Quality of life, well-being and wellness: Measuring subjective health for foods and other products

Quality of life, well-being and wellness: Measuring subjective health for foods and other products

Accepted Manuscript Quality of Life, Well-Being and Wellness: Measuring Subjective Health for Foods and Other Products Herbert L. Meiselman PII: DOI: ...
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Accepted Manuscript Quality of Life, Well-Being and Wellness: Measuring Subjective Health for Foods and Other Products Herbert L. Meiselman PII: DOI: Reference:

S0950-3293(16)30106-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.05.009 FQAP 3146

To appear in:

Food Quality and Preference

Received Date: Revised Date: Accepted Date:

15 July 2015 18 May 2016 21 May 2016

Please cite this article as: Meiselman, H.L., Quality of Life, Well-Being and Wellness: Measuring Subjective Health for Foods and Other Products, Food Quality and Preference (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual. 2016.05.009

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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ŵĂƌŬĞƚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĞŶƐŽƌLJͬĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘,ĞĂůƚŚŝƐ ƐĞĞŶĂƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŵĞĂŶƐŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ŵĞĂŶƐŽĨŵĂŬŝŶŐĨŽŽĚƐŵŽƌĞĂƚƚƌĂĐƚŝǀĞƚŽĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƐ͘DĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐǁĂŶƚƚŽƉƌŽŵŝƐĞ͕ ŶŽƚŽŶůLJĂŐŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽŽŶĞƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƐLJŽƵĨĞĞůďĞƚƚĞƌ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƐǁŝƚĐŚĨƌŽŵ ͞ďĞŝŶŐŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͟ƚŽ͞ĨĞĞůŝŶŐďĞƚƚĞƌ͕͟ǁĞŚĂǀĞĞŶƚĞƌĞĚƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ƚŚĂƚŝƐ͕ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĂƐŽƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŵŽƌĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ ŚĞĂůƚŚ͘dŚĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚďLJƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJƚĞƐƚƐŽŶĐŚŽůĞƐƚĞƌŽů͕ďůŽŽĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘ƵƚŶŽŶĞ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚĞůůƵƐŚŽǁƉĞŽƉůĞĨĞĞů͖ƚŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŵĞƚƌŝĐƚŽŚŽǁŽŶĞĨĞĞůƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶŽĨŚŽǁŽŶĞĨĞĞůƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĂƉƉůŝĞƐƚŽŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞŝƚƐĞůĨ͕ ƚŽŚĞĂůƚŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶĂůƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŵĞĚŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ;ŶŽŶͲŚĞĂůƚŚͿĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĨŽŽĚĂŶĚƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐĂƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘&Žƌ ŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĞĞĚƚŽĂƐŬŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ŵĂŬĞƐŽŶĞĨĞĞů͘/ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJ͕ƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶƐĞŶƐŽƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŝůůďĞĂƐŬĞĚƚŽ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŽƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŽǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ;DĞŝƐĞůŵĂŶ͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͘WƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐŝŶƐĞŶƐŽƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚ ƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůůLJĚĞĂůƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘  /ƚŝƐǁŽƌƚŚǁŚŝůĞƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĞdžƉůŽƌĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚĞƌŵƐ͗ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ŝůůŶĞƐƐĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĂŶĚǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘WŚLJƐŝĐŝĂŶƐŚĂǀĞĚŝƐƚŝŶŐƵŝƐŚĞĚƚŚĞƐĞĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĨŽƌ ƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŝƐĞŶďĞƌŐ;ϭϵϳϭͿĂŶĚŶŐĞů;ϭϵϳϳͿĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚƚŚĞŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͕ĂŶĚĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘dŚĞLJŶŽƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƉĂƚŝĞŶƚƐƐƵĨĨĞƌ ŝůůŶĞƐƐĞƐĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͖ƉŚLJƐŝĐŝĂŶƐĚŝĂŐŶŽƐĞĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͘ŝƐĞĂƐĞŝƐǁŚĂƚLJŽƵ ƐĞĞŝŶĂƐŝĐŬƉĞƌƐŽŶǁŚĞŶǀŝĞǁĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ͘/ůůŶĞƐƐŝƐǁŚĂƚŽŶĞƐĞĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ͕ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘/ůůŶĞƐƐŝƐƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨĂƉŽŽƌĞƌ ƐĞŶƐĞŽĨďĞŝŶŐ͘tĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƚĞƌŵƐ͕ŝƐƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞŽĨŝůůŶĞƐƐ͖ŝƚŝƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘/ƚƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞĐůĞĂƌƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽƚĂŽŶĞͲƚŽͲŽŶĞ ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͖ŽŶĞĐĂŶďĞŚĞĂůƚŚLJďƵƚĨĞĞůŶŽƚǁĞůů͕ĂŶĚ ŽŶĞĐĂŶĨĞĞůǁĞůů͕ďƵƚďĞƵŶŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͘ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚŝƐ͕ŵĂŶLJĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĨŽĐƵƐŽŶƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ĂƐǁĞǁŝůůƐĞĞŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘  tĞůůďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞϭϵϳϬƐ͕ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐǁĞƌĞĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞŽĨ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘DŽƐƚƌĞǀŝĞǁƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJĂŬĞLJďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌůĚ,ĞĂůƚŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ;t,K͕ϭϵϰϴͿ͗͞,ĞĂůƚŚŝƐĂƐƚĂƚĞŽĨ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů͕ŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚŶŽƚŵĞƌĞůLJƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ŽƌŝŶĨŝƌŵŝƚLJ͟ƚŚƵƐůŝŶŬŝŶŐŚĞĂůƚŚǁŝƚŚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶũƵƐƚƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞďŽĚLJ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌƚŚĞt,KŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͛ƐƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶ;Žƌ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐͿ͕ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚůĂƚĞƌ͕ƌ͘,ĂůďĞƌƚƵŶŶ͕ĂƉŚLJƐŝĐŝĂŶǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞh͘^͘ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚĂŬĞŶƚŝƚůĞĚ,ŝŐŚ>ĞǀĞůtĞůůŶĞƐƐ;ƵŶŶ͕ϭϵϲϭͿŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŚĞ ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĂƐ͟ĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝŶŐǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŽƌŝĞŶƚĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚ ŵĂdžŝŵŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƚŝĂůŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐĐĂƉĂďůĞ͘͟ 

