- Email: [email protected]
Psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale in a sample of Iranian population
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 221 – 225
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCPCG-2011
Psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale in a sample of Iranian population Komeil Zahedi Tajrishia*, Mohammad Ali Besharata, Samane Pourbohloola, Roja Larijanib a
Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6456, Tehran, Iran b Department of Psychology,University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tehran, Iran
Abstract The main purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S). Three hundred and twelve Iranian volunteers (120 males, 192 females) were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the BNSG-S, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28). The results confirmed internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and content validity of the BNSG-S at satisfactory levels. It was concluded that the BNSG-S can be considered as a reliable and valid scale to measure the basic needs satisfaction in Iranian samples. © 2011 2011 Published Ltd. © Publishedby byElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference
on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance.
Keywords: Psychological need; Reliability; Validity; Psychometry
1. Introduction During the past century the theory that humans have basic needs has been developed and expanded by several different theorists. For example, some researchers have theorized needs are innate in human (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000; Hall, 1943), whereas other researchers have theorized needs as learned over time (e.g., McClelland, 1965; Murray, 1938). Furthermore, researchers have differed in regards to what constitutes a need. Some researchers have proposed needs as psychological in nature (e.g., dominance; Murray, 1938), whereas other researchers have proposed needs as physiological in nature (e.g., food; Hall, 1943). In contrast, some theorists have proposed needs as a combination of the both (e.g., Maslow, 1970). However, these theories are often unconnected so far and synergies that could result from an integrative perspective remain unused. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) defines needs as innate, psychological, and essential for well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2002). Here, the psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are conceptualized as innate basic requirements of all human beings that, when fulfilled, lead to intrinsic motivation and well-being. The main focus of SDT research has been to measure the level of need-satisfaction currently experienced, and to use these variations to predict variations in positive outcomes such as intrinsic motivation and mood. SDT researchers define intrinsic motivation as "doing a behavior because the activity itself is interesting and spontaneously satisfying. When intrinsically motivated, people perform activities because of the positive feelings resulting from the activities themselves" (Deci & Ryan, 2008, p. 15).
* Komeil Zahedi Tajrishi. Tel.: +98-9125027053. E-mail address: [email protected]. 1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.044
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Clearly, there has been an extensive amount of research indicated that satisfaction of the basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness has been positively related to well-being (e.g., La Guardia & Patrick, 2008; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), satisfaction with life (e.g., Meyer, Enstrom, Harstveit, Bowles, & Beevers, 2007), aspirations (e.g., Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci, 2009), self-esteem (e.g., Thogersen-Ntoumani & Ntoumanis, 2007) and performance and persistence (Ryan et al., 2006). In contrast, the frustration of basic needs leads to negative outcomes as for example depression, anxiety (e.g., Steger and Kashdan, 2009; Wei, Philip, Shaffer, Young, & Zakalik, 2005), impaired intrinsic motivation, well-being, health and work performance (e.g., Deci & Moller, 2007; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Sheldon & Krieger, 2007). Clearly, there has been a large amount of research examining needs fulfillment (Deci & Ryan, 2000). However, less attention has been paid to how needs satisfaction is being measured. The satisfaction of needs has been measured using various methods (e.g., self-report measures and diary studies) and in various settings. Recently a measure was created to assess basic needs satisfaction in general as opposed to a specific context: the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S; Gagné, 2003). The BNSG-S was adapted from the Basic Needs Satisfaction at Work Scale (BNSW-S) to measure needs satisfaction in a general domain as opposed to the context-specific domain of work (Gagné, 2003). The BNSG-S has been used in several studies to assess general needs satisfaction (Conroy & Coatsworth, 2007a, 2007b; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009; Meyer et al., 2007; Niemiec et al., 2009; Thogersen-Ntoumani & Ntoumanis, 2007). Given its use, one may assume the BNSG-S has been extensively studied. Interestingly, there has not been any rigorous study of the psychometric properties of the scale. Unfortunately, this makes it difficult to make valid inferences from the scale as it is unknown what the BNSG-S is truly assessing. Thus, studies examining the psychometric properties of this measure are needed. The main purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S) including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, and convergent and discriminant validity. 