- Email: [email protected]
Quantification of dietary and fecal particle size
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 52 (2017) 76e95
fold increase (P ¼ 0.0004). When myotube cultures were exposed to a dose response titration of leucine from 0-mm to 408-mm muscle protein synthesis was increased as a result of leucine treatments with significant differences observed at 204-mM and 408-mM leucine compared with the control cultures. These treatments levels exhibited a 1.6-fold increase in protein synthesis when compared with the untreated control (P 0.02) but were not different from each other. These results show that leucine can activate the mTOR pathway and increase protein synthesis in equine satellite cells in vitro. Key Words: skeletal muscle, Western blot, horse
122 The effect of hay:concentrate ratio on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses P.M. Graham-Thiers*, L.K. Bowen Emory & Henry College, Emory, VA, USA Four horses (590 ± 12 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of hay:concentrate ratios on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses. Horses were fed timothy hay and a oats/corn/soybean meal concentrate to meet nutrient requirements for light to moderate exercise in ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 hay to concentrate. Horses participated in exercise 1e2 h 5 d per week. The respective diet was fed for 14 d followed by a 4 d period for total collection of feces and urine to calculate nitrogen balance. Blood samples were taken before feeding, and at 1, 3 and 6 h post feeding for analysis of amino acids and urea nitrogen. At the end of the collection period, diets were switched and the protocol repeated until each horse completed each treatment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Nitrogen intake was 189 ± 5 g N per day (1,181 ± 31g CP per day). There was no effect of treatment on nitrogen intake, digestibility or urine nitrogen loss. Fecal nitrogen loss was lower (P ¼ 0.024) while nitrogen retention had a tendency to be higher (P ¼ 0.068) for horses fed the 100:0 ratio compared with the 60:40 ratio. Plasma urea concentrations and urea index were lower for horses fed the 100:0 ratio compared with the 60:40 ratio (P ¼ 0.029 and P ¼ 0.002 respectively). Amino acid intake was not affected by treatment except lower intakes for lysine, histidine and arginine for the 100:0 ratio diet compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). Plasma histidine was lower for horses fed the 100:0 ratio (P ¼ 0.017) compared with other treatments. Plasma leucine was higher in horses fed the 100:0 ratio (P ¼ 0.0043) compared with horses fed the 70:30 or 60:40 ratio. Plasma phenylalanine and plasma lysine were higher in horses fed the 100:0 ratio compared with other treatments (P ¼ 0.0022 and P ¼ 0.003 respectively). There was no effect of treatment on other plasma amino acids. It seems counter to other studies that horses fed higher hay amounts would have lower fecal nitrogen loss as well as a tendency for higher nitrogen retention. Evidence provided by lower plasma urea nitrogen and lower urea index in this study for horses fed the 100:0 ratio diet suggests that there was better utilization of the nitrogen and amino acids for the all forage diet compared with other forage:concentrate ratios. All horses received crude protein in excess of requirements based on current NRC recommendations. For horses on treatments that included concentrate, these excesses would have been readily available in the foregut and may have contributed to the higher plasma urea nitrogen and urea index observed in these treatment groups. Key Words: forage, concentrate, nitrogen balance
93
