and Technology (BUET)
Keywords 3LH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOV YLEUDWLRQ KDUYHVWLQJHQHUJ\ HOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\ ,QGXVWULDOPDFKLQHULHV
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
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU&HOOSKRQH E-mail address:VDLPRQELV#JPDLOFRP
1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.831
167
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
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
5DMVKDKL
'KDND
%6&,&,QGXVWULDOHVWDWHQXPEHU &KLWWDJRQJ .KXOQD %DULVKDO
6\OKHW
2YHUDOOQXPEHURILQGXVWU\LQ%DQJODGHVK
5DMVKDKL
&KLWWDJRQJ
.KXOQD
%DULVKDO
6\OKHW
7RWDO
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
7\SHRI ,QGXVWU\
$ERXW0DFKLQH
0LORQ&ROG 6WRUDJH/WG
&ROG VWRUDJH
5HFLSURFDWLQJFRPSUHVVRU F\OLQGHU3RZHU .: 0RGHO 60&(6SHHG USP
6DSXUD6LON 0LOOV/WG 1RUWK %HQJDO)ORXU 0LOOV/WG
6LON PLOO
)ORXU PLOO
2SHUDWLRQ \HDU
3RZHUORRP 0RGHO .<(2Q*%8. 5ROOHU 0RGHO %8+/(5
3RLQW
$FFHOHUDWLRQ PV
9HORFLW\ FPV
'LVSODFHPHQW PP
168
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
6SHFLDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVGRQHRQ5DMVKDKL%6&,&LQGXVWULDODUHDUHFHQWO\DQGVHYHUDOLQGXVWULHVZHUHWHVWHGDQG PHDVXUHG YLEUDWLRQ OHYHO XQGHU WKLV FRQFHUQ $ ³79 9LEUDWLRQ 7HVWHU´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¶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
)LJ3LH]RHOHFWULFHIIHFW
3.1. Equations of piezo electric material 3LH]RHOHFWULFLW\LVGHVFULEHGPDWKHPDWLFDOO\ZLWKLQDPDWHULDO VFRQVWLWXWLYHHTXDWLRQ> @ZKLFKGHILQHVKRZWKH SLH]RHOHFWULF PDWHULDO V VWUHVV 7 VWUDLQ 6 FKDUJHGHQVLW\ GLVSODFHPHQW ' DQG HOHFWULF ILHOG ( LQWHUDFW 7KH SLH]RHOHFWULFFRQVWLWXWLYHODZ LQ6WUDLQ&KDUJHIRUP LV 7KH PDWUL[ d FRQWDLQV WKH SLH]RHOHFWULF FRHIILFLHQWV IRU WKH PDWHULDO DQG LW DSSHDUV WZLFH LQ WKH FRQVWLWXWLYH HTXDWLRQ WKHVXSHUVFULSWtVWDQGVIRUPDWUL[WUDQVSRVH '\QDPLF HTXDWLRQ >@ RI WKH HOHFWURPHFKDQLFDO VWUXFWXUH LV JLYHQ E\ ZKHUH WKH HIIHFWLYH PHFKDQLFDO GLVSODFHPHQW LV u HIIHFWLYH PDVV M HIIHFWLYH SLH]RHOHFWULF FRHIILFLHQW Į HIIHFWLYH SLH]RHOHFWULF IRUFH FP DQG WKH SLH]RHOHFWULF YROWDJH V 7KLV FRHIILFLHQW GHILQHV WKH UHODWLRQ RI WKH SLH]RHOHFWULF LQWHUQDO FXUUHQW I ZLWK WKH PHFKDQLFDOVSHHG DVZULWWHQLQ
169
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSDQGSURFHGXUH )LJXUHVKRZVWKHEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKHKDUYHVWLQJSURFHVV(YHU\PDFKLQHFUHDWHVYLEUDWLRQLQUXQQLQJPRGHRU RSHUDWLRQKRXU7KLVYLEUDWLRQLVWKHHQHUJ\UHOHDVHVDVWKHIRUPRINLQHWLFHQHUJ\DQGWUHDWHGDVDORVWHQHUJ\$ SLH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOLVDWWDFKHGRQWKHYLEUDWLQJERG\DQGZKHQLWGHIRUPHGFRQWLQXRXVO\WKHQLWSURGXFHHOHFWULF HQHUJ\7KHHOHFWULFHQHUJ\WKHQVWRUHGLQEDWWHU\WKURXJKFKDUJLQJFLUFXLWIRUODWHUXVH