2. Method 2.1. Participants and Procedure Three hundred and twelve Iranian volunteers (120 males, Mage = 40 years, age range: 23-45 years, and 192 females, Mage = 35 years, age range: 21-49 years) were selected from general population through convenience sampling. All participants were asked to complete the 21-item Basic Satisfaction of Needs Scale (BNSG-S; Gagné, 2003), the Extraversion and Neuroticism sub-scale of 48-item Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clarke, & Tellegen, 1988), and 28-item the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28; Besharat, 2009). 2.2. Measures Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S; Gagné, 2003)- The BNSG-S is a 21-item measure that was created to assess the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in general. Participants were instructed to indicate how true they felt each statement was of their life and respond on a scale from 1 (Not at all true) to 7 (Very true). Nine of the 21 items are negatively worded and were reversed scored prior to analyses. Higher scores are indicative of a higher level of satisfaction of needs. Adequate psychometric properties of the scale have been reported in many studies (e.g., Johnston & Finney, 2010; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009). A copy of the BNSG-S (Gagné, 2003) was translated into Farsi language and back-translated by a research team with two psychologist and two experts of the English language, all of whom are fluent in both English and Farsi. Every effort was made to ensure that the translated version conveyed both a literal and a comprehensive meaning in Farsi. There was no substantial change in the content of the items. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS; Eysenck et al., 1985)- This is a self-reported questionnaire consists of four scales of 12 items (48 items): EPQ-E (Extraversion); EPQ-N (Neuroticism); EPQ-P (Psychoticism), and EPQ-L(Lie). (Eysenck et al., 1985). Each question has a binary response, ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Each
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dichotomous item was scored 1 or 0, and each scale had a maximum possible score of 12 and minimum of zero. Adequate psychometric properties of the scale have been reported (Eysenck & Eysenck; 1991). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988)- The PANAS consists of two 10-item mood scales and was developed to provide brief measures of positive affect and negative affect. The items were derived from a principal components analysis of Zevon and Tellegen’s (1982) mood checklist; it was argued that this checklist broadly tapped the affective lexicon. Respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they have experienced each particular emotion within a specified time period, with reference to a 5-point scale. The scale point are: 1 ‘very slightly or not at all’, 2 ‘a little’, 3 ‘moderately’, 4 ‘quite a bit’ and 5 ‘very much’. A number of different time-frames have been used with the PANAS. variety of studies have been verified adequate psychometric properties of the scale (Gomez, Cooper & Gomez; 2000). Mental Health Inventory-28 (MHI-28; Besharat, 2009)- Mental Health Inventory-28 is a shortened form of a 38item mental health scale (Veit & Ware, 1983). It is a 28-item test and it has two sub-scales: Psychological WellBeing (14 items) and Psychological Distress (14 items). Each item is related on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The subject’s minimum and maximum score in psychological wellbeing and psychological distress subscales are 14 and 70, respectively. The psychometric characteristics of the 28item form of this scale were studied, in a sample composed of 760 subjects in two groups of abnormal (n = 277; 173 females and 104 males) and normal (n = 483; 267 females and 216 males). results of this study confirm the concurrent validity of the MHI-28. The results of factor analysis confirmed psychological well-being and psychological distress subscales (Besharat, 2009). 3. Results The statistical features of the participants according to the scores of autonomy, competence, relatedness, extraversion, neuroticism, positive and negative affect, psychological well-being and psychological distress for the entire sample, and separately for men and women, are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Means, standard deviations and T-test results of BNSG-S, EPQ-RS, PANAS and MHI-28 Females Scales Autonomy
Mean 33.61
Males
Total
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
P
9.09
36.50
8.47
34.72
8.95
0.006
Competence
29.87
8.20
31.40
8.10
30.46
8.15
0.107
Relatedness
44.45
9.97
41.70
10.45
43.39
10.23
0.021
Extraversion
8.11
3.06
7.73
2.98
7.97
3.03
0.275
Neuroticism
6.15
2.35
5.80
2.62
6.01
2.46
0.214
Positive Affect
35.26
8.15
34.90
9.02
35.12
8.48
0.716
Negative Affect
18.53
4.62
19.83
4.68
19.03
4.68
0.017
11.72
53.16
11.09
52.01
11.50
0.164
8.89
31.53
8.37
32.21
8.69
0.272
Psychological Well-Being Psychological Distress
51.30 32.64
BNSG-S= Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale; EPQ-RS= Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale; PANAS= Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; MHI-28= Mental Health Inventory-28.
