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Protein-Bound Iodine Levels of the Chick1
Research Notes PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE LEVELS OF THE CHICK 1 H . L. BUMGARDNER2 AND C. S. SHAFFNER Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Maryland, College Park (Received for publication September 8, 1956)
"Scientific Article No. AS82. Contribution No. 2745 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (Department of Poultry Husbandry). 2 Present address: Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N.C.
percent. Not only were values low, but repeatability of determinations was not good. From one pooled sample of serum, five determinations were made with a mean value of 1.42 ± .12 micrograms percent. The range of these values was from 1.10 to 1.75 micrograms percent. Because of the low values observed when compared to those reported for other animals, it was thought that the procedure being used in this study was at fault. As a check, serum samples from rats were obtained and protein-bound iodine levels of these animals, as determined in this laboratory, were compared with those of chicks. The mean protein-bound iodine level of serum samples from four rats was 4.8 micrograms percent. Three chick samples determined in the same series had a mean value of 1.5 micrograms percent. Serum protein-bound iodine determinations were made for 51 four-week-old New Hampshire chicks of two lines differing in thyroid response to thiouracil. These chicks represented 5 sires and 10 dams of one line, and 4 sires and 5 dams of the other line. A mean value of 1.12 micrograms percent was found for all chicks. Analysis of variance of these data indicated that there were no significant differences between lines, sexes, sires, or dams within sires. To study the effect of thiouracil and thyroxin on serum protein-bound iodine levels, five groups of four-week-old chicks, 10 per group, were treated for two weeks as shown in Table 1. This table gives the mean protein-bound iodine level of each
207
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 9, 2015
In recent years, protein-bound iodine levels have been used as a measurement of thyroid activity. Normal values of proteinbound iodine have been reported for many animals, including man. Brown, Reingold and Samson (1952) reported a range of 3.5 to 7.0 micrograms percent for man. O'Neal and Heinbrecker (1953) reported an average value of 2.6 micrograms percent for dogs. Long et al. (1952) reported a range of 2.19 to 4.11 for several breeds of cattle. Gawienowski et al. (1955) reported a range of 1.52 to 5.4 micrograms percent for swine. Salter and McKay (1944) reported a level of 4.7 micrograms percent for the Rhesus monkey, and a value of 3.9 for the albino rat. Katsh and Windsor (1955) reported a mean value of 2.6 micrograms percent for 3 White Leghorn chickens. In the work to be reported here, the method of Brown, Reingold and Samson (1952) for determination of protein-bound iodine was used. Duplicate determinations were made for each sample of serum, and the mean of these was used as the value for an individual. Protein-bound iodine determinations were made on serum samples of 45 four-week-old New Hampshire chicks. The mean of the values obtained was 1.06 ± .02 micrograms
208
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—The mean serum protein-bound iodine levels of six-week-old New Hampshire chicks that had been treated for two weeks with various levels of thyroxin** and/or thiouracil* (10 chicks per group)
Treatment
1.64 1.45 1.30 1.37 4.50
* Thiouracil fed as 0.2% of ration. ** D-L thyroxin, Squibb, injected. Least significant difference (1%) 1.05. Least significant difference (5%) .79.
group. By comparison of the mean treatment values with an L.S.D., it is found that only the 40 meg. thyroxin treatment caused a statistically significant change in the serum protein-bound iodine level. From this study, it appears that serum protein-bound iodine levels of four-week-old chicks are lower than those reported for other animals. It appears also that the
REFERENCES Brown, H., A. M. Reingold and M. Samson, 1952. The determination of protein-bound iodine by dry ashing. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 13: 444449. Gawienowski, A. M., D. T. Mayer and J. F. Lasley, 19SS. The serum protein-bound iodine of swine as a measure of growth potentialities. J. An. Sci. 14:3-6. Katsh, S., and E. Windsor, 1955. Unusual value of protein-bound iodine in the serum of the opossum. Science, 121: 897-898. Long, J. F., L. O. Gilmore, G. M. Curtis and D. C. Rife, 1952. Bovine protein-bound serum iodine and its relation to age and breed. J. Dairy Sci. 35: 603-606. O'Neal, L. W., and P. Heinbreker, 1953. The response of the plasma protein-bound iodine of hypophysectomized dogs to injected thyrotropin: The influence of cortisone. Endocrinology, 53: 60-72. Salter, W. T., and E. A. McKay, 1944. Iodine in blood and thyroid of man and small animals. Endocrinology, 35: 380-390.
EFFECT OF DAY-OLD DEBEAKING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PULLETS WALTER MORGAN South Dakota Slate College, Brookings (Received for publication September 27,1956)
As the practice of day-old debeaking becomes more widespread for broiler production (Darrow and Stotts, 1954; Camp et al. 1955; and others), there is increasing interest in the effect of debeaking of pullet chicks which will ultimately be used in egg-production flocks. Commonly asked questions are: Will debeaking Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Series No. 360.
hinder growth or lengthen age to sexual maturity? Will debeaking increase or reduce mortality? Will debeaking increase the percentage of culls at housing time? The trial reported herein was conducted in an effort to help answer these questions. MATERIALS AND RESULTS On March 9, 1955, newly hatched New Hampshire pullets at the South Dakota State College Agricultural Experiment Station were randomly separated into
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 9, 2015
Control Thiouracil Thiouracil and 2 meg. thyroxin per day Thiouracil and 8 meg. thyroxin per day Thiouracil and 40 meg. thyroxin per day
Mean serum protein-bound iodine level (meg. percent)
method employed here for protein-bound iodine determinations is not sensitive enough to measure normal differences in the thyroid activity of chicks.
