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Pulp and paper manufacture
CURRENT
TOPICS.
Standardized
Lumber Sizes Means. (U. S. Forest Products Mote.)-The need of standard sizes for all the different lumber products has been felt for some time and the action of prominent lumbermen in promoting standardization presages another progressive step in the lumber industry. The laboratory has been coijperating during the past year with the National Lumber Manufacturer’s Association in working out an Some equitable basis for standardizing softwood lumber sizes. of the benefits to be derived from the standardization of sizes are as follows : I. It makes possible a common language for all. The consumer can substitute one species for another with assurance of getting material of the same size. Similarly, if a contractor starts to build several houses and orders his millwork, sash, doors, etc., based on certain lumber sizes as to stock around which the casing fits, the kind of wood can be varied as he desires. 2. Architects and purchasers can order more rapidly with one set sizes. 3. Material of standard sizes is more salable. 4. Building design is simplified, since fewer sizes cati be used. 5. Uniformity in construction results, regardless of the grading rules under which the material is purchased. 6. Remanufacture of larger sizes to match smaller sizes will be reduced and greater utilization with less labor and expense result. 7. Standardization of sizes eliminates local legislation on lumber sizes which confuse manufacture and distribution. Such legislation has been already suggested. 8. Standardization makes for fewer sizes and hence greater efficiency, ease and accuracy in lumber grading. 9. It equalizes competition between manufacturers, because present differences in overrun and freight charges are important factors in determining price. IO. It makes possible uniform practice and sizes in resawing. II. It makes possible a fewer number of drying schedules in the kiln drying of lumber. The National Lumber Manufacturer’s Association will meet September 28th and 29th in Chicago, at which time action will be taken on the standardization of sizes for all softwood lumber. Laboratory,
News
Pulp arid Paper Manufacture. (U. S. Forest Products Laboruare four general processes of reducing wood to a pulp condition. They are known as the ground wood, sulphite, sulphate and soda processes of pulping. The poxlad nlood PYOCUS of pulping is used mainly for the tory, Nezvs Note.)-There
451
452
CURRENT TOPICS.
[J. F. I.
reduction of non-resinous, long-fibred woods, such as spruce and balsam. The barked wood in 2-foot lengths is ground on a grindstone, the surface of which has been sharpened to produce a cutting action. The yield of pulp is approximately go per cent. of the weight of the raw wood. The pulp is inferior in quality and is used only to mix with longer- and stronger-fibred stock-such as unbleached sulphite pulp-in the manufacture of paper in which permanency is not required. The sulphitc process is used chiefly for the reduction of longfibred, non-resinous, coniferous woods, such as spruce, balsam and hemlock, giving a yield of less than 45 per cent., based on the weight of the original wood used. This pulp can be bleached to a high degree of white and is largely used both unbleached and bleached in the manufacture of books, newsprint, wrapping, bond, and tissue papers. Tlze sulph-ute or kraft process of pulping is used for the reduction of any long-fibred wood and yields approximately 45 per cent. This is an alkaline process and can be used for the reduction of both resinous and non-resinous woods, such as the pines, spruces, hemlocks, firs, etc. Kraft pulp is normally not bleached ; but on account of its strength it is used for the manufacture of kraft wrapping paper and high test container board. The soda process is restricted in use to the short-fibred deciduous woods, such as aspen, cottonwood, willow, gum woods, etc., yielding less than 45 per cent. The resulting pulp is invariably bleached to a high degree of white, and after admixture with a longer- and stronger-fibred stock, such as spruce sulphite, is used for the manufacture of book, lithograph, envelope papers, etc. Mountains 454, August, tain in Idaho Blaine-Custer are, however, elevations are on the Hailey
in Idaho. (U. S. Geol. Survey Press Bulletin No. rgzo.)-Hyndman Peak is the only named mounthat rises above 12,000 feet. It stands near the county line and has a height of 12,078 feet. There several unnamed peaks near Hyndman Peak whose greater than 12,000 feet, as shown by the contours topographic map, published by the Survey.
Highest Mountain bf Guam. (U. S. Geol. Survey Press Bulletin No. 454, August, rgzo).-Guam, our little Pacific Island possession, is a mere speck in the “ South Sea,” as Balboa called the Pacific Ocean, but it is by no means flat. Jumulong Mangloc, the highest point in the island, stands 1,274 feet above the sea, according to a chart published by the Survey.