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ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝƐƉƌŽďĂďůLJƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƐƚĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶŝŶ ŵŽƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ;&ŽƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϭϭͿ͖ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ͕ŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͕ůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞ;ZŽƐĐŽĞ͕ϮϬϬϵͿĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƐĞůĨͲĐĂƌĞ͕ĂŶĚǀŝƚĂůŝƚLJŽƌ ůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJ͘WŚLJƐŝĐĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐƐƵĐŚƚŚŝŶŐƐĂƐĚŝĞƚ͕ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĂŶ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŚĂƐĂĐĐĞƐƐƚŽŚĞĂůƚŚLJĨŽŽĚ͕ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĂŚĞĂůƚŚLJǁĞŝŐŚƚ͕Žƌ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶŽĨĨĂƚ͕ƐĂůƚ͕ĂŶĚƐƵŐĂƌĂƌĞĂƚŚĞĂůƚŚLJůĞǀĞůƐ͘ZĞĂĚĞƌƐ ǁŝůůŶŽƚŝĐĞƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐďŝĂƐƚŽǁĂƌĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŚĞĂůƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞŝƐƐƵĞƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘

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ƒ

ƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽĨĂůů ƉĞŽƉůĞ;ZŽƐĐŽĞ͕ϮϬϬϵ͖&ŽƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϭϭͿ͖ƐŽŵĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂůƐŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘/ƐƐƵĞƐŝŶƐŽĐŝĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŽĐŝĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ;ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ĞŵŽƚŝŽŶĂů͕ĂŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂůͿ͕ĂŶĚŚŽǁ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŚĞLJĨĞĞůƚŽƚŚĞŝƌĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘

ƒ

ŵŽƚŝŽŶĂůͬƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƚŚĞĂǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůͬĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ;ZŽƐĐŽĞ͕ϮϬϬϵͿ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌ͕ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ ŐŽĂůƐ͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚƐ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽǀĞƌŽŶĞ͛ƐůŝĨĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞĚĞŵĂŶĚƐĂŶĚƐƚƌĞƐƐĞƐŽĨĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJůŝĨĞ͕ƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞƐĐĂůůĞĚƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐLJ;&ŽƐƚĞƌĞƚ Ăů͕ϮϬϭϭͿ͘/ƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĂďůĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐ͕ůŝĨĞ ƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŵĞŶƚĂůŚĞĂůƚŚ͘&ŽƌƐŽŵĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ͕ŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐ;^ƚĞǁĂƌƚĞƚ Ăů͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͕ůŝĨĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶ;ŝĞŶĞƌĞƚĂů͕ϭϵϴϱͿ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐLJ;ŽŶŶŽƌĂŶĚ ĂǀŝĚƐŽŶ͕ϮϬϬϯͿŚĂǀĞďĞĐŽŵĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ ĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͘

ƒ

ŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐƐƚŝŵƵůĂƚŝŶŐŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůĂĐƚŝǀŝƚLJ͕ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŐƌŽǁƚŚ;ZŽƐĐŽĞ͕ϮϬϬϵͿ͕ĂŶĚďŽƚŚĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽůŝĨĞůŽŶŐ ůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶƐŚĂƌŝŶŐŽŶĞΖƐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌƐ;&ŽƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͕ ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚůŝƚĞƌĂĐLJĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ĂŶĚĂůƐŽŚĞůƉǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƐŽĐŝĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐĂŶĚ ƉůĂŶĨŽƌĂŶĚĂĚĂƉƚƚŽĨƵƚƵƌĞƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘

ƒ

ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĨŝŶĚŝŶŐŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĂŶĚƉƵƌƉŽƐĞŝŶůŝĨĞĂŶĚŝŶƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͖ĨŽƌƐŽŵĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŝƚŝƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚǁĞůůĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚŝŶƐŽŵĞ ĐŽŶƚĞdžƚƐ͕ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƚŽZŽƐĐŽĞĞƚĂů ;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘^ƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶŽŶĞƐĞůĨ͕ĂŶĚŝƚĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐŝŶ ůŝĨĞ͘tŚŝůĞƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝƐŶŽƚǀŝĞǁĞĚĂƐƐLJŶŽŶLJŵŽƵƐǁŝƚŚƌĞůŝŐŝŽŶ͕ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐ ďĞůŝĞĨƐĐĂŶďĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ;&ŽƐƚĞƌĞƚĂů͕ ϮϬϭϭͿ͘

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ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŶŐĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ͕ŽƌŝƐŝƚŵŽƌĞƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ;ŝŶ ƚŚĞtĞƐƚͿ͍ƌĞƚŚĞŝƌĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŝŶ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƐŝĂĂŶĚĨƌŝĐĂ͍tŚĂƚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶŐŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĂƚ ǁĞĚŽŶŽƚŚĂǀĞĂŶĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŽƚŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶ͕ďƵƚƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐŶĞǀĞƌĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘ YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨ>ŝĨĞ YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŚĂƐŶŽƚďĞĞŶĞĂƐLJƚŽĚĞĨŝŶĞĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞǁŽƌŬŽŶ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞďLJƚŚĞtŽƌůĚ,ĞĂůƚŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ;ƐĞĞt,K͕ϭϵϵϳͿ͘DŽŽŶƐĞƚĂů;ϮϬϬϲͿ ĂŶĚ'ƌƵŶĞƌƚĞƚĂů;ϮϬϬϳͿŚĂǀĞŶŽƚĞĚƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘DŽŽŶƐĞƚĂů;ϮϬϬϲͿƌĞǀŝĞǁƉĂƐƚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚƐƚŽĚĞĨŝŶĞĂŶĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐďŽƚŚŽďũĞĐƚŝǀĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ dŚĞLJŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐŽŵĞĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚŽŶďŽƚŚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ďƵƚĂŐƌŽǁŝŶŐƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚ ŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞƚƚĞƌĚĞĨŝŶĞƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͘ŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŝƐƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂƐŚĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐŽƌĂĨĨĞĐƚ͕ŽƌƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶĂƐƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞ͖ďŽƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞ ƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞ͘ DŽŽŶƐĞƚĂůŶŽƚĞƚŚĞůĂĐŬŽĨĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚƐƚĂƚƵƐ͕ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐƚŚĞǀŝĞǁƚŽĚŝƐƚŝŶŐƵŝƐŚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŚĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽƌĞŚŽůŝƐƚŝĐƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞLJŝŶĐůƵĚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞĂŶĚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĚŽŵĂŝŶƐ ŽĨůŝĨĞĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĞƋƵĂƚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ĨƚĞƌĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJĂŶĂůLJnjŝŶŐĂ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŝnjĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͕DŽŽŶƐĞƚĂů;ϮϬϬϲͿĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚƚŚĞĐůŽƐĞƐƚĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶ͘  dŚĞĨŝĞůĚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚŽŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĂĐƚŝǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌůĚ ,ĞĂůƚŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ;t,KͿĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƉŽƌƚƐŽǀĞƌĂůŽŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨƚŝŵĞ͘dŚĞt,K ;ϭϵϵϳͿĚĞĨŝŶĞƐƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ;YK>ͿĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗͞t,KĚĞĨŝŶĞƐYƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨ>ŝĨĞĂƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͛ƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝƌƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŝŶůŝĨĞŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚǀĂůƵĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJůŝǀĞĂŶĚŝŶƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŐŽĂůƐ͕ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͘/ƚŝƐĂďƌŽĂĚƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚĂĨĨĞĐƚĞĚŝŶĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžǁĂLJďLJƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶΖƐ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŚĞĂůƚŚ͕ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐƚĂƚĞ͕ůĞǀĞůŽĨŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ďĞůŝĞĨƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƚŽƐĂůŝĞŶƚĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘͟;t,K͕ϭϵϵϳ͕Ɖ͘ ϭͿ͘ dŚĞt,KĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŝĚĞůLJƵƐĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ;ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞƌĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐƌŽƐƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĚĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶŵƵůƚŝƉůĞůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞt,KƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐƵŶŝƋƵĞŝŶƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞĨŝĞůĚŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞt,KƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞt,KYK>͕ƚŚĞƐŚŽƌƚĞƌ t,KYK>ͲZ&͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƐŚŽƌƚĞƌhZK,/^ͲYK>;t,K͕ϭϵϵϳͿ͘ůůŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌĂƌĞƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĚŝŶdĂďůĞϭϮ͘



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tĞůůͲĞŝŶŐ ƚƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌŽŶǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵƌĞĂĚĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐŝƐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞǁŽƌĚ͘ŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ ůĂƚƚĞƌ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐŝƐƐƉĞůůĞĚŝŶƚŚƌĞĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐ;ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐͿ ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͘/ŶŵŽƐƚŶŐůŝƐŚƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐŝƐŽŶĞǁŽƌĚ͖ŝŶ EŽƌƚŚŵĞƌŝĐĂ;h^ĂŶĚĂŶĂĚĂͿǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŝƐƐƉĞůůĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŚLJƉŚĞŶƐĞƉĂƌĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞƚǁŽ ǁŽƌĚƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ƐƉĞůůĐŚĞĐŬǁŝůůŶŽƚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞǁŽƌĚĨŽƌŵ ;ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐͿ͘KĐĐĂƐŝŽŶĂůůLJ͕ŽŶĞƐĞĞƐǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐĂƐƚǁŽƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞǁŽƌĚƐ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘tŚĞŶ LJŽƵĂƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐĨŽƌǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ŽƌǁƌŝƚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚĞƌŵǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ďĞĐĂƌĞĨƵů ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐƉĞůůŝŶŐĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐƌĞǀŝĞǁ͕/ǁŝůůƵƐĞƚŚĞŽŶĞǁŽƌĚƚĞƌŵ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘ ŽĚŐĞĞƚĂů;ϮϬϭϮͿ͕ŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ŶŽƚĞ͗͞The question of how wellbeing should be defined (or spelt) still remains largely unresolved, which has given rise to blurred and overly broad definitions of wellbeing.” /ŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶƚŽĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƐƉĞůůŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘ŽĚŐĞĞƚĂů;ϮϬϭϮͿƐƚƌĞƐƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞ ŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƚǁŽĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĨŽƌĂĚĚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͗͞the hedonic tradition, which accentuated constructs such as happiness, positive affect, low negative affect, and satisfaction with life”… ͞and the eudaimonic tradition, which highlighted positive psychological functioning and human development”. Dodge et al (2012) go on to stress that wellbeing is probably multidimensional, meaning that more than two concepts are probably involved. In fact the hedonic tradition includes both a cognitive evaluation of life as a whole (life evaluation) as well as measures of affect, involving the feelings at a particular time. The eudaimonic tradition of wellbeing deals with people’s purpose in life (OECD Report, 2013). And authors have stressed that wellbeing is composed of dimensions as pointed out above for the broad category of wellness (Bell et al (2004). ŶŽƚŚĞƌƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞŽŶǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƚŝŶŐƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ;>ŝŶůĞLJĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϬϵͿ͘^ƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJ



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ĞdžƉĞƌƚŽƉŝŶŝŽŶŽƌĞdžŝƐƚŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͘dŚĞŝƌŵƵůƚŝͲƐƚĞƉƉƌŽĐĞƐƐLJŝĞůĚĞĚĂ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞǁŝƚŚƐŝdžŵŽĚƵůĞƐ͗͞'ƌŽĐĞƌLJƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ͟;ϭϭŝƚĞŵƐͿ͕ĂŶĚ͞ŝŶŝŶŐƉůĂĐĞƐ͟;ϭϭ ŝƚĞŵƐͿ͕ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͕͞ŽŽŬŝŶŐ͟;ϭϱŝƚĞŵƐͿĂŶĚ͞ĂƚŝŶŐĂŶĚĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ͟;ϲϲ ŝƚĞŵƐͿ͕ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjŝŶŐĐŽŽŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĞĂƚŝŶŐ͖͞ŽŵŵĞŶƐĂůŝƚLJ͟;ϴŝƚĞŵƐͿ͕ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚ͞ĂƚŝŶŐŚĂďŝƚƐĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚ͟;ϮϯŝƚĞŵƐͿ͕ĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĞĨĞƌƌĞĚŚĞĂůƚŚďĞŶĞĨŝƚƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĨŽŽĚŚĂďŝƚƐ͘hŶĚŽƵďƚĞĚůLJ͕ǁĞǁŝůůƐĞĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ&ƌĞŶĐŚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚďĂƐĞĚŽŶ ƚŚŝƐŵŽĚĞůĂŶĚƚŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ͘dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐƐƚƌĞƐƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞĐĂŶďĞ ŵŽĚŝĨŝĞĚƚŽƐƵŝƚƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌƚĞƐƚŝŶŐƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ďLJƚĂŬŝŶŐŝƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚƵůĞƐ͘ dŚƵƐ͕ǁĞƐĞĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽĨŽŽĚ͘tĞǁŝůůǁĂƚĐŚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŝŶŐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĂůůŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĂƐ;ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͕ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐͿƚŽƐĞĞŝĨƚŚŝƐƚƌĞŶĚĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƐ͘ŶĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞŝƐƚŚĂƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŝŶŽŶĞĂƌĞĂǁŝůůďĞďŽƌƌŽǁĞĚďLJŽƚŚĞƌĂƌĞĂƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĐůĞĂƌĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚŝŽŶŽĨǁŚĂƚ ĂƌĞĂƚŚĞLJďĞůŽŶŐŝŶ͘ tĞůůŶĞƐƐ /ŚĂǀĞĚĞĐŝĚĞĚƚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐůĂƐƚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌ͕ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐ͘/ŚŽƉĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌĐĂŶƉƵƚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘dŚĞǁĞůůŶĞƐƐůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝƐĞƋƵĂůůLJůŽĂĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŽƉƚŝŽŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐŝĚĞŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŐƌĞĂƚ ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĂůƚŝĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůLJ;ǀĞƌLJͿůŽŶŐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͕ŽĨƚĞŶǁŝƚŚ ŽǀĞƌϭϬϬŝƚĞŵƐ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞŵůĞƐƐƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĂůĨŽƌĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘dŚŽƐĞǁŚŽǁŝƐŚƚŽ ƐĞĞŚŽǁǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŝŶƚŚĞĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ ŵŝŐŚƚǁĂŶƚƚŽůŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐ͘ŶĚƐŽŵĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐͬƐĐĂůĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞƐŵŝŐŚƚďĞŚĞůƉĨƵůŝŶƚŚŽƐĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐŶĞǁŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘ ^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞƚƚĞƌŬŶŽǁŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐĨŝĞůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞ tĞůůŶĞƐƐǀĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ>ŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞ;t>ͿǁŝƚŚϭϯϭŝƚĞŵƐ;DLJĞƌƐĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϬϰĂͿ͕ƚŚĞtĞůůŶĞƐƐ /ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJͬtĞůůŶĞƐƐ/ŶĚĞdžǁŝƚŚϭϮϬŝƚĞŵƐ;ǁǁǁ͘ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͘ŶĞƚͿ͕ĂŶĚdĞƐƚǁĞůůǁŝƚŚϱϬŽƌ ϭϬϬŝƚĞŵƐ;KǁĞŶ͕ϭϵϵϵͿ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞ&ŝǀĞ&ĂĐƚŽƌtĞůůŶĞƐƐ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJ;&&t>ͿǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŵŽĚĞůŝŶŐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ tĞůůŶĞƐƐǀĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ>ŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞ;t>Ϳ;DLJĞƌƐ͕^ǁĞĞŶĞLJĂŶĚtŝƚŵĞƌϮϬϬϰďͿ͘dŚĞ tĞůůŶĞƐƐǀĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ>ŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞǁĂƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞtŚĞĞůŽĨtĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ŝŶDLJĞƌƐĞƚĂů;ϮϬϬϬͿ͘dŚĞ&&t>ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌŽƌĚĞƌtĞůůŶĞƐƐĨĂĐƚŽƌĂŶĚϱ ƐĞĐŽŶĚŽƌĚĞƌĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐĞǀĞŶƚĞĞŶĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞƐĐĂůĞƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐ ƐĞǀĞŶƚLJͲĨŽƵƌƐĐŽƌĞĚŝƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞtĞůůŶĞƐƐ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJͬ/ŶĚĞdžŝƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨ:ŽŚŶ t͘dƌĂǀŝƐ;ƐĞĞ,ĞĂůƚŚtŽƌůĚKŶůŝŶĞĂƚǁǁǁ͘ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͘ŶĞƚͿ͘/ƚĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨϭϮϬƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐ͖ ϭϮƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐŽĨϭϬƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚƐĞĐƚŝŽŶĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞϭϮ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘    dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶŽƚŵƵĐŚĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚŽƐĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĐŽŶĚƵĐƚŝŶŐĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŽƵƚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐĨŽĐƵƐŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͘ ;<ŝŶŐĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϭϱͿ͕ƵƐŝŶŐĂƐŝŵŝůĂƌĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚ 

