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Radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Poland
Quaternary International 245 (2011) 186e192
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Radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Poland Adam Nadachowski*, Grzegorz Lipecki, Piotr Wojtal, Barbara Mie˛ kina Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Available online 27 March 2011
In Central Europe, a major gap in the radiocarbon chronology of Mammuthus primigenius has resulted from the absence of dated records in most of the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathian mountains. This paper presents almost 60 directly dated mammoth remains, based both on new research and published sources from the whole of Poland. The dates, ranging from ca. 54 to 15 cal. ka BP (51.8e12.6 ka BP), are correlated with Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) and MIS 2 of the Late Pleistocene. The mammoth was able to colonise this region at least three to four times. The number of mammoths was probably reduced during the middle of MIS 3, between ca. 43.2 cal. ka BP (39.0 ka BP) and 40.6 cal. ka BP (35.9 ka BP), as well as between ca. 34.8 cal. ka BP (30.5 ka BP) and 32.1 cal. ka BP (27.4 ka BP). Also, at the beginning of MIS 2 ca. 27.5 cal. ka. BP (ca. 22.8 ka BP) woolly mammoth probably became very rare in the studied area until ca. 24 cal. ka BP (ca. 20.2 ka BP), the beginning of H2 cold event. In the middle of MIS 2, between ca. 24.1 cal. ka BP to ca. 18.3 cal. ka BP (ca. 20.2 ka BP to ca. 14.6 ka BP), Mammuthus withdrew from Poland entirely. From ca. 18.3 cal. ka BP (ca. 14.6 ka BP) to 15.0 cal. ka BP (12.6 ka BP) the mammoth reoccupied part of its former range, the south-eastern part of Poland (Lublin Upland) and the easternmost part of Sudetes foothills and the upper Odra river valley. The marked loss of open habitats at the beginning of the Lateglacial Interstadial was followed by the retreat and extinction of M. primigenius in southern Poland around 15.0 cal. ka BP (12.6 ka BP). Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Remains of Mammuthus primigenius are amongst the most common Late Pleistocene fossil finds of the mid and northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. There is now sufficient chronometric evidence available for a reconstruction of the spatiotemporal pattern of extinction of the woolly mammoth from Europe and Asia (Stuart et al., 2002, 2004; Stuart, 2005; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009; Kuzmin, 2010) as well as North America (Agenbroad, 1989; MacPhee, 2007; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009). Whereas the extinction of the mammoth seems to be well-known for most of western, southern and north-eastern Europe (e.g. Stuart et al., 2002, 2004; Ukkonen et al., 2008; Aaris-Sørensen, 2009; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009; Sommer and Benecke, 2009), in some regions of central Europe there has been a major gap in the radiocarbon chronology resulting from the absence of dated records. In Poland a very large number of fossil remains of M. primigenius have been discovered over the last 170 years. Kowalski (1959) reported over 220 localities from this area. New fossils of * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Nadachowski). 1040-6182/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.011
mammoth from Poland have come to light during the last few decades, when, gravel-pits and Palaeolithic sites have been excavated. The bones of M. primigenius have been frequently found in the Late Pleistocene sediments of southern Poland. Kubiak (1965) added almost 50 new sites to the previously known list from the foothills of the Polish Carpathians. These were mostly finds of tusks, molars or isolated bones without archaeological context or confirmed geological provenance. Amongst these numerous remains two spectacular, almost complete, skulls of mammoth are included from De˛ bica and Bzianka near Rzeszów (Kubiak, 1980) (Fig. 1). Remains are often found during the exploitation of gravel-pits, such as that in Krosinko (Lorenc and Paw1owska, 2010), river banks or even near Poznan accidentally during cartographic work such as the recent discoveries in Janowice, in the Outer Western Carpathians (Cieszkowski et al., 2010). Remains of single mammoth individuals are known from sites such as Niedzica in the Pieniny Mountains (Kulczycki and Halicki, 1950), Skaratki near qowicz (Chmielewski and Kubiak, 1962), Kraków Nowa Huta (Koz1owski et al., 1970), Zemborzyce near Lublin (Jakubowski, 1972), Warszawa (Jakubowski, 1973), Wroc1aw-Oporów (Wiszniowska et al., 2003), Hallera Av.-Wroc1aw, _ near Strzegom site 1 (Wisniewski et al., 2009a), and Zastruze ska et al., 2010). On the other (Wisniewski et al., 2009b; Krzemin
A. Nadachowski et al. / Quaternary International 245 (2011) 186e192
Fig. 1. Woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) skull from Bzianka near Rzeszów, dated to 14,080 165 years BP (conventional 14C date). The skull is stored in Museum of Natural History, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals PAS, Kraków, Poland.