3.1. Test-retest reliability To examine test–retest reliability of the Farsi version of the BNSG-S, 78 participants were asked to complete the BNSG-S twice, with a four to six-week interval between measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients between the scale scores at time 1 and time 2 were calculated (Table 2). These results indicated that the BNSG-S has adequate test-retest reliability.
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3.2.Iinternal consistency In order to examine the internal consistency for the BNSG-S, Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated for the 78 participants. The alpha coefficients for the Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness were 0.69, 0.75, and 0.83, respectively in first time and 0.78, 0.73 and 0.81 in second time. These findings suggest that the BNSG-S is internally consistent (Table 2). Table 2. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and correlations between the BNSG-S scores at time 1 and time 2 First time
Second time
Test-Retest
Scales
Mean
SD
α
Mean
SD
α
Autonomy
34.64
8.96
0.69
32.25
8.79
0.78
0.78
Competence
29.92
8.39
0.75
29.46
8.50
0.73
0.67
Relatedness
42.53
10.04
0.83
29.46
10.43
0.81
0.81
All coefficients are significant (p≤0/001)
3.3. Validity content validity of the BNSG-S was evaluated by a group of five psychologists and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness were 0.70, 0.82 and 0.66, respectively. To assess the convergent and differential validity of the BNSG-S, the correlations of the BNSG-S with extraversion and neuroticism subscales of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Mental Health Inventory-28, were calculated. Consequences, BNSG-S subscales positively correlated with extraversion, positive affect and psychological well-Being and negatively correlated with neuroticism, negative affect and psychological distress. these results verify convergent and differential validity of the BNSG-S. 4. Discussion This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the BNSG-S. The results of this study indicated that BNSG-S has adequate Psychometric properties. In order to examine the internal consistency for the BNSG-S, Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated and results suggest that the Farsi version of the BNSG-S is internally consistent. To examine the test–retest reliability of the Farsi version of the BNSG-S, 78 participants were asked to complete the BNSG-S twice, with a four to six-week interval between measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients between the scale scores at time 1 and time 2 were calculated that All coefficients are significant. these findings are consistent with results from previous research on psychometric properties of the BNSG-S (e.g., Johnston & Finney, 2010; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009; Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci, 2009). Moreover these results verify validity of the BNSG-S and proof the findings of previous research (e.g., Johnston & Finney, 2010; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009; Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci, 2009). The BNSG-S provides Iranian researchers with a brief and easy scale to administer and interpret. Further, the BNSG-S can be used for the purposes of exploring underlying basic needs Satisfaction. So, the results provide evidence for applicability of the scale and its cross-cultural validity. similar to other primary studies, There are some limitations in the present study. References Besharat, M. A. (2009). Reliability and Validity of a short form of the Mental Health Inventory in an Iranian population. Forensic Medicine, 54, 87-91. [Farsi] Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007a). Assessing autonomy-supportive coaching strategies in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 671-684. Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007b). Coaching behaviors associated with changes in fear of failure: Changes in self-talk and need satisfaction as potential mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 75, 383-419.
