Purification of coal gas

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the vessels much further in ,sodden ships, because they could not get timber large enough, and it vqas impossible to make it strong enough b3' joining; but he believed Professor Fairbairn had discovered the means of joining iron, so as to make it equal in strength to solid metal. Having alluded to the building of the Greal Western, and subsequently of the Great Britain, and the prophetic doubts expressed at first regarding lhe fate of each, the speaker proceeded to describe the great vessel tm~. being built by him upon the Thames, for the Eastern Steam Navigation Company, to trade ~'ith India and Australia. IIe showed how the diffi. eulty of carrying coals•,~-~nd havinc~, to stot~, for them, and buy thereat high rates at St. Vincent and the Cape ot flood ttope, and sometmaes the Mauritius, created such an expense that no fi'eights could eo~'er; he showed how it became necessary Io construct a vessel large enough to carry her own coals all the way. When, therefore, he told them tbat the vessel bei1~g constructed was expected to make the voyage to Australia in SO days, carrying a sufficient freight, with 600 first class and 1()00 second class passengers, having three large tiers of decks, 8 feet: each i~ height --that she was 675 feet long, 83 feet beam, 60feet deep~wl~en he told them, that he had just measured St. George's Ilall, and tbund that it wouhl not faMy represent this ship, being only 169 feet, instead of 675 feet long--that up to the top of the hall it was only 82 feet high, and up to the spring of the arch about ~he height of the shit~--lbat the breadth of St. George's Ilall was only 77 tibet, being 6 feet narrower than tlJe hold of the ship, it would give them the nearest approximation he could convey to ~he size of the vessel, tn reply to a question, t~e staled that the huge vessel which he had described would draw 20 feet when light~ m~d 30 feet loaded.~Proc. Brit..,%sociatio~b Sepl. 22~ P35¢.

l'urificv.tion of Coat Gas.* Even those who insist on the comparative purity of our metropolitan as have admitted, so far as regards one of the most obnoxious of its delements, namely, sulphuret of carbon, not only that it is eontaminate~ "~1:!.tlathis impurity, but that all endeavors to withdraw it, short of destrue. :libn of the gas itself as an illuminator, have hitherto been fruilless. It ought to afford the gas companies high gratification, therefore, to learn that it is positively asserted that this grand desiderat,~m has at length been attained, and that the alleged means of withdrawing, not only the sulphuret of carbon, but at the same time the ammonia with which admittedly lheir gas is also contaminated, are so simple, so available, m~d so ensign' applied, that no new or expensive apparatus whatever is requisite irt 0f der to accomplishan end which will not only remove more than one constant source of mischief, but greatly enhance the illuminative po~ver, and hence the value of their gas, and that, too, at a cost to themselves almost nominal. All that is necessary~ it is stated, is to use strata0f hydrated clay along with the lime usually employed in the purification of coal gas. The eNcae~, of this mode of purification has already been tested, it appears, at the "Wakefield gas-works~ on upwards of 3,000,000 From the London Builder, No. ~585.

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Purification of Coal Gas.

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cubic feet of gas. The discovery is a practical one, which, in faet~ has been patented jointly b)' the chairman of the Wakefield Gas-works, Mr. W. Starter, anti another gentleman, also resident at Wakefield, namely, tile Rev. W. R. Bowditch. IIydrated clay, like some few other interesting ehemleal substanees~ forms threefohl combinatior, s, and so, in this ease, effects its purpose. It not only unites, it is said, with the ammonia of the gas as with a base, hut at the same time with itssulphuret of carbon as with an acid, and thus removes both of these noxious impurities from the gas exposed to its influence. Its good offices are said to be not even limited to these; as, in alternation with the lime of the usual purifiers, it assists in removi~)g tarry vapor and other impurities. The illuminative power of the gas, moreover, is thus said to be postlively increasable fi'om 2"2 to 33½ per cent. The following results are given as rather below than above the average of a considerable series of experiments :-" Feb. 14th, lS54.--Gas made with one-seventh cannel eoal:--Lime purification: 5 feet of gas burnt per hour gave light equal to 12~ sperm candles. Clay purification: 5 fi.et of gas burnt per hour gave light equal to 15 sperm candles. Gain : IAght of 55 candies per 100 l'cet of gas, or 100 ti~et clayed equal to L25 limed (nearly).

"March 2d and 3 d . - - ~ o cannel coal used :--Lime purification : 5 feet of gas burnt per hour gave light equal to 11½ sperm candles. Clay purification : 5 feet of gas burnt per hour gave light equal to 15.]. sperm candles. Gain : Light of 75 candles per 100 feet (~fgas, or 100 feet clayed equal to I32~ feet limed."