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ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͕dŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŽĨ ŚĞĂůƚŚŚĂǀĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚůŝƚĞƌĂůůLJƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͕ďƵƚŵŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŵŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͕ƚƌLJŝŶŐƚŽĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐŝĐŬŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĂŶĚŚĞĂůƚŚLJŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐʹǀĞƌLJĨĞǁŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞ ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŚĂǀĞĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶǁĞůůƉĞŽƉůĞ͘DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚŽĨǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŚĂǀĞ ĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶŽǀĞƌĂůůĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝŶŐ͘YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďLJƚŚĞ tŽƌůĚ,ĞĂůƚŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ;t,KͿ͘^ƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞǁĞůůďĞŝŶŐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĞ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞͲŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĂĨĨĞĐƚďĂůĂŶĐĞĂŶĚƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞ͕ĂŶĚŝƐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚǁŝƚŚƚǁŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƚƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ͘tĞůůďĞŝŶŐŚĂƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĂŝŵĞĚĂƚƚŚĞĨŽŽĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚĞĂƚŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŝƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐĐƌŽƐƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐƚŽĨŽŽĚƐĂŶĚĞĂƚŝŶŐ͘tĞůůŶĞƐƐŚĂƐůĂƌŐĞůLJďĞĞŶ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚƐŽĨĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͘^ŽŵĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŝŶ ďŽƚŚĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĞĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌĞƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĚŝŶdĂďůĞϭϮ͘tĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞƉƌŽŵŝƐĞƚŽďĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŝŶĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶŽĨĨŽŽĚĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘ŶĚďĞĐĂƵƐĞǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝƐĂƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞĂƚƚƌŝďƵƚĞ͕ƉĞŽƉůĞŝŶ ƐĞŶƐŽƌLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂƌĞƚƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŽǁŽƌŬǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƐŚŽƵůĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽƚŚĞŝƌƚĞƐƚŝŶŐƌĞƉĞƌƚŽŝƌĞ͘ /E^Zdd>ϭϮ  ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͗  Ares, G., de Saldamando, L., Giménez, A., Claret, A., Cunha, L.M., Guerrero, L., de Moura, A. P.., Oliveira, D.C.R. Symoneaux, R., Deliza, R. (2014) Consumers’ associations with wellbeing in a food-related context: A cross-cultural study. Food Quality and Preference, 40, 304-315. Barr, J. T., & Schumacher, G. E. (2003). The need for a nutrition-related quality-of-life measure. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 177–180. Barr, J. T., Schumacher, G., & Myers, E. F. (2001). Case problem: Quality of life outcomes assessment. How can you use it in medical nutrition therapy? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101, 1064–1066. Bech P. (2012) Clinical Psychometrics, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Ğůů/Z͕ƵŶŶŝŶŐŚĂŵs͕ĂƐƉŝK͕DĞĞŬW͕&ĞƌƌŽ>͘;ϮϬϬϰͿĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚǀĂůŝĚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂ ŶĞǁŐůŽďĂůǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐƌĂƚŝŶŐƐĐĂůĞĨŽƌŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝǀĞŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘D ŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚůƚĞƌŶ͕ϰ͗ϭ͘ ŽŶŐĞƌƐ͕W͕͘:ĂŶƐĞŶ͕͕͘,ĂǀĞƌŵĂŶƐ͕Z͕͘ZŽĞĨƐ͕͕͘EĞĚĞƌŬŽŽƌŶ͕͘;ϮϬϭϯͿ,ĂƉƉLJĞĂƚŝŶŐ͘ dŚĞƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞĚƌŽůĞŽĨŽǀĞƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŝŶĂƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŵŽŽĚ͘ƉƉĞƚŝƚĞ͕ϲϳ͕ϳϰʹϴϬ ŽŶŽŵŝ͕͕͘WĂƚƌŝĐŬ͕͘>͕͘ƵƐŚŶĞůů͕͘D͕͘DĂƌƚŝŶ͕D͘;ϮϬϬϬͿZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͘YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͘tŝůůǁĞĞǀĞƌďĞƐĂƚŝƐĨŝĞĚ͍:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨůŝŶŝĐĂůƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐLJ͕ϱϯ͕ϭϵʹϮϯ͘



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Corle, D. K., Sharbaugh, C., Mateski, D. J., Coyne, T., Paskett, E. D., Cahill, J., et al. (2001). Self-rated quality of life measures: Effect of change to a low-fat, high-fiber, fruit and vegetable enriched diet. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 23, 198–207. ĚĂZŽĐŚĂ͕E͘^͕͘WŽǁĞƌ͕D͘:͕͘ƵƐŚŶĞůů͕͘D͕͘ĂŶĚ&ůĞĐŬ͕D͘W͕͘;ϮϬϭϮͿdŚĞhZK,/^ͲYK> ϴͲ/ƚĞŵ/ŶĚĞdž͗ŽŵƉĂƌĂƚŝǀĞWƐLJĐŚŽŵĞƚƌŝĐWƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐƚŽ/ƚƐWĂƌĞŶƚt,KYK>ͲZ&͘sĂůƵĞ ŝŶ,ĞĂůƚŚ͕ϭϱ͕ϰϰϵʹϰϱϳ͘ ŝĞŶĞƌ͕͕͘ŵŵŽŶƐ͕Z͕͘͘>ĂƌƐĞŶ͕Z͘:͕͘ĂŶĚ'ƌŝĨĨŝŶ͕^͘;ϭϵϴϱͿdŚĞ^ĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚ>ŝĨĞ ^ĐĂůĞ͕:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨWĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚLJƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͕ϰϵ͕ϳϭͲϳϱ͘ ŝĞŶĞƌ͕͕͘tŝƌƚnj͕͕͘dŽǀ͕t͕͘<ŝŵͲWƌŝĞƚŽ͕͕͘ŚŽŝ͕͕͘KŝƐŚŝ͕^͕͘ΘŝƐǁĂƐͲŝĞŶĞƌ͕Z͘ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘EĞǁŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͗&ůŽƵƌŝƐŚŝŶŐĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ͘ ^ŽĐŝĂů/ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ϯϵ͕ϮϰϳͲϮϲϲ͘ Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222-235. ƵŶŶ͕,͘;ϭϵϲϭͿ,ŝŐŚ>ĞǀĞůtĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ƌůŝŶŐƚŽŶ͕s͗ĞĂƚƚLJWƌĞƐƐ  ŝƐĞŶďĞƌŐ͕>͘;ϭϵϳϭͿ͕ŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚ/ůůŶĞƐƐ͘ŝƐƚŝŶĐƚŝŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚƉŽƉƵůĂƌ ŝĚĞĂƐŽĨƐŝĐŬŶĞƐƐ͘ƵůƚƵƌĞ͕DĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ͕ĂŶĚWƐLJĐŚŝĂƚƌLJ͕ϭ;ϭͿ͕ϵͲϮϯ͘  '͘>͘ŶŐĞů;ϭϵϳϳͿdŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĂŶĞǁŵĞĚŝĐĂůŵŽĚĞů͗ĂĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞĨŽƌďŝŽŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ͘ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ϭϵϲ͕ϭϮϵͲϭϯϲ͘ &ŽƐƚĞƌ͕>͘d͘ĂŶĚ<ĞůůĞƌ͕͘W͘;ϮϬϬϳͿƚůĂƐŽĨtĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ϭƐƚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĂĚŝĂŶtĞƐƚĞƌŶ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂů^ĞƌŝĞƐͻsŽůƵŵĞϰϮΞtĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůWƌĞƐƐ͕Department of Geography, University of Victoria P.O. Box 3050, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P5  &ŽƐƚĞƌ͕>͘d͕͘<ĞůůĞƌ͕͘W͕͘DĐ<ĞĞ͕͘ĂŶĚKƐƚƌLJ͕͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͕dŚĞƌŝƚŝƐŚŽůƵŵďŝĂϮŶĚ ĚŝƚŝŽŶƚůĂƐŽĨtĞůůŶĞƐƐϮŶĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕tĞƐƚĞƌŶ'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůWƌĞƐƐ͕ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ 'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨsŝĐƚŽƌŝĂW͘K͘ŽdžϯϬϱϬ͕sŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ͕͕ĂŶĂĚĂsϴtϯWϱ 'ƌƵŶĞƌƚ͕<͘'͘ĞĂŶ͕D͕͘ZĂĂƚƐ͕D͘D͕͘EŝĞůƐĞŶ͕E͕͘͘>ƵŵďĞƌƐ͕D͘ĂŶĚ&ŽŽĚŝŶ>ĂƚĞƌ>ŝĨĞ dĞĂŵ;ϮϬϬϳͿŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚĨŽŽĚͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚůŝĨĞ͘ƉƉĞƚŝƚĞ͕ϰϵ͕ϰϴϲʹϰϵϯ͘ Ă ď 'ƵŝůůĞŵŝŶ͕/͘DĂƌƌĞů͕͕ƌŶŽƵůĚ͕͕͘ ͕>͘ĂƉƵƌŽŶ͕>͕͘ ͕͘ƵƉƵLJ͕͕͘'ŝŶŽŶ͕͕͘>ĂLJĞ͕ ^͕͘>ĞĐĞƌĨ͕:ͲD͕WƌŽƐƚ͕D͕͘ZŽŐĞĂƵdž͕D͕͘hƌĚĂƉŝůůĞƚĂ͕/͕͘ůůĂĞƌƚ͘&͘Ͳ͘;ϮϬϭϲͿ,Žǁ&ƌĞŶĐŚ ƐƵďũĞĐƚƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĨŽŽĚĂŶĚĞĂƚŝŶŐŚĂďŝƚƐ͍ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ŝƚĞŵƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚƐĐŽƌŝŶŐĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtĞůůͲĞŝŶŐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽ&ŽŽĚYƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ;tĞůůͲ&YΞͿ͘ ƉƉĞƚŝƚĞ͕ϵϲ͕ϯϯϯͲϯϰϲ͘ ,ĂƌĂƌŝ͕D͘:͕͘tĂĞŚůĞƌ͕͕͘͘ΘZŽŐĞƌƐ͕:͘Z͘;ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ŶĞŵƉŝƌŝĐĂůŝŶǀĞƐƚŝŐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂ ƚŚĞŽƌĞƚŝĐĂůůLJďĂƐĞĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͕