123 In vitro dry matter digestibility of forages incubated with DigestaWell Fiber A.L. Wagner*1, V. Bill 2, L. Lawrence 2, I.D. Girard 1 1 Probiotech International, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; 2 University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Enhanced microbial fermentation of feedstuffs in the equine large intestine would improve nutrient extraction, decrease waste, and increase the value of low quality forages. Supplying the microbiota with cofactors required for fermentation may improve their efficiency. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of DigestaWell Fiber (DF; fibrolytic cofactors: methionine and B vitamins) on the activity of equine hindgut organisms and their capacity to digest forages. Four forages (2 grass, 2 legume) ranging in NDF and ADF content were selected for the study: tall fescue hay (TF; 71.3% NDF, 38.3% ADF, DMB); timothy hay (TH; 58.5% NDF, 40.2% ADF); mature alfalfa hay (MA; 46.2% NDF, 34.7% ADF) and early maturity alfalfa hay (EA; 38.9% NDF, 26.5% ADF). Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was determined following 24 and 48h incubations carried out in a 4-vessel ANKOM Daisy II incubator at 37 C using 200g fresh equine feces inoculum. Ground forages were pre-weighed into ANKOM F57 filter bags in triplicate for each treatment condition and placed in the vessels after the inoculation media. The 4 treatment conditions were 24 and 48h incubation with no additive or with DF (320mg/1L incubation vessel). Each vessel also contained 2 empty bags for the calculation of a correction factor associated with bag weight change during incubation and drying. Following each incubation, the bags were removed from the vessels, rinsed and dried to constant weight for determination of DMD. The procedure was repeated 5 times with feces from different donor horses. Data were analyzed with PROC GLM within incubation time with main effects of treatment, forage and repetition. DMD differed among forages (P < 0.05) and across incubations, the TF had the lowest DMD and the EA had the highest DMD. In both 24 and 48h incubations, DMD was inversely related to NDF concentration (R2 ¼ 0.99 at 24 and 48h) and ADF concentration (R2 ¼ 0.68 at 24h, R2 ¼ 0.7 at 48h). Across all forages for the 24h incubations, the mean DMD for the DF and untreated vessels were 43.0 and 41.9%, respectively (P > 0.1). However, for the 48h incubations, DMD was higher (P < 0.03) for forages in DF vessels (57.5%) than in control vessels (56.1%). Additionally, DF improved (35.3 vs 31%; P < 0.005) ADFD at 48h incubations for TF. Variations in DMD were noted among replicates, suggesting differences in the microbial inoculum obtained from different donors. These results suggest that the activity of equine hindgut microorganisms may be enhanced by DF with a resulting increase in DMD. Further research should investigate effects on other feeds as well as different donor animals. Key Words: fiber, digestibility
124 Quantification of dietary and fecal particle size S.L. Lapinskas*, K.A. Swartz, P. Ochonski, W.B. Staniar The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Dietary particle size (DPS) and concepts like physically effective fiber (PEF) are relatively unexplored topics in equine nutrition. Studies in dairy cows highlight the role of PEF in maintaining an optimal ruminal environment. Exploring benefits of including whole oats with PEF in equine diets may help reduce the risk of
94
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 52 (2017) 76e95
Table 1 Distribution of particle size in feed and feces expressed on % DM basis Feed PS (mm)
>19.0 8.1e19.0 4.1e8.0 1.18e4.0 <1.18 Fecal PS (mm) 4.8 2.4 1.6 Cheesecloth1 Remainder2 1 2
Diet
P-value
HA
HO
HOP
HP
82 9 5 4 1
33 4 46 12 5
33 4 24 7 33
33 4 2 1 60
22±3a 10±3ab 14±3a 23±2a 32±6a
30±4b 9±2b 11±2ab 18±3b 32±5a
27±2b 7±2a 10±1b 20±2b 38±5a
10±4c 8±1ab 13±3a 31±4c 39±7a
<0.001 <0.05 <0.05 <0.001 <0.05
Cheesecloth was folded 4 times. Calculated % of DM that was not caught on any of the layers.