)LJ%ORFNGLDJUDPRIKDUYHVWLQJHQHUJ\IURPYLEUDWLRQVRXUFH
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
+
D3 1N4007
D2 1N4007
D1 1N4007
D4 1N4007
+
Vs1 2.5V + Vs2 2V + Vs3 2.1V -
C1 1000uF (10V)
+ Battery 4V
)LJ&LUFXLWGLDJUDPRIFKDUJLQJEDWWHU\
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
170
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
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
$FFHOHUDWLRQPV 506 3HDN
9HORFLW\ FPV
'LVSODFHPHQW PP
9ROWDJH Y
'DWDIURPWDEOHKDVEHHQSORWWHGLQJUDSKZKLFKGHSLFWVWKHYDULDWLRQFOHDUO\,Q)LJKLJKYROWDJH YROWLV IRXQGDWSRLQWRQWKHPDFKLQHDVZHOODVWKHKLJKYROWDJHLVUHFRUGHGDWKLJKDFFHOHUDWLRQDWWKHVDPHSRLQWRQWKH PDFKLQH,WLVYHU\FOHDUIURP)LJWKDWDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGLVSODFHPHQWRYHUYROWDJHIOXFWXDWHVYHU\UDSLGO\,QWKH UHJLRQRIYROWDJHWR$FFHOHUDWLRQDQGGLVSODFHPHQWLVKLJK 30
0.04
RMS
25
$FFHOHUDWLRQ PV
15
0.02
10
0.01
5 0
)LJ2XWSXWYROWDJHFXUYHDWGLIIHUHQWSRLQWV
'LVSODFHPHQW PP
0.03
20
0 1.5
1.8 9ROWDJH 9 2.1 2.4 2.7
3
)LJ$FFHOHUDWLRQDQG'LVSODFHPHQWYV9ROWDJHFXUYHVDWGLIIHUHQWSRLQWV
)LJXUHLVWKHYROWDJHYHUVXVWLPHFXUYHZKLFKVKRZVDWSRLQWWKHYROWDJHLVKLJKDQGDWWKLVSRLQWWKHYROWDJH LV JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVLQJ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WLPH DQG DIWHU FHUWDLQ WLPH LW UHPDLQV FRQVWDQW 7KHUH LV QR DQ\ DEUXSW IOXFWXDWLRQRIYROWDJHDWWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVQRQOLQHDUYROWDJH7KHVLQXVRLGDOFXUYHZKLFKLVSORWWHGLQ)LJVOLJKWO\ VLPLODUWRWKHLGHDOFXUYHRIYHORFLW\DQGPD[LPXPYHORFLW\IRXQGLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWLV FPV
171
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
9HORFLW\ FPV
9ROWDJH 9
7LPH V
9ROWDJH 9
)LJ9ROWDJHYVWLPHFXUYHDWSRLQW)LJ9HORFLW\YVYROWDJHFXUYHDWGLIIHUHQWSRLQW
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³(QHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJXVLQJDSLH]RHOHFWULF³F\PEDO´WUDQVGXFHULQ G\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQW´Proceedings of actuator Conf. SS >@ $QGUHZ7RZQOH\³9LEUDWLRQDOHQHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJXVLQJPHPVSLH]RHOHFWULFJHQHUDWRUV´8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD >@ %DQJODGHVK7H[WLOH0LOOV&RUSRUDWLRQ %70$ ZZZEWPFJRYEG DFFHVVHGRQ >@ %DQJODGHVK-XWH0LOOV&RUSRUDWLRQ %DQJODGHVK-XWH0LOV$VVRFLDWLRQ ZZZEMPFJRYEG DFFHVVHGRQ >@ %DQJODGHVK3RZHU'HYHORSPHQW%RDUG %3'% 'HFHPEHU ZZZESGEJRYEG DFFHVVHGRQ >@ 5RDGVDQG+LJKZD\V'HSDUWPHQW 5+' %DQJODGHVKZZZUKGJRYEG DFFHVVHGRQ >@ 3LH]RHOHFWULFVLQ3RVLWLRQLQJ7XWRULDORQ3LH]RWHFKQRORJ\LQ1DQRSRVLWLRQLQJ$SSOLFDWLRQV3LH]R1DQR3RVLWLRQLQJ3,ZZZSLZV >@ 3LH]RHOHFWULFFHUDPLFSURGXFWV3LH]RWHFKQRORJ\3,&HUDPLF ZZZSLFHUDPLFFRP > @ ,(((6WDQGDUGRQ3LH]RHOHFWULFLW\6WDQGDUGV&RPPLWWHHRIWKH,(((8OWUDVRQLFV)HUURHOHFWULFVDQG)UHTXHQF\&RQWURO6RFLHW\ $16,,(((6WG >@(OLH/HIHXYUH0LFNDsO/DOODUW&ODXGH5LFKDUGDQG'DQLHO*X\RPDU³3LH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOEDVHGHQHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJGHYLFHV DGYDQFHVRI 66+RSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHV ´)UDQFH >@8.6LQJKDQG5+0LGGOHWRQ³3LH]RHOHFWULF3RZHU6FDYHQJLQJRI0HFKDQLFDO9LEUDWLRQ(QHUJ\´$XVWUDOLDQ0LQLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ &RQIHUHQFH2FWREHU >@-HGRO'D\RX0DQ6DQJ&'DOLPLQ01DQG:DQJ6³*HQHUDWLQJHOHFWULFLW\XVLQJSLH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDO´ERUQHRVFLHQFH PDUFK
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ,&0(
3URVSHFWVRIKDUYHVWLQJHQHUJ\IURPYLEUDWLRQLQ%DQJODGHVK $ULIXU5DKPDQD 0G(PGDGXO+RTXHD a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
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© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%DQJODGHVK8QLYHUVLW\RI Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering (QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ %8(7 and Technology (BUET)
Keywords 3LH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOV YLEUDWLRQ KDUYHVWLQJHQHUJ\ HOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\ ,QGXVWULDOPDFKLQHULHV
,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVWKHUHVHDUFKHVLQWKHDUHDRIDFTXLULQJHQHUJ\VXUURXQGLQJDV\VWHPDQGFRQYHUWLQJLWLQWR XVDEOH HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ KDYH LQFUHDVHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ >@ 7KHVH UHVHDUFKHV KDYH EHHQ DFFHOHUDWHG E\ WKH PRGHUQ DGYDQFHVLQZLUHOHVVWHFKQRORJ\ORZSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVDQGPLFURPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHPV3LH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOVFDQ EHXVHGDVDPHDQVRIWUDQVIRUPLQJDPELHQWYLEUDWLRQV>@LQWRHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\WKDWFDQEHVWRUHGDQGXVHGWRSRZHU RWKHUGHYLFHV:LWKWKHUHFHQWVXUJHRIPLFURVFDOHGHYLFHVSLH]RHOHFWULFSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQFDQSURYLGHDFRQYHQLHQW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU&HOOSKRQH E-mail address:VDLPRQELV#JPDLOFRP
1877-7058 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.831
167
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
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
5DMVKDKL
'KDND
%6&,&,QGXVWULDOHVWDWHQXPEHU &KLWWDJRQJ .KXOQD %DULVKDO
6\OKHW
2YHUDOOQXPEHURILQGXVWU\LQ%DQJODGHVK
5DMVKDKL
&KLWWDJRQJ
.KXOQD
%DULVKDO
6\OKHW
7RWDO