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Development, 36, 194-208. Myers J. E., Sweeney T. J., and Witmer J. M. (2004b) Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle Manual. Greensboro, NC: Mind Garden, Inc. DLJĞƌƐ͕:͕͘͘^ǁĞĞŶĞLJ͕d͘:͘ĂŶĚtŝƚŵĞƌ͘:͘D͘;ϮϬϬϬͿdŚĞtŚĞĞůŽĨtĞůůŶĞƐƐĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐ ĨŽƌtĞůůŶĞƐƐ͗ŚŽůŝƐƚŝĐŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕Ϯϴ͕ϮϱϭͲϮϲϲ͘  OECD Report, 2013 KǁĞŶ͕d͘Z͘;ϭϵϵϵͿdŚĞƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚǀĂůŝĚŝƚLJŽĨĂǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJ͘ŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ:ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ,ĞĂůƚŚWƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶ͕sŽůϭϯ;ϯͿ͕:ĂŶͲ&Ğďϭϵϵϵ͕ϭϴϬͲϭϴϮ͘  WĂǀŽƚ͕t͘ĂŶĚŝĞŶĞƌ͕͘;ϮϬϬϵͿZĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚůŝĨĞƐĐĂůĞ͘/ŶŝĞŶĞƌ͕͘ ;Ě͘ͿƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐtĞůůͲĞŝŶŐ͗dŚĞŽůůĞĐƚĞĚtŽƌŬƐŽĨĚŝĞŶĞƌ͘EĞǁzŽƌŬ͗^ƉƌŝŶŐĞƌ͕ƉƉ͘ ϭϬϭͲϭϭϴ͘ ZŽƐĐŽĞ͕>͘:͘;ϮϬϬϵͿtĞůůŶĞƐƐ͗ƌĞǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞŽƌLJĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĐŽƵŶƐĞůŽƌƐ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ϴϳ͕ϮϭϲͲϮϮϲ͘  ^ĐŚƵŶĞŵĂŶŶ͕,͘:͕͘^ƉĞƌĂƚŝ͕&͕͘ĂƌďĂ͕D͕͘^ĂŶƚĞƐƐŽ͕E͕͘DĞůĞŐĂƌŝ͕͕͘Ŭů͕͕͘͘ĞƚĂů͘ ;ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ŶŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŝŶƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƚŽŶƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶ͗ŝƚĞŵŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ͕ ŝƚĞŵƌĞĚƵĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŝŶŝƚŝĂůǀĂůŝĚĂƚŝŽŶ͘,ĞĂůƚŚĂŶĚYƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨ>ŝĨĞKƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͕ϴ͕Ϯϲ͘ ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϴϲͬϭϰϳϳͲϳϱϮϱͲϴͲϮϲ͘  ^ĞůŝŐŵĂŶ͕D͘͘W͕͘͞&ůŽƵƌŝƐŚ͗sŝƐŝŽŶĂƌLJEĞǁhŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨ,ĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚtĞůůͲ ďĞŝŶŐ;ϮϬϭϭͿE͘z͗͘^ŝŵŽŶΘ^ĐŚƵƐƚĞƌ  Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O’Connell KA. The World Health Organization’s WHOQOLBREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL Group. Qual Life Res 2004;13:299 –310 Stewart, M.E., Watson, R., Clark, A., Ebmeier, K.P, and Deary, I.J. (2010) A hierarchy of happiness? Mokken scaling analysis of the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 845–848 Ware J.E., Kosinski M., Dewey J.E. How to Score Version Two of the SF-36 Health Survey. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric, Incorporated, 2000. Ware J.E., Kosinski M., Turner-Bowker D.M., Gandek B. How to Score Version 2 of he SF-12® Health Survey (With a Supplement Documenting Version 1). Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated, 2002.