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Deci, E. L., & Moller, A. C. (2007). The concept of competence. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 579–597). New York: Guilford Press. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49, 14–23. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. Eysenck, S. B. J., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 2129. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1991). Eysenck Personality Scales (EPS Adult). London: Hodder & Stoughton. Gagne, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 199223. Gomez, R., Cooper, A., & Gomez, A. (2000). Susceptibility to positive and negative mood states: test of Eysenck's, Gray's and Newman's theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 351-365. Hall, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Johnston, M. M., Finney, S. J. (2010) Measuring basic needs satisfaction: Evaluating previous research and conducting new psychometric evaluations of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35, 280-296. Kashdan, T. B., Mishra, A., Breen, W. E., & Froh, J. J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77, 691–730. La Guardia, J. G., & Patrick, H. (2008). Self-determination theory as a fundamental theory of close relationships. Canadian Psychology, 49, 201−209. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harpers and Row. McClelland, D. C. (1965). Toward a theory of motive acquisition. American Psychologist, 20, 321-333. Meyer, B., Enstorm, M. K., Harstveit, M., Bowles, D. P., & Beevers, C. G. (2007). Happiness and despair on the catwalk: Need satisfaction, well-being, and personality adjustment among fashion models. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 2-17. Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press. Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 291-306. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectic perspective. In E. L. Deci, & R. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination (pp. 3–37). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2007). Understanding the negative effects of legal education on law students: A longitudinal test of selfdetermination theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 883–897. Sheldon, K. M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2006). It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need satisfaction also affects well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 331-341. Steger, Michael. F., & Kashdan, Todd. B. (2009). Depression and Everyday Social Activity, Belonging, and Well-Being. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 56, 289-300. Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., & Ntoumanis, N. (2007). A self-presentation theory approach to the study of body image concerns, self-presentation and self-perceptions in a sample of aerobic instructors. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 301-315. Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 730-742. Watson, D., Clarke, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. Wei, M., Philip, A. S., Shaffer, A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 591-601. Zevon, M. A., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111–122.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 221 – 225
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCPCG-2011
Psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale in a sample of Iranian population Komeil Zahedi Tajrishia*, Mohammad Ali Besharata, Samane Pourbohloola, Roja Larijanib a
Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6456, Tehran, Iran b Department of Psychology,University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tehran, Iran
Abstract The main purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S). Three hundred and twelve Iranian volunteers (120 males, 192 females) were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the BNSG-S, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28). The results confirmed internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and content validity of the BNSG-S at satisfactory levels. It was concluded that the BNSG-S can be considered as a reliable and valid scale to measure the basic needs satisfaction in Iranian samples. © 2011 2011 Published Ltd. © Publishedby byElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference
on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance.
Keywords: Psychological need; Reliability; Validity; Psychometry
1. Introduction During the past century the theory that humans have basic needs has been developed and expanded by several different theorists. For example, some researchers have theorized needs are innate in human (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 2000; Hall, 1943), whereas other researchers have theorized needs as learned over time (e.g., McClelland, 1965; Murray, 1938). Furthermore, researchers have differed in regards to what constitutes a need. Some researchers have proposed needs as psychological in nature (e.g., dominance; Murray, 1938), whereas other researchers have proposed needs as physiological in nature (e.g., food; Hall, 1943). In contrast, some theorists have proposed needs as a combination of the both (e.g., Maslow, 1970). However, these theories are often unconnected so far and synergies that could result from an integrative perspective remain unused. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) defines needs as innate, psychological, and essential for well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2002). Here, the psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are conceptualized as innate basic requirements of all human beings that, when fulfilled, lead to intrinsic motivation and well-being. The main focus of SDT research has been to measure the level of need-satisfaction currently experienced, and to use these variations to predict variations in positive outcomes such as intrinsic motivation and mood. SDT researchers define intrinsic motivation as "doing a behavior because the activity itself is interesting and spontaneously satisfying. When intrinsically motivated, people perform activities because of the positive feelings resulting from the activities themselves" (Deci & Ryan, 2008, p. 15).
* Komeil Zahedi Tajrishi. Tel.: +98-9125027053. E-mail address: [email protected]. 1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.044
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et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 221 – 225 K. ZahediKomeil TajrishiZahedi et al. /Tajrishi Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science 00 (2011) 000–000