gastrointestinal disease. It was hypothesized that diets with decreasing DPS would result in decreased fecal particle size (FPS) and fecal pH. Eight geldings (528 ± 54 kg BW) ranging from 3 to 15 yr were used in a Latin Square design. Four dietary treatments fed at 2% BW were 100% hay (HA), 40% hay and 55% whole oats (HO), 40% hay, 27.5% whole oats, and 27.5% pellets (HOP), and 40% hay and 55% pellets (HP). Differences in DPS are clarified by the % feed particles <1.18 mm in the HA, HO, HOP, and HP diets (1, 5, 33, and 60%; respectively). Pellets were formulated to have similar nutrient makeup to whole oats. To meet nutrient requirements, HO, HP, and HOP diets had a balancer pellet added at 5%, that was unneeded for HA diet. Treatments were divided into 4 14 d periods; each proceeded by a 14 d hay only washout period. The DPS profiles of feed were obtained using the Penn State Particle Separator and feed company data. These values were used to calculate DPS distribution of the 4 diets (Table 1). Fresh fecal samples were collected from the stall on d 10 during treatment periods and pH was analyzed. Remaining feces were frozen at 20 C until FPS was measured by a modified Nasco Digestion Analyzer sieving method (Table 1). A mixed ANOVA was used to investigate differences due to fixed effects of diet and period. Differences were defined at P < 0.05. There was an overall effect of diet on fecal pH and fecal pH was different between each diet group (HA 6.7 ± 0.3, HO 6.3 ± 0.1, HOP 6.0 ± 0.1, and HP 5.8 ± 0.1). The range of pH may be due to different availability of dietary NSC across diets. The horses fed whole oats had the largest % of 4.8 mm (largest diameter sieve) fecal particles, a characteristic that may be due to the indigestible oat hulls. This study reports feasible methods to quantify FPS and DPS and results indicate that certain characteristics of whole oats may increase hindgut pH. Key Words: pH, Oats, particle size
125 Equine microbiome project: Understanding differences in the horse gut microbiome related to diet J.T. Berg*, B. Chambers, H. Siegel, A. Biddle University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA In the hindgut of a horse, changes in the bacteria levels through dietary disruption, seasonal changes, stress, or age can lead to colic and laminitis, causing lameness or even death in severe cases. In this study, we profiled bacterial communities from fecal samples collected and submitted by horse-owners participating
in the Equine Microbiome Project (EMP) and correlated differences in community structure with feed type, specifically horses eating exclusively hay, pasture, a hay-concentrate mix, or a combination of pasture, hay, and concentrate as reported in EMP metadata surveys. Feed categories were based on reported diet, and no surveys reported feeding a hay and pasture diet, thus the absence of a hay/pasture group. To participate in the EMP, horse owners submitted a fresh fecal sample collected in a provided kit according to standard instructions, and were required to complete an informational survey including horse diet, past medical history, and other metadata. Genomic DNA from fecal samples from 184 horses were analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were clustered against the Greengenes database, and b diversity was calculated using weighted UniFrac metric in QIIME. Significant differences in bacterial community structure of pasture fed horses were found using PERMDISP (999 permutations, P-value <0.05). Spearman rank correlation (999 permutations, P-value <0.05) identified Christensenellaceae, Oscillospira, and Prevotella taxa to be more highly abundant in only pasture whereas RFN20, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus taxa were differentially represented in hay/concentrate. These results point to functional differences in these communities that could lead to understanding how diet affects normal microbiome structure and hypotheses regarding functional differences leading to equine digestive disorders such as colic, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Key Words: diet, microbiome, multivariate analysis