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KďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐ ƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĂŐƌĞĞĚ ƵƉŽŶ ĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ ĂŶĚĂŶ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŽ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂů ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ͘ džƉĞƌƚƌĞǀŝĞǁ͘ ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶƐŽĨ džƉůŽƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ ĚŽŵĂŝŶƐĂŶĚĨĂĐĞƚƐ͘ ƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨ ůŝĨĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͘ &ŽĐƵƐŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘ 'ůŽďĂůŝƚĞŵƉŽŽů͘ ZĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƉŽŽů͘ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ ϯϬϬŝƚĞŵ ZĞĨŝŶĞƚŚĞ t,KYK>WŝůŽƚ&ŽƌŵŝŶϭϱ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚ t,KYK> ĨŝĞůĚĐĞŶƚƌĞƐƚŽϮϱϬ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƉĂƚŝĞŶƚƐĂŶĚϱϬ͞ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͟ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ͘   ZĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƉŽŽů͘ ^͘ĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƐŵĂůůĞƌƐĐĂůĞ ŽŵŵŽŶϭϬϬŝƚĞŵ dŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐĐůĞĂƌĂŶĚ ƉŽŽů͘ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚƚŚĞ ŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŽƵƐ ƉƐLJĐŚŽŵĞƚƌŝĐ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚƉĂƌĂůůĞůƵƐĞŽĨ ƚŚĞt,KYK>͘ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůͬŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂů YK>ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ͘  ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝƐĞĚĂŶĚ  ĐƌŽƐƐͲŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůůLJ ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ ƐĐĂůĞƐ͘ ŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ďďƌĞǀŝĂƚĞĚϮϲŝƚĞŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉĂ t,KYK>͗ͲϭϬϬ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ďƌŝĞĨǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞ t,KYK>ͲϭϬϬ ĨŽƌƵƐĞŝŶ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕

ĂƵĚŝƚĂŶĚ ĐůŝŶŝĐĂůǁŽƌŬ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞƵƐĞŽĨĂ ůŽŶŐĞƌ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ ŝƐŶŽƚ ƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĂďůĞ͘  dĂďůĞϮ͘

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 ϰ͘^ŽĐŝĂůƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƐ   ϱ͘ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ        ϲ͘^ƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůŝƚLJ  dĂďůĞϯ

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 ,ŽǁǁŽƵůĚLJŽƵƌĂƚĞLJŽƵƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨ ůŝĨĞ

Ϯ͘ ϯ͘ ϰ͘

ϱ͘ ϲ͘ ϳ͘ ϴ͘ ϵ͘ ϭϬ͘ ϭϭ͘ ϭϮ͘

ϭϯ͘ ϭϰ͘ ϭϱ͘ ϭϲ͘

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      7DEOH

^t&>^ĐĂůĞ/ƚĞŵƐ DLJůŝĨĞŝŶƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƚŽĨŽŽĚĂŶĚŵĞĂůƐŝƐĐůŽƐĞƚŽŝĚĞĂů͘ tŝƚŚƌĞŐĂƌĚƚŽĨŽŽĚ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐŽĨŵLJůŝĨĞĂƌĞĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚ͘ /ĂŵŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJƉůĞĂƐĞĚǁŝƚŚŵLJĨŽŽĚ͘ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŵĞĂůƐŐŝǀĞŵĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶŝŶĚĂŝůLJůŝĨĞ͘ &ŽŽĚĂŶĚŵĞĂůƐĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ĂĐŚŝƚĞŵŝƐƌĂƚĞĚŽŶĂϭͲϳƐĐĂůĞŽĨĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚ͘

 7DEOH WHO-5 Wellbeing Index Response Scale: Over the last two weeks All of the time Most of the time More than half of the time Less than half of the time Some of the time At no time WHO-5 Wellbeing Index. Items 1. I have felt cheerful and in good spirits

2. I have felt calm and relaxed 3. I have felt active and vigorous 4. I woke up feeling fresh and rested 5. My daily life has been filled with things that interest me

 7DEOH Flourishing Scale Copyright by Ed Diener and Robert Biswas-Diener, January 2009 Below are eight statements with which you may agree or disagree. Using the 1–7 scale below, indicate your agreement with each item by indicating that response for each statement. 7. Strongly agree• 6. Agree• 5. Slightly agree• 4. Mixed or neither agree nor disagree 3. Slightly disagree 2. Disagree•1. 1. Strongly disagree I lead a purposeful and meaningful life• My social relationships are supportive and rewarding• I am engaged and interested in my daily activities•II actively contribute to the happiness and well-being of others I am competent and capable in the activities that are important to me I am a good person and live a good life I am optimistic about my future•People People respect me Scoring: Add the responses, varying from 1 to 7, for all eight items. The possible range of scores is from 8 (lowest possible) to 56 (highest PWB possible). Although copyrighted, the SPANE and Flourishing Scale may be used as long as proper credit is given.



 7DEOH The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire INSTRUCTIONS. Below are a number of statements about happiness. Would you please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each by entering a number alongside it according to the following code: 1=strongly disagree; 2=moderately disagree; 3=slightly disagree; 4=slightly agree; 5=moderately agree; 6=strongly agree.

You will need to read the statements carefully because some are phrased positively and others negatively. Don’t take too long over individual questions; there are no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ answers and no trick questions. The first answer that comes into your head is probably the right one for you. If you find some of the questions difficult, please give the answer that is true for you in general or for most of the time. 1y. I don’t feel particularly pleased with the way I am (••) 2. I am intensely interested in other people•3y. 3y. •3y. I feel that life is very rewarding 4. I have very warm feelings towards almost everyone 5. I rarely wake up feeling rested (••) 6.

I am not particularly optimistic about the future (••)

7.

I find most things amusing

8.

I am always committed and involved

9. Life is good 10.

I do not think that the world is a good place (••)

11.

I laugh a lot

12.

I am well satisfied about everything in my life

13y. I don’t think I look attractive (••) 14.

There is a gap between what I would like to do and what I have done (••)

15.

I am very happy

16y. I find beauty in some things• 17.

I always have a cheerful effect on others

18y. I can fit in everything I want to 19.

I feel that I am not especially in control of my life (••)

20.

I feel able to take anything on

21y. I feel fully mentally alert 22.

I often experience joy and elation

23.

I do not find it easy to make decisions (••)

24.

I do not have a particular sense of meaning and purpose in my life (••)

25.

I feel I have a great deal of energy

26.

I usually have a good influence on events

27.

I do not have fun with other people (••)

28.

I don’t feel particularly healthy (••)

29y. I do not have particularly happy memories of the past (••)

Notes. Items marked (••) should be scored in reverse. Y Indicates components of the OHQ short scale. The sum of the item scores is an overall measure of happiness, with high scores indicating greater happiness.