"Scientific Article No. AS82. Contribution No. 2745 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (Department of Poultry Husbandry). 2 Present address: Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N.C.
percent. Not only were values low, but repeatability of determinations was not good. From one pooled sample of serum, five determinations were made with a mean value of 1.42 ± .12 micrograms percent. The range of these values was from 1.10 to 1.75 micrograms percent. Because of the low values observed when compared to those reported for other animals, it was thought that the procedure being used in this study was at fault. As a check, serum samples from rats were obtained and protein-bound iodine levels of these animals, as determined in this laboratory, were compared with those of chicks. The mean protein-bound iodine level of serum samples from four rats was 4.8 micrograms percent. Three chick samples determined in the same series had a mean value of 1.5 micrograms percent. Serum protein-bound iodine determinations were made for 51 four-week-old New Hampshire chicks of two lines differing in thyroid response to thiouracil. These chicks represented 5 sires and 10 dams of one line, and 4 sires and 5 dams of the other line. A mean value of 1.12 micrograms percent was found for all chicks. Analysis of variance of these data indicated that there were no significant differences between lines, sexes, sires, or dams within sires. To study the effect of thiouracil and thyroxin on serum protein-bound iodine levels, five groups of four-week-old chicks, 10 per group, were treated for two weeks as shown in Table 1. This table gives the mean protein-bound iodine level of each
207
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 9, 2015
In recent years, protein-bound iodine levels have been used as a measurement of thyroid activity. Normal values of proteinbound iodine have been reported for many animals, including man. Brown, Reingold and Samson (1952) reported a range of 3.5 to 7.0 micrograms percent for man. O'Neal and Heinbrecker (1953) reported an average value of 2.6 micrograms percent for dogs. Long et al. (1952) reported a range of 2.19 to 4.11 for several breeds of cattle. Gawienowski et al. (1955) reported a range of 1.52 to 5.4 micrograms percent for swine. Salter and McKay (1944) reported a level of 4.7 micrograms percent for the Rhesus monkey, and a value of 3.9 for the albino rat. Katsh and Windsor (1955) reported a mean value of 2.6 micrograms percent for 3 White Leghorn chickens. In the work to be reported here, the method of Brown, Reingold and Samson (1952) for determination of protein-bound iodine was used. Duplicate determinations were made for each sample of serum, and the mean of these was used as the value for an individual. Protein-bound iodine determinations were made on serum samples of 45 four-week-old New Hampshire chicks. The mean of the values obtained was 1.06 ± .02 micrograms
208
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 1.—The mean serum protein-bound iodine levels of six-week-old New Hampshire chicks that had been treated for two weeks with various levels of thyroxin** and/or thiouracil* (10 chicks per group)
Treatment
1.64 1.45 1.30 1.37 4.50
* Thiouracil fed as 0.2% of ration. ** D-L thyroxin, Squibb, injected. Least significant difference (1%) 1.05. Least significant difference (5%) .79.
group. By comparison of the mean treatment values with an L.S.D., it is found that only the 40 meg. thyroxin treatment caused a statistically significant change in the serum protein-bound iodine level. From this study, it appears that serum protein-bound iodine levels of four-week-old chicks are lower than those reported for other animals. It appears also that the
REFERENCES Brown, H., A. M. Reingold and M. Samson, 1952. The determination of protein-bound iodine by dry ashing. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 13: 444449. Gawienowski, A. M., D. T. Mayer and J. F. Lasley, 19SS. The serum protein-bound iodine of swine as a measure of growth potentialities. J. An. Sci. 14:3-6. Katsh, S., and E. Windsor, 1955. Unusual value of protein-bound iodine in the serum of the opossum. Science, 121: 897-898. Long, J. F., L. O. Gilmore, G. M. Curtis and D. C. Rife, 1952. Bovine protein-bound serum iodine and its relation to age and breed. J. Dairy Sci. 35: 603-606. O'Neal, L. W., and P. Heinbreker, 1953. The response of the plasma protein-bound iodine of hypophysectomized dogs to injected thyrotropin: The influence of cortisone. Endocrinology, 53: 60-72. Salter, W. T., and E. A. McKay, 1944. Iodine in blood and thyroid of man and small animals. Endocrinology, 35: 380-390.
EFFECT OF DAY-OLD DEBEAKING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PULLETS WALTER MORGAN South Dakota Slate College, Brookings (Received for publication September 27,1956)
As the practice of day-old debeaking becomes more widespread for broiler production (Darrow and Stotts, 1954; Camp et al. 1955; and others), there is increasing interest in the effect of debeaking of pullet chicks which will ultimately be used in egg-production flocks. Commonly asked questions are: Will debeaking Approved for publication by the Director of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Series No. 360.
hinder growth or lengthen age to sexual maturity? Will debeaking increase or reduce mortality? Will debeaking increase the percentage of culls at housing time? The trial reported herein was conducted in an effort to help answer these questions. MATERIALS AND RESULTS On March 9, 1955, newly hatched New Hampshire pullets at the South Dakota State College Agricultural Experiment Station were randomly separated into
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Carleton University on May 9, 2015
Control Thiouracil Thiouracil and 2 meg. thyroxin per day Thiouracil and 8 meg. thyroxin per day Thiouracil and 40 meg. thyroxin per day
Mean serum protein-bound iodine level (meg. percent)
method employed here for protein-bound iodine determinations is not sensitive enough to measure normal differences in the thyroid activity of chicks.