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
7\SHRI ,QGXVWU\
$ERXW0DFKLQH
0LORQ&ROG 6WRUDJH/WG
&ROG VWRUDJH
5HFLSURFDWLQJFRPSUHVVRU F\OLQGHU3RZHU .: 0RGHO 60&(6SHHG USP
6DSXUD6LON 0LOOV/WG 1RUWK %HQJDO)ORXU 0LOOV/WG
6LON PLOO
)ORXU PLOO
2SHUDWLRQ \HDU
3RZHUORRP 0RGHO .<(2Q*%8. 5ROOHU 0RGHO %8+/(5
3RLQW
$FFHOHUDWLRQ PV
9HORFLW\ FPV
'LVSODFHPHQW PP
168
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
6SHFLDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVGRQHRQ5DMVKDKL%6&,&LQGXVWULDODUHDUHFHQWO\DQGVHYHUDOLQGXVWULHVZHUHWHVWHGDQG PHDVXUHG YLEUDWLRQ OHYHO XQGHU WKLV FRQFHUQ $ ³79 9LEUDWLRQ 7HVWHU´ ZDV XVHG WR PHDVXUH WKH GDWD IURP IROORZLQJLQGXVWULHVDQGRQO\VRPHW\SLFDOGDWDLVPHQWLRQHGDVDWDEXODWHGIRUPLQ7DEOH7DEOHVKRZVRQO\ LQGXVWULHV UHSRUW FRQWDLQLQJ YLEUDWLRQDO DFFHOHUDWLRQ YHORFLW\ DQG GLVSODFHPHQW 7KH GDWD IRXQG LV HQRXJK IRU FRQYHUVLRQSURFHVVZKLFKLVGHVFULEHGLQWKLVSDSHU7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEHPHQWLRQHGWKDWWKHLQGXVWULDOPDFKLQHULHV DUHWKHPDMRUVRXUFHVRIWKLVH[SHULPHQW )XQGDPHQWDORISLH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDO 3LH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOKDVDGGHGDQHZGLPHQVLRQLQDGYDQFHVFLHQFHDQGUHVHDUFK7KHSLH]RHOHFWULFHIIHFWH[LVWV LQWZRGRPDLQVWKHILUVWLVWKHGLUHFWSLH]RHOHFWULFHIIHFWWKDWGHVFULEHVWKHPDWHULDO¶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
)LJ3LH]RHOHFWULFHIIHFW
3.1. Equations of piezo electric material 3LH]RHOHFWULFLW\LVGHVFULEHGPDWKHPDWLFDOO\ZLWKLQDPDWHULDO VFRQVWLWXWLYHHTXDWLRQ> @ZKLFKGHILQHVKRZWKH SLH]RHOHFWULF PDWHULDO V VWUHVV 7 VWUDLQ 6 FKDUJHGHQVLW\ GLVSODFHPHQW ' DQG HOHFWULF ILHOG ( LQWHUDFW 7KH SLH]RHOHFWULFFRQVWLWXWLYHODZ LQ6WUDLQ&KDUJHIRUP LV 7KH PDWUL[ d FRQWDLQV WKH SLH]RHOHFWULF FRHIILFLHQWV IRU WKH PDWHULDO DQG LW DSSHDUV WZLFH LQ WKH FRQVWLWXWLYH HTXDWLRQ WKHVXSHUVFULSWtVWDQGVIRUPDWUL[WUDQVSRVH '\QDPLF HTXDWLRQ >@ RI WKH HOHFWURPHFKDQLFDO VWUXFWXUH LV JLYHQ E\ ZKHUH WKH HIIHFWLYH PHFKDQLFDO GLVSODFHPHQW LV u HIIHFWLYH PDVV M HIIHFWLYH SLH]RHOHFWULF FRHIILFLHQW Į HIIHFWLYH SLH]RHOHFWULF IRUFH FP DQG WKH SLH]RHOHFWULF YROWDJH V 7KLV FRHIILFLHQW GHILQHV WKH UHODWLRQ RI WKH SLH]RHOHFWULF LQWHUQDO FXUUHQW I ZLWK WKH PHFKDQLFDOVSHHG DVZULWWHQLQ
169
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSDQGSURFHGXUH )LJXUHVKRZVWKHEORFNGLDJUDPRIWKHKDUYHVWLQJSURFHVV(YHU\PDFKLQHFUHDWHVYLEUDWLRQLQUXQQLQJPRGHRU RSHUDWLRQKRXU7KLVYLEUDWLRQLVWKHHQHUJ\UHOHDVHVDVWKHIRUPRINLQHWLFHQHUJ\DQGWUHDWHGDVDORVWHQHUJ\$ SLH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOLVDWWDFKHGRQWKHYLEUDWLQJERG\DQGZKHQLWGHIRUPHGFRQWLQXRXVO\WKHQLWSURGXFHHOHFWULF HQHUJ\7KHHOHFWULFHQHUJ\WKHQVWRUHGLQEDWWHU\WKURXJKFKDUJLQJFLUFXLWIRUODWHUXVH