 



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ϭ͘ Ϯ͘ ϯ͘ ϰ͘ ϱ͘ ϲ͘ ϳ͘ ϴ͘ ϵ͘

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 7DEOH ŵŽƚŝŽŶĂů ĨĨĞĐƚŝŽŶĂƚĞ Ăůŵ ,ĂƉƉLJ

/ŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů ĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚĞĚ ůĞƌƚ ƚƚĞŶƚŝǀĞ

>ŽǀĞĚ ZĞůĂdžĞĚ ^ĂĚ ^ĂƚŝƐĨŝĞĚ ^ĞĐƵƌĞ dĞŶƐĞ

ƌĞĂƚŝǀĞ ƵƌŝŽƵƐ &ŽĐƵƐĞĚ ^ƚŝŵƵůĂƚĞĚ ^ƚƌĞƐƐĞĚ hŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ

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WŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĐƚŝǀĞ ŶĞƌŐĞƚŝĐ &ĂƚŝŐƵĞĚ

^ƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů ŽŵĨŽƌƚĞĚ ŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞ &ƵůĨŝůůĞĚ

,ĞĂůƚŚLJ /ŶǀŝŐŽƌĂƚĞĚ ZĞĨƌĞƐŚĞĚ ZĞƐŝůŝĞŶƚ ZĞƐƚĞĚ dŝƌĞĚ

'ƌĂƚĞĨƵů :ŽLJĨƵů WĞĂĐĞĨƵů hŶĨƵůĨŝůůĞĚ hŶŝŶƐƉŝƌĞĚ tŚŽůĞ



 7DEOH >dZĞƐƵůƚƐ  ;,ĞĚŽŶŝĐͬtĞůů^ĞŶƐĞ WƌŽĨŝůĞͿ &ŽŽĚ &Ƶůů&Ăƚ





ZĞĚƵĐĞĚ&Ăƚ

ηϭ;ŶсϵϴͿDĞĂƚůŽĂĨ ηϮ;ŶсϵϲͿDĞĂƚůŽĂĨ ηϯ;ŶсϭϬϱͿDŝdžsĞŐ ηϰ;ŶсϵϰͿŚŝĐŬĞŶ

ϱ͘ϵďͬϭϭϵď ϲ͘ϬĐͬϭϮϲď ϲ͘ϳͬϭϯϮď ϱ͘ϵďͬϭϮϲď

ZĞĚƵĐĞĚ&Ăƚн ^ƉŝĐĞƐ ϳ͘ϭĂͬϭϯϳĂ ϳ͘ϭĂͬϭϯϵĂ ϳ͘ϬͬϭϰϭĂ ϲ͘ϴĂͬϭϯϵĂ

ϲ͘ϵĂͬϭϯϳĂ ϲ͘ϲďͬϭϯϮď ϲ͘ϵͬϭϯϲĂď ϲ͘ϴĂͬϭϯϲĂ

  dĂďůĞϭϮ͘

Yh^d/KEE/Z YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨ>ŝĨĞ t,KYK>ϭϬϬ t,KYK>Z& hZK,/^YK> ^t>^ WĞƌƐŽŶĂůtĞůůďĞŝŶŐ/ŶĚĞdž ^t&> EƵƚƌŝƚŝŽŶYK>^ƵƌǀĞLJ

Z&ZE^  t,Kϭϵϵϰ͕ϭϵϵϳ͕ϭϵϵϴ t,Kϭϵϵϰ͕ϭϵϵϳ͕ϭϵϵϴ t,Kϭϵϵϳ͖ĚĂZŽĐŚĂĞƚĂůϮϬϭϮ ŝĞŶĞƌĞƚĂůϭϵϴϱ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůtĞůůďĞŝŶŐ'ƌŽƵƉϮϬϭϯ 'ƌƵŶĞƌƚĞƚĂůϮϬϬϳ ĂƌƌĞƚĂůϮϬϬϯ

YƵĂůĐŝďŽ tĞůůďĞŝŶŐ t,KǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŝŶĚĞdž;t,KͲϱͿ /K^ ^ƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞtĞůůĞŝŶŐ WE^ ^t>^ &ůŽƵƌŝƐŚŝŶŐ^ĐĂůĞ KdžĨŽƌĚ,ĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐYƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ tĞůůͲ&Y tĞůůŶĞƐƐ t>ʹtĞůůŶĞƐƐǀĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ>ŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞ͘ &ŝǀĞ&ĂĐƚŽƌtĞůůŶĞƐƐ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJ;&&t>Ϳ tĞůůŶĞƐƐͬ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJ/ŶĚĞdž dĞƐƚǁĞůů tĞůů^ĞŶƐĞWƌŽĨŝůĞdD   

^ĐŚƵŶĞŵĂŶĞƚĂůϮϬϭϬ  ĞĐŚĞƚĂůϮϬϭϮ͖<ƌŝĞŐĞƌĞƚĂůϮϬϭϰ͖t,KͲ ϱ͘ŽƌŐ ĞůůĞƚĂůϮϬϬϰ >ŝŶůĞLJĞƚĂůϮϬϬϵ   ŝĞŶĞƌĞƚĂůϮϬϭϬ ,ŝůůƐĂŶĚƌŐLJůĞϮϬϬϮ 'ƵŝůůĞŵŝŶϮϬϭϲ  DLJĞƌƐĞƚĂůϮϬϬϰĂ DLJĞƌƐĞƚĂůϮϬϬϰď ǁǁǁ͘ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͘ŶĞƚ KǁĞŶϭϵϵϵ <ŝŶŐĞƚĂůϮϬϭϱ

   ,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ tĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐƌĞĨĞƌƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͕ƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐƚĂƚĞƚŚĂƚŝƐ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞƚŽŝůůŶĞƐƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ǁĞůůŶĞƐƐŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞũƵƐƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨ ŝůůŶĞƐƐ͖ŝƚŝƐĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƐƚĂƚĞ͘ YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͕ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚǁĞůůŶĞƐƐĂƌĞŽĨƚĞŶĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂ ŵƵůƚŝĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĂůŵŽĚĞů͘dŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƐƚĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐĂƌĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞŵŽƚŝŽŶĂůͬƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů͕ŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂů͕ĂŶĚƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů͘ DĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƚŝŶŐĐůŝŶŝĐĂůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨǁĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂƌĞǀĞƌLJ ůŽŶŐ͕ŽĨƚĞŶŽǀĞƌϭϬϬŝƚĞŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŶŽƚƐƵŝƚĞĚƚŽĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ DĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐŚĂǀĞĨŽĐƵƐĞĚŽŶŽǀĞƌĂůůĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĚŽŵĂŝŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽŽĚ͘YƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚďLJƚŚĞ tŽƌůĚ,ĞĂůƚŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ;t,KͿĂŶĚƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞĚŝŶŵĂŶLJůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͘ tĞůůŶĞƐƐŚĂƐůĂƌŐĞůLJďĞĞŶŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚƐŽĨĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽƵŶƐĞůŝŶŐƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͘ tĞůůŶĞƐƐ͕ǁĞůůͲďĞŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞĐĂŶďĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶƐƚŽƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚŝŶĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶŽĨĨŽŽĚĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘  



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