TOPICS.
Standardized
Lumber Sizes Means. (U. S. Forest Products Mote.)-The need of standard sizes for all the different lumber products has been felt for some time and the action of prominent lumbermen in promoting standardization presages another progressive step in the lumber industry. The laboratory has been coijperating during the past year with the National Lumber Manufacturer’s Association in working out an Some equitable basis for standardizing softwood lumber sizes. of the benefits to be derived from the standardization of sizes are as follows : I. It makes possible a common language for all. The consumer can substitute one species for another with assurance of getting material of the same size. Similarly, if a contractor starts to build several houses and orders his millwork, sash, doors, etc., based on certain lumber sizes as to stock around which the casing fits, the kind of wood can be varied as he desires. 2. Architects and purchasers can order more rapidly with one set sizes. 3. Material of standard sizes is more salable. 4. Building design is simplified, since fewer sizes cati be used. 5. Uniformity in construction results, regardless of the grading rules under which the material is purchased. 6. Remanufacture of larger sizes to match smaller sizes will be reduced and greater utilization with less labor and expense result. 7. Standardization of sizes eliminates local legislation on lumber sizes which confuse manufacture and distribution. Such legislation has been already suggested. 8. Standardization makes for fewer sizes and hence greater efficiency, ease and accuracy in lumber grading. 9. It equalizes competition between manufacturers, because present differences in overrun and freight charges are important factors in determining price. IO. It makes possible uniform practice and sizes in resawing. II. It makes possible a fewer number of drying schedules in the kiln drying of lumber. The National Lumber Manufacturer’s Association will meet September 28th and 29th in Chicago, at which time action will be taken on the standardization of sizes for all softwood lumber. Laboratory,
News
Pulp arid Paper Manufacture. (U. S. Forest Products Laboruare four general processes of reducing wood to a pulp condition. They are known as the ground wood, sulphite, sulphate and soda processes of pulping. The poxlad nlood PYOCUS of pulping is used mainly for the tory, Nezvs Note.)-There
451
452
CURRENT TOPICS.
[J. F. I.
reduction of non-resinous, long-fibred woods, such as spruce and balsam. The barked wood in 2-foot lengths is ground on a grindstone, the surface of which has been sharpened to produce a cutting action. The yield of pulp is approximately go per cent. of the weight of the raw wood. The pulp is inferior in quality and is used only to mix with longer- and stronger-fibred stock-such as unbleached sulphite pulp-in the manufacture of paper in which permanency is not required. The sulphitc process is used chiefly for the reduction of longfibred, non-resinous, coniferous woods, such as spruce, balsam and hemlock, giving a yield of less than 45 per cent., based on the weight of the original wood used. This pulp can be bleached to a high degree of white and is largely used both unbleached and bleached in the manufacture of books, newsprint, wrapping, bond, and tissue papers. Tlze sulph-ute or kraft process of pulping is used for the reduction of any long-fibred wood and yields approximately 45 per cent. This is an alkaline process and can be used for the reduction of both resinous and non-resinous woods, such as the pines, spruces, hemlocks, firs, etc. Kraft pulp is normally not bleached ; but on account of its strength it is used for the manufacture of kraft wrapping paper and high test container board. The soda process is restricted in use to the short-fibred deciduous woods, such as aspen, cottonwood, willow, gum woods, etc., yielding less than 45 per cent. The resulting pulp is invariably bleached to a high degree of white, and after admixture with a longer- and stronger-fibred stock, such as spruce sulphite, is used for the manufacture of book, lithograph, envelope papers, etc. Mountains 454, August, tain in Idaho Blaine-Custer are, however, elevations are on the Hailey
in Idaho. (U. S. Geol. Survey Press Bulletin No. rgzo.)-Hyndman Peak is the only named mounthat rises above 12,000 feet. It stands near the county line and has a height of 12,078 feet. There several unnamed peaks near Hyndman Peak whose greater than 12,000 feet, as shown by the contours topographic map, published by the Survey.
Highest Mountain bf Guam. (U. S. Geol. Survey Press Bulletin No. 454, August, rgzo).-Guam, our little Pacific Island possession, is a mere speck in the “ South Sea,” as Balboa called the Pacific Ocean, but it is by no means flat. Jumulong Mangloc, the highest point in the island, stands 1,274 feet above the sea, according to a chart published by the Survey.