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Fig. 2. A part of the woolly mammoth killing site in Kraków Spadzista Street (B). The mammoth remains from this site were dated to around 28e29 cal. ka BP (around 24 ka BP).
hand, in caves, only isolated mammoth bones or teeth have been found (Wojtal, 2007) e.g. in Ob1azowa Cave near Nowy Targ in the Carpathians (Kubiak, 2003) and in Komarowa Cave in the Cze˛ stochowa Upland (Nadachowski et al., 2009). However, most of the new remains, sometimes in large numbers, were collected from open-air archaeological sites and usually from well-recognized stratigraphical contexts. The best known are those of the Kraków Spadzista Street complex (Koz1owski and Kubiak, 1972; Koz1owski et al., 1974, 1975; Koz1owski and Sobczyk, 1987; West, 1996) where, in the Kraków Spadzista Street (B) site alone, an assemblage of more than 8000 remains belonging to at least 86 individuals has been found (Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005; Kalicki et al., 2007; Wojtal, 2007) (Fig. 2). New direct dates of material comprising the remains of M. primigenius have come from many parts of Poland. This paper, for the first time, presents a significantly higher number of radiocarbon dates on mammoths from the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathian mountains. 2. Pattern of Late Pleistocene extinction of Mammuthus primigenius in Poland The establishment of a reliable chronology of mammoth range changes in each zoogeographical region is essential for a reconstruction
Fig. 3. Distribution of radiocarbon dates for woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) material from Poland (listed in Table 1). The approximate southernmost ice sheet limit during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is illustrated by the dashed line (Ehlers and Gibbard, 2004). 1 e 14C AMS dates for younger part of MIS 2 (Lateglacial); 2 e 14C AMS dates for the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM); 3 - 14C AMS dates for the MIS 3; 4 e questioned dates due to low collagen or carbon content, ages appear too young; 5 - conventional 14C dates or date obtained by the GPC technique.
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Table 1 Radiocarbon dates of M. primigenius remains from Poland. Site
Region Lab code
14C years BP
Cal. years BP
(68% range)
14,935 301
(14,633e15,236) tooth
a _ Dzierzys1aw
1
LuS-7739
12,585 70
_ Dzierzys1aw _ Dzierzys1aw _ Dzierzys1aw _ Dzierzys1aw Bzianka Lublin-Kalinowszczyzna _ Dzierzys1aw Zamos c Kawe˛ czyn Ob1azowa Cave, layer VIII
1 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 5 6
Poz-10135 GdA-70 GdA-193 GdA-69 Lu-1346 Poz-28222 Poz-10136 Poz-28774 Poz-28221 OxA-3694
13,180 13,220 13,370 13,500 14,080 14,140 14,150 14,510 14,620 18,160
Wroc1aw-Oporów
7
Gd-10412
18,700 270b
Kraków Spadzista Street (C2) Wróblowa-Ujazd Kraków Spadzista Street (B) Kraków Zwierzyniec Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
8 9 8 8 8
OxA-635 Poz-31463 Ly-631 LuS-7421 Poz-242
20,200 20,320 20,600 22,800 23,020