Clearly, there has been an extensive amount of research indicated that satisfaction of the basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness has been positively related to well-being (e.g., La Guardia & Patrick, 2008; Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006), satisfaction with life (e.g., Meyer, Enstrom, Harstveit, Bowles, & Beevers, 2007), aspirations (e.g., Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci, 2009), self-esteem (e.g., Thogersen-Ntoumani & Ntoumanis, 2007) and performance and persistence (Ryan et al., 2006). In contrast, the frustration of basic needs leads to negative outcomes as for example depression, anxiety (e.g., Steger and Kashdan, 2009; Wei, Philip, Shaffer, Young, & Zakalik, 2005), impaired intrinsic motivation, well-being, health and work performance (e.g., Deci & Moller, 2007; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Sheldon & Krieger, 2007). Clearly, there has been a large amount of research examining needs fulfillment (Deci & Ryan, 2000). However, less attention has been paid to how needs satisfaction is being measured. The satisfaction of needs has been measured using various methods (e.g., self-report measures and diary studies) and in various settings. Recently a measure was created to assess basic needs satisfaction in general as opposed to a specific context: the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S; Gagné, 2003). The BNSG-S was adapted from the Basic Needs Satisfaction at Work Scale (BNSW-S) to measure needs satisfaction in a general domain as opposed to the context-specific domain of work (Gagné, 2003). The BNSG-S has been used in several studies to assess general needs satisfaction (Conroy & Coatsworth, 2007a, 2007b; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009; Meyer et al., 2007; Niemiec et al., 2009; Thogersen-Ntoumani & Ntoumanis, 2007). Given its use, one may assume the BNSG-S has been extensively studied. Interestingly, there has not been any rigorous study of the psychometric properties of the scale. Unfortunately, this makes it difficult to make valid inferences from the scale as it is unknown what the BNSG-S is truly assessing. Thus, studies examining the psychometric properties of this measure are needed. The main purpose of this study was to examine psychometric properties of a Farsi version of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S) including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, and convergent and discriminant validity. 2. Method 2.1. Participants and Procedure Three hundred and twelve Iranian volunteers (120 males, Mage = 40 years, age range: 23-45 years, and 192 females, Mage = 35 years, age range: 21-49 years) were selected from general population through convenience sampling. All participants were asked to complete the 21-item Basic Satisfaction of Needs Scale (BNSG-S; Gagné, 2003), the Extraversion and Neuroticism sub-scale of 48-item Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS; Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clarke, & Tellegen, 1988), and 28-item the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28; Besharat, 2009). 2.2. Measures Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale (BNSG-S; Gagné, 2003)- The BNSG-S is a 21-item measure that was created to assess the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in general. Participants were instructed to indicate how true they felt each statement was of their life and respond on a scale from 1 (Not at all true) to 7 (Very true). Nine of the 21 items are negatively worded and were reversed scored prior to analyses. Higher scores are indicative of a higher level of satisfaction of needs. Adequate psychometric properties of the scale have been reported in many studies (e.g., Johnston & Finney, 2010; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009). A copy of the BNSG-S (Gagné, 2003) was translated into Farsi language and back-translated by a research team with two psychologist and two experts of the English language, all of whom are fluent in both English and Farsi. Every effort was made to ensure that the translated version conveyed both a literal and a comprehensive meaning in Farsi. There was no substantial change in the content of the items. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-RS; Eysenck et al., 1985)- This is a self-reported questionnaire consists of four scales of 12 items (48 items): EPQ-E (Extraversion); EPQ-N (Neuroticism); EPQ-P (Psychoticism), and EPQ-L(Lie). (Eysenck et al., 1985). Each question has a binary response, ‘yes’ or ‘no’. Each
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dichotomous item was scored 1 or 0, and each scale had a maximum possible score of 12 and minimum of zero. Adequate psychometric properties of the scale have been reported (Eysenck & Eysenck; 1991). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988)- The PANAS consists of two 10-item mood scales and was developed to provide brief measures of positive affect and negative affect. The items were derived from a principal components analysis of Zevon and Tellegen’s (1982) mood checklist; it was argued that this checklist broadly tapped the affective lexicon. Respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they have experienced each particular emotion within a specified time period, with reference to a 5-point scale. The scale point are: 1 ‘very slightly or not at all’, 2 ‘a little’, 3 ‘moderately’, 4 ‘quite a bit’ and 5 ‘very much’. A number of different time-frames have been used with the PANAS. variety of studies have been verified adequate psychometric properties of the scale (Gomez, Cooper & Gomez; 2000). Mental Health Inventory-28 (MHI-28; Besharat, 2009)- Mental Health Inventory-28 is a shortened form of a 38item mental health scale (Veit & Ware, 1983). It is a 28-item test and it has two sub-scales: Psychological WellBeing (14 items) and Psychological Distress (14 items). Each item is related on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The subject’s minimum and maximum score in psychological wellbeing and psychological distress subscales are 14 and 70, respectively. The psychometric characteristics of the 28item form of this scale were studied, in a sample composed of 760 subjects in two groups of abnormal (n = 277; 173 females and 104 males) and normal (n = 483; 267 females and 216 males). results of this study confirm the concurrent validity of the MHI-28. The results of factor analysis confirmed psychological well-being and psychological distress subscales (Besharat, 2009). 3. Results The statistical features of the participants according to the scores of autonomy, competence, relatedness, extraversion, neuroticism, positive and negative affect, psychological well-being and psychological distress for the entire sample, and separately for men and women, are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Means, standard deviations and T-test results of BNSG-S, EPQ-RS, PANAS and MHI-28 Females Scales Autonomy
Mean 33.61
Males
Total
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
P
9.09
36.50
8.47
34.72
8.95
0.006
Competence
29.87
8.20
31.40
8.10
30.46
8.15
0.107
Relatedness
44.45
9.97
41.70
10.45
43.39
10.23
0.021
Extraversion
8.11
3.06
7.73
2.98
7.97
3.03
0.275
Neuroticism
6.15
2.35
5.80
2.62
6.01
2.46
0.214
Positive Affect
35.26
8.15
34.90
9.02
35.12
8.48
0.716
Negative Affect
18.53
4.62
19.83
4.68
19.03
4.68
0.017
11.72
53.16
11.09
52.01
11.50
0.164
8.89
31.53
8.37
32.21
8.69
0.272
Psychological Well-Being Psychological Distress
51.30 32.64
BNSG-S= Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale; EPQ-RS= Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale; PANAS= Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; MHI-28= Mental Health Inventory-28.