126 Morphometric comparisons of draft, pony, and horse breeds J.K. Suagee-Bedore*, D.R. Linden The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA Estimating body fatness is an important measurement tool; however, some measurements are subjective and even repeated trainings fail to increase accuracy. Objective measurements, including equations based off morphometric measurements, may provide a better estimate. Ponies (n ¼ 30), horses (n ¼ 32), and draft horses (n ¼ 27) were evaluated for neck length (NL), neck circumference (NC), heart girth (HG), belly girth (BG), wither height (WH), body length (BL), and body condition score (BCS). Calculations included the ratio of NC to NL (NCNL), BG to HG (BGHG), BG to WH (BGWH), and BG to BL (BGBL) and body condition index (BCI). Breed types differed by BCS, with draft horses (6.0 ± 0.2) averaging higher (P < 0.001) scores than horses (5.2 ± 0.2) or ponies (5.2 ± 0.2). The ability of the BCI equation to accurately predict BCS scores across breed type was evaluated by classifying animals as having acceptable agreement (absolute difference 1; AGR) or having unacceptable agreement (absolute difference > 1; NAG), and were analyzed using Chi Square. Agreement between the BCI and BCS was noted for 66% of horses,
Table 1 Number of horses with agreement between BCS and BCI scores using different equations Type
Horse Pony Draft
Original BCI
Adjusted BCI
AGR
NAG
P-value
AGR
NAG
P-value
22 16 9
10 14 18
0.034 0.715 0.083
28 23 22
4 7 5
0.001 0.004 0.001
fold increase (P ¼ 0.0004). When myotube cultures were exposed to a dose response titration of leucine from 0-mm to 408-mm muscle protein synthesis was increased as a result of leucine treatments with significant differences observed at 204-mM and 408-mM leucine compared with the control cultures. These treatments levels exhibited a 1.6-fold increase in protein synthesis when compared with the untreated control (P 0.02) but were not different from each other. These results show that leucine can activate the mTOR pathway and increase protein synthesis in equine satellite cells in vitro. Key Words: skeletal muscle, Western blot, horse
122 The effect of hay:concentrate ratio on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses P.M. Graham-Thiers*, L.K. Bowen Emory & Henry College, Emory, VA, USA Four horses (590 ± 12 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of hay:concentrate ratios on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses. Horses were fed timothy hay and a oats/corn/soybean meal concentrate to meet nutrient requirements for light to moderate exercise in ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 hay to concentrate. Horses participated in exercise 1e2 h 5 d per week. The respective diet was fed for 14 d followed by a 4 d period for total collection of feces and urine to calculate nitrogen balance. Blood samples were taken before feeding, and at 1, 3 and 6 h post feeding for analysis of amino acids and urea nitrogen. At the end of the collection period, diets were switched and the protocol repeated until each horse completed each treatment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Nitrogen intake was 189 ± 5 g N per day (1,181 ± 31g CP per day). There was no effect of treatment on nitrogen intake, digestibility or urine nitrogen loss. Fecal nitrogen loss was lower (P ¼ 0.024) while nitrogen retention had a tendency to be higher (P ¼ 0.068) for horses fed the 100:0 ratio compared with the 60:40 ratio. Plasma urea concentrations and urea index were lower for horses fed the 100:0 ratio compared with the 60:40 ratio (P ¼ 0.029 and P ¼ 0.002 respectively). Amino acid intake was not affected by treatment except lower intakes for lysine, histidine and arginine for the 100:0 ratio diet compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). Plasma histidine was lower for horses fed the 100:0 ratio (P ¼ 0.017) compared with other treatments. Plasma leucine was higher in horses fed the 100:0 ratio (P ¼ 0.0043) compared with horses fed the 70:30 or 60:40 ratio. Plasma phenylalanine and plasma lysine were higher in horses fed the 100:0 ratio compared with other treatments (P ¼ 0.0022 and P ¼ 0.003 respectively). There was no effect of treatment on other plasma amino acids. It seems counter to other studies that horses fed higher hay amounts would have lower fecal nitrogen loss as well as a tendency for higher nitrogen retention. Evidence provided by lower plasma urea nitrogen and lower urea index in this study for horses fed the 100:0 ratio diet suggests that there was better utilization of the nitrogen and amino acids for the all forage diet compared with other forage:concentrate ratios. All horses received crude protein in excess of requirements based on current NRC recommendations. For horses on treatments that included concentrate, these excesses would have been readily available in the foregut and may have contributed to the higher plasma urea nitrogen and urea index observed in these treatment groups. Key Words: forage, concentrate, nitrogen balance