)LJ%ORFNGLDJUDPRIKDUYHVWLQJHQHUJ\IURPYLEUDWLRQVRXUFH
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
+
D3 1N4007
D2 1N4007
D1 1N4007
D4 1N4007
+
Vs1 2.5V + Vs2 2V + Vs3 2.1V -
C1 1000uF (10V)
+ Battery 4V
)LJ&LUFXLWGLDJUDPRIFKDUJLQJEDWWHU\
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
170
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
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
$FFHOHUDWLRQPV 506 3HDN
9HORFLW\ FPV
'LVSODFHPHQW PP
9ROWDJH Y
'DWDIURPWDEOHKDVEHHQSORWWHGLQJUDSKZKLFKGHSLFWVWKHYDULDWLRQFOHDUO\,Q)LJKLJKYROWDJH YROWLV IRXQGDWSRLQWRQWKHPDFKLQHDVZHOODVWKHKLJKYROWDJHLVUHFRUGHGDWKLJKDFFHOHUDWLRQDWWKHVDPHSRLQWRQWKH PDFKLQH,WLVYHU\FOHDUIURP)LJWKDWDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGLVSODFHPHQWRYHUYROWDJHIOXFWXDWHVYHU\UDSLGO\,QWKH UHJLRQRIYROWDJHWR$FFHOHUDWLRQDQGGLVSODFHPHQWLVKLJK 30
0.04
RMS
25
$FFHOHUDWLRQ PV
15
0.02
10
0.01
5 0
)LJ2XWSXWYROWDJHFXUYHDWGLIIHUHQWSRLQWV
'LVSODFHPHQW PP
0.03
20
0 1.5
1.8 9ROWDJH 9 2.1 2.4 2.7
3
)LJ$FFHOHUDWLRQDQG'LVSODFHPHQWYV9ROWDJHFXUYHVDWGLIIHUHQWSRLQWV
)LJXUHLVWKHYROWDJHYHUVXVWLPHFXUYHZKLFKVKRZVDWSRLQWWKHYROWDJHLVKLJKDQGDWWKLVSRLQWWKHYROWDJH LV JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVLQJ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WLPH DQG DIWHU FHUWDLQ WLPH LW UHPDLQV FRQVWDQW 7KHUH LV QR DQ\ DEUXSW IOXFWXDWLRQRIYROWDJHDWWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVQRQOLQHDUYROWDJH7KHVLQXVRLGDOFXUYHZKLFKLVSORWWHGLQ)LJVOLJKWO\ VLPLODUWRWKHLGHDOFXUYHRIYHORFLW\DQGPD[LPXPYHORFLW\IRXQGLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWLV FPV
171
Arifur Rahman and Md. Emdadul Hoque / Procedia Engineering 90 (2014) 166 – 171
9HORFLW\ FPV
9ROWDJH 9
7LPH V
9ROWDJH 9
)LJ9ROWDJHYVWLPHFXUYHDWSRLQW)LJ9HORFLW\YVYROWDJHFXUYHDWGLIIHUHQWSRLQW
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³(QHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJXVLQJDSLH]RHOHFWULF³F\PEDO´WUDQVGXFHULQ G\QDPLFHQYLURQPHQW´Proceedings of actuator Conf. SS >@ $QGUHZ7RZQOH\³9LEUDWLRQDOHQHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJXVLQJPHPVSLH]RHOHFWULFJHQHUDWRUV´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sO/DOODUW&ODXGH5LFKDUGDQG'DQLHO*X\RPDU³3LH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDOEDVHGHQHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJGHYLFHV DGYDQFHVRI 66+RSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHV ´)UDQFH >@8.6LQJKDQG5+0LGGOHWRQ³3LH]RHOHFWULF3RZHU6FDYHQJLQJRI0HFKDQLFDO9LEUDWLRQ(QHUJ\´$XVWUDOLDQ0LQLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ &RQIHUHQFH2FWREHU >@-HGRO'D\RX0DQ6DQJ&'DOLPLQ01DQG:DQJ6³*HQHUDWLQJHOHFWULFLW\XVLQJSLH]RHOHFWULFPDWHULDO´ERUQHRVFLHQFH PDUFK