3.1. Test-retest reliability To examine test–retest reliability of the Farsi version of the BNSG-S, 78 participants were asked to complete the BNSG-S twice, with a four to six-week interval between measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients between the scale scores at time 1 and time 2 were calculated (Table 2). These results indicated that the BNSG-S has adequate test-retest reliability.
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3.2.Iinternal consistency In order to examine the internal consistency for the BNSG-S, Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated for the 78 participants. The alpha coefficients for the Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness were 0.69, 0.75, and 0.83, respectively in first time and 0.78, 0.73 and 0.81 in second time. These findings suggest that the BNSG-S is internally consistent (Table 2). Table 2. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and correlations between the BNSG-S scores at time 1 and time 2 First time
Second time
Test-Retest
Scales
Mean
SD
α
Mean
SD
α
Autonomy
34.64
8.96
0.69
32.25
8.79
0.78
0.78
Competence
29.92
8.39
0.75
29.46
8.50
0.73
0.67
Relatedness
42.53
10.04
0.83
29.46
10.43
0.81
0.81
All coefficients are significant (p≤0/001)
3.3. Validity content validity of the BNSG-S was evaluated by a group of five psychologists and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness were 0.70, 0.82 and 0.66, respectively. To assess the convergent and differential validity of the BNSG-S, the correlations of the BNSG-S with extraversion and neuroticism subscales of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Mental Health Inventory-28, were calculated. Consequences, BNSG-S subscales positively correlated with extraversion, positive affect and psychological well-Being and negatively correlated with neuroticism, negative affect and psychological distress. these results verify convergent and differential validity of the BNSG-S. 4. Discussion This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the BNSG-S. The results of this study indicated that BNSG-S has adequate Psychometric properties. In order to examine the internal consistency for the BNSG-S, Cronbach alpha coefficients were calculated and results suggest that the Farsi version of the BNSG-S is internally consistent. To examine the test–retest reliability of the Farsi version of the BNSG-S, 78 participants were asked to complete the BNSG-S twice, with a four to six-week interval between measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients between the scale scores at time 1 and time 2 were calculated that All coefficients are significant. these findings are consistent with results from previous research on psychometric properties of the BNSG-S (e.g., Johnston & Finney, 2010; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009; Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci, 2009). Moreover these results verify validity of the BNSG-S and proof the findings of previous research (e.g., Johnston & Finney, 2010; Kashdan, Mishra, Breen, & Froh, 2009; Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci, 2009). The BNSG-S provides Iranian researchers with a brief and easy scale to administer and interpret. Further, the BNSG-S can be used for the purposes of exploring underlying basic needs Satisfaction. So, the results provide evidence for applicability of the scale and its cross-cultural validity. similar to other primary studies, There are some limitations in the present study. References Besharat, M. A. (2009). Reliability and Validity of a short form of the Mental Health Inventory in an Iranian population. Forensic Medicine, 54, 87-91. [Farsi] Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007a). Assessing autonomy-supportive coaching strategies in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 671-684. Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2007b). Coaching behaviors associated with changes in fear of failure: Changes in self-talk and need satisfaction as potential mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 75, 383-419.
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