93
123 In vitro dry matter digestibility of forages incubated with DigestaWell Fiber A.L. Wagner*1, V. Bill 2, L. Lawrence 2, I.D. Girard 1 1 Probiotech International, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada; 2 University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Enhanced microbial fermentation of feedstuffs in the equine large intestine would improve nutrient extraction, decrease waste, and increase the value of low quality forages. Supplying the microbiota with cofactors required for fermentation may improve their efficiency. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of DigestaWell Fiber (DF; fibrolytic cofactors: methionine and B vitamins) on the activity of equine hindgut organisms and their capacity to digest forages. Four forages (2 grass, 2 legume) ranging in NDF and ADF content were selected for the study: tall fescue hay (TF; 71.3% NDF, 38.3% ADF, DMB); timothy hay (TH; 58.5% NDF, 40.2% ADF); mature alfalfa hay (MA; 46.2% NDF, 34.7% ADF) and early maturity alfalfa hay (EA; 38.9% NDF, 26.5% ADF). Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was determined following 24 and 48h incubations carried out in a 4-vessel ANKOM Daisy II incubator at 37 C using 200g fresh equine feces inoculum. Ground forages were pre-weighed into ANKOM F57 filter bags in triplicate for each treatment condition and placed in the vessels after the inoculation media. The 4 treatment conditions were 24 and 48h incubation with no additive or with DF (320mg/1L incubation vessel). Each vessel also contained 2 empty bags for the calculation of a correction factor associated with bag weight change during incubation and drying. Following each incubation, the bags were removed from the vessels, rinsed and dried to constant weight for determination of DMD. The procedure was repeated 5 times with feces from different donor horses. Data were analyzed with PROC GLM within incubation time with main effects of treatment, forage and repetition. DMD differed among forages (P < 0.05) and across incubations, the TF had the lowest DMD and the EA had the highest DMD. In both 24 and 48h incubations, DMD was inversely related to NDF concentration (R2 ¼ 0.99 at 24 and 48h) and ADF concentration (R2 ¼ 0.68 at 24h, R2 ¼ 0.7 at 48h). Across all forages for the 24h incubations, the mean DMD for the DF and untreated vessels were 43.0 and 41.9%, respectively (P > 0.1). However, for the 48h incubations, DMD was higher (P < 0.03) for forages in DF vessels (57.5%) than in control vessels (56.1%). Additionally, DF improved (35.3 vs 31%; P < 0.005) ADFD at 48h incubations for TF. Variations in DMD were noted among replicates, suggesting differences in the microbial inoculum obtained from different donors. These results suggest that the activity of equine hindgut microorganisms may be enhanced by DF with a resulting increase in DMD. Further research should investigate effects on other feeds as well as different donor animals. Key Words: fiber, digestibility
124 Quantification of dietary and fecal particle size S.L. Lapinskas*, K.A. Swartz, P. Ochonski, W.B. Staniar The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Dietary particle size (DPS) and concepts like physically effective fiber (PEF) are relatively unexplored topics in equine nutrition. Studies in dairy cows highlight the role of PEF in maintaining an optimal ruminal environment. Exploring benefits of including whole oats with PEF in equine diets may help reduce the risk of
94
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 52 (2017) 76e95
Table 1 Distribution of particle size in feed and feces expressed on % DM basis Feed PS (mm)
>19.0 8.1e19.0 4.1e8.0 1.18e4.0 <1.18 Fecal PS (mm) 4.8 2.4 1.6 Cheesecloth1 Remainder2 1 2
Diet
P-value
HA
HO
HOP
HP
82 9 5 4 1
33 4 46 12 5
33 4 24 7 33
33 4 2 1 60
22±3a 10±3ab 14±3a 23±2a 32±6a
30±4b 9±2b 11±2ab 18±3b 32±5a
27±2b 7±2a 10±1b 20±2b 38±5a
10±4c 8±1ab 13±3a 31±4c 39±7a
<0.001 <0.05 <0.05 <0.001 <0.05
Cheesecloth was folded 4 times. Calculated % of DM that was not caught on any of the layers.