On this point the patentees say :-' 'An increase of light, ranging fron 1-4 to 1-5, is an ir~kprovement upon which most gas companies would have felicitated themselves had it, and it o n l y , been'attained by superior management, at a cost of no more than ~d. per 1000 cubic feet: the production of light is the object of gas manufacture, and the advantage just na~ned may be expressed commercially as an increase of about k of the article produced, at an expense of 1-40th of the cost of production--gas being assumed to cost Is. 8d. per 1000 feet, Practice cannot but receive with gratitude the boon presented for acceptance by her parent Science.

Of course we are not blind to the circumstance that the patentees of this invention have a personal interest in giving as high a coloring as possible to the alleged advantages of their patented discovery. We merely quote their statements in order to show that it is not only the dttty but the self-interest of the gas companies to look into this matter~ and'at least to give the proposed method a fair trial, since they acknowledge that the removal of sulphuret of carbon is a great desideratum which is yet to be realized. There is, moreover, we think, a high proba' bility that there is little or no exaggeration in what is alleged. The result of the use of clay at Wakefield is distinctly stated to be uniformly successful, and to bear out all that is said of its value. Clay or alumina is one of the cheapest and most abundant substances in nature. Its cost, therefore, is out of the question~ even although no positive benefit in increased illuminative power were attainable by its use. The only expense to speak of in testing its utility will be the Cost of license from the patentees, which will be as nothing when placed in competition with the alleged advantages. We feel more assured than ever, then, that the day is at hand when our metropolitan gas will indeed be so pure that it will find ready and extensive access to our pri-

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rate &veilings, and that the only points to be further urged to that de. sirable end will relate to the requisite general arrangements as to fittings and as to ventilation,--both of these points of great practical importance, to which we have repeatedly drawn attentimb and on which we shall yet again, and very soon we hope, have more urgent reason than ever to dwell.

To JoI~s D.tv~ Murrains STIP,.LING,n e a r Bb'mb,gham, for improvements in the manufacture of rails an(l paris of fail, nays, and @res oJ'railway wheels.~[Sealed 27th August, 1853.]* This invention has for its object the piling certain descriptions of iron for the purpose of being rolled into bars, tor the rails of railways, for switches and erossit~gs of railways, and for t)'res of railway wheels, and consists in piling bars of iron rendered erystallh~e by means of tin, anti. runny, arsenic, or bismuth, with bars of other iron (combined or not with zinc), to give fibrous character to the interior and oilier parts of such compound bars ; the crystalline iro~ coming to the wearing surlaces. Figures 1 and "2, show two piles of iron; the outer plules a, a, and b, b, being of that kind of iron know,, as Fig. 1. Fig, 5. Fig, ~. " Stirling's patent hardened h'on," and - . < ~ - - ~ , ~ - ~'~.~; which i.~ mamffactured accordin~ to tl~e -----g- 4 --¢" ~ g K ~"~"~ " ' _ ~ ~ improvements described under previous ~I~~'~N *}~."~,~,~,N,~ letters-patent ..~ranted In the present palenE r-tee. In the piles, fig. 1, the edges oF the bottom plates a, a : whilst in fig. 2, this atrangement ~s reversed ; the side plales b,b, covering the edges of the top and bottom plates a, a : the object being to enclose the more fibrous iron c, of which the interior of file piles is composed, with iron, hardened by the use of tin, antimony, arsenic, or bismuth, asis now well understood. The bars rolled from the piles, figs. 1 and 2, are intended for, and will be found very useful in, constructing the wing and point rails of railways. Figs. 3 and 4, shiny three forms of piles suitable for being rolled or formed into tlanched or unflanched tyre-iron for railway wheels. In eaeh of these cases the pIates a, a, are of the patent hardened iron above mentioned, and the other plates c, c, are of the more fibrous iron. The number and thickness of the plates composing the piles may be varied, so long as the arrangement of the fibrous and crystalline iron is such as described. The patentee observes, that he prefers, for the more fibrous parts of each pile, to employ that description of iron which has been rendered more fibrous by the use of zinc, as described by him under former patents; but other fibrous iron may be used in place thereof. In making piles of fibrous and rdened iron, more especially when intended for lyres, it is recommeM. to pile the iron so that the bar or bars, which are intended to form the wearing or flanehed surface, should he made longer than the other bars of the pile, and that the pile should be constructed as is shown in *From the Repertory of Patent Inventions, June, 18.54,

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