gastrointestinal disease. It was hypothesized that diets with decreasing DPS would result in decreased fecal particle size (FPS) and fecal pH. Eight geldings (528 ± 54 kg BW) ranging from 3 to 15 yr were used in a Latin Square design. Four dietary treatments fed at 2% BW were 100% hay (HA), 40% hay and 55% whole oats (HO), 40% hay, 27.5% whole oats, and 27.5% pellets (HOP), and 40% hay and 55% pellets (HP). Differences in DPS are clarified by the % feed particles <1.18 mm in the HA, HO, HOP, and HP diets (1, 5, 33, and 60%; respectively). Pellets were formulated to have similar nutrient makeup to whole oats. To meet nutrient requirements, HO, HP, and HOP diets had a balancer pellet added at 5%, that was unneeded for HA diet. Treatments were divided into 4 14 d periods; each proceeded by a 14 d hay only washout period. The DPS profiles of feed were obtained using the Penn State Particle Separator and feed company data. These values were used to calculate DPS distribution of the 4 diets (Table 1). Fresh fecal samples were collected from the stall on d 10 during treatment periods and pH was analyzed. Remaining feces were frozen at 20 C until FPS was measured by a modified Nasco Digestion Analyzer sieving method (Table 1). A mixed ANOVA was used to investigate differences due to fixed effects of diet and period. Differences were defined at P < 0.05. There was an overall effect of diet on fecal pH and fecal pH was different between each diet group (HA 6.7 ± 0.3, HO 6.3 ± 0.1, HOP 6.0 ± 0.1, and HP 5.8 ± 0.1). The range of pH may be due to different availability of dietary NSC across diets. The horses fed whole oats had the largest % of 4.8 mm (largest diameter sieve) fecal particles, a characteristic that may be due to the indigestible oat hulls. This study reports feasible methods to quantify FPS and DPS and results indicate that certain characteristics of whole oats may increase hindgut pH. Key Words: pH, Oats, particle size
125 Equine microbiome project: Understanding differences in the horse gut microbiome related to diet J.T. Berg*, B. Chambers, H. Siegel, A. Biddle University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA In the hindgut of a horse, changes in the bacteria levels through dietary disruption, seasonal changes, stress, or age can lead to colic and laminitis, causing lameness or even death in severe cases. In this study, we profiled bacterial communities from fecal samples collected and submitted by horse-owners participating
in the Equine Microbiome Project (EMP) and correlated differences in community structure with feed type, specifically horses eating exclusively hay, pasture, a hay-concentrate mix, or a combination of pasture, hay, and concentrate as reported in EMP metadata surveys. Feed categories were based on reported diet, and no surveys reported feeding a hay and pasture diet, thus the absence of a hay/pasture group. To participate in the EMP, horse owners submitted a fresh fecal sample collected in a provided kit according to standard instructions, and were required to complete an informational survey including horse diet, past medical history, and other metadata. Genomic DNA from fecal samples from 184 horses were analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were clustered against the Greengenes database, and b diversity was calculated using weighted UniFrac metric in QIIME. Significant differences in bacterial community structure of pasture fed horses were found using PERMDISP (999 permutations, P-value <0.05). Spearman rank correlation (999 permutations, P-value <0.05) identified Christensenellaceae, Oscillospira, and Prevotella taxa to be more highly abundant in only pasture whereas RFN20, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus taxa were differentially represented in hay/concentrate. These results point to functional differences in these communities that could lead to understanding how diet affects normal microbiome structure and hypotheses regarding functional differences leading to equine digestive disorders such as colic, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Key Words: diet, microbiome, multivariate analysis
126 Morphometric comparisons of draft, pony, and horse breeds J.K. Suagee-Bedore*, D.R. Linden The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA Estimating body fatness is an important measurement tool; however, some measurements are subjective and even repeated trainings fail to increase accuracy. Objective measurements, including equations based off morphometric measurements, may provide a better estimate. Ponies (n ¼ 30), horses (n ¼ 32), and draft horses (n ¼ 27) were evaluated for neck length (NL), neck circumference (NC), heart girth (HG), belly girth (BG), wither height (WH), body length (BL), and body condition score (BCS). Calculations included the ratio of NC to NL (NCNL), BG to HG (BGHG), BG to WH (BGWH), and BG to BL (BGBL) and body condition index (BCI). Breed types differed by BCS, with draft horses (6.0 ± 0.2) averaging higher (P < 0.001) scores than horses (5.2 ± 0.2) or ponies (5.2 ± 0.2). The ability of the BCI equation to accurately predict BCS scores across breed type was evaluated by classifying animals as having acceptable agreement (absolute difference 1; AGR) or having unacceptable agreement (absolute difference > 1; NAG), and were analyzed using Chi Square. Agreement between the BCI and BCS was noted for 66% of horses,
Table 1 Number of horses with agreement between BCS and BCI scores using different equations Type
Horse Pony Draft
Original BCI
Adjusted BCI
AGR
NAG
P-value
AGR
NAG
P-value
22 16 9
10 14 18
0.034 0.715 0.083
28 23 22
4 7 5
0.001 0.004 0.001