Sandomierz Swilcza Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
10 2 8
Kraków Spadzista Street (B) Kraków Spadzista Street (C2) Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
8 8 8
_ Zastruze
11
60 70 80 80 165b 70 70 70 80 260c
350 120 1050b 150 180
16,108 16,151 16,305 16,448 e 17,378 17,388 17,651 17,939 21,844
392 404 424 415
242 244 244 380 420
e 24,114 24,264 e 27,460 27,586
472 303 411 450
Material Dated
(15,715e16,500) (15,746e16,555) (15,881e16,729) (16,033e16,863) e (17,136e17,620) (17,143e17,632) (17,406e17,895) (17,559e18,319) (21,423e22,264)
scapula tooth ivory
e
tusk
(23,641e24,586) (23,960e24,567) e (27,048e27,871) (27,135e28,036)
tusk tusk bone tooth bone
cranium femur
Poz-29293 23,070 130 Poz-31462 23,540 150 Poz-1248 23,750 140
27,627 441 28,465 364 28,668 405
(27,185e28,068) mandible (28,101e28,829) tooth (28,263e29,073) bone
23,750 150 23,750 150 23,770 160
28,670 407 28,670 407 28,687 409
(28,262e29,077) tooth (28,262e29,077) tooth (28,277e29,096) bone
Poz-16042 23,790 160
28,701 408
(28,292e29,109)
LuS-7417 LuS-7418 Poz-1251
%N:%C Source (of whole bone)
MCH
5.5:17.5
MZ MZ
1.0:3.6 3.1:10.8
GPCd
MRJ
2.1:6.6
MNKi MOR
1.5:6.0 2.2:6.2
Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
8
Poz-268
24,000 300
28,857 449
(28,407e29,306) bone
Kraków Spadzista trench III Kraków Spadzista Kraków Spadzista Wa˛ chock Kraków Spadzista
8
Poz-28735 24,240 160
29,004 417
(28,586e29,421) bone
ISEZ
1.7:6.7
(28,760e29,700) (28,779e29,707) (29,064e29,963) (29,123e30,019)
ISEZ ISEZ PIG
2.3:12.0 2.4:11.2 3.1:8.7
ISEZ ISEZ ISEZ ISEZ
1.2:7.5 2.0:5.9 2.2:5.8 4.1:13.2
MKOJ MNKi
2.4:8.5 4.7:14.0
MNKi ISEZ PIG
3.2 :11.1 3.4:9.5 1.1:3.5
ISEZ
1.5:10.9
ISEZ
3.4:12.0
MB MRP MOR PIG MZKiD
7.2:14.6 1.7:5.4 3.1;7.5 3.5:8.3 3.2:9.0
MB PIG MKOJ MB
6.6:20.8 2.9:7.7 2:O.K. 5.1:13.6
Street, Street (C) Street (C) Street (F)
8 8 12 8
Kraków Spadzista Street (E)
8
Poz-23644 Poz-23645 Poz-31004 LuS-7420
24,460 24,470 24,600 24,625
LuS-7419
24,700 180 24,850 24,980 25,000 25,220 25,300 25,650 25,910 26,910 26,940 27,440 30,500 32,280 32,500 32,500
160 150 170 180
Borsuka Cave Otfinów Kraków Spadzista Street (C3) Przenosza De˛ bica Sobiecin Kielce Mamutowa Cave Trzebownisko Przemysl Podgórze Mamutowa Cave Nietoperzowa Cave, layer 5b Krosinko
13 14 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 19 19 23
Poz-26124 Poz-30233 Poz-31038 Poz-30235 Lu-1347 Poz-31461 Poz-29292 OxA-14411 Poz-29294 Poz-30234 Poz-31037 OxA-14434 Poz-23628 Poz-23424
Deszczowa Cave, Upper Rock-shelter Mamutowa Cave Siekluki Sp1awie Rzeszów-Zwie˛ czyca _ Ste˛ zyca _ Skoki Duze Szczecin Trzcianka _ Zyrardów Jaros1aw-Garbarze Trzescianka
24
Poz-24205 32,500 700
19 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 17 33
OxA-14436 Poz-28223 Poz-34414 Poz-31460 Poz-31003 Poz-31002 OxA-11058 Poz-28224 Poz-31005 Poz-31459 Poz-28225
33,640 35,790 35,900 39,000 40,000 43,000 44,100 45,400 47,000 49,000 51,800
200 200 200 200 300b 190 160 130e 180 250 900 220e 400 400
250e 550 700 1000 1000 2000 1200 1700 2000 3000 4000
29,230 29,243 29,514 29,571
470 464 449 448
29,723 373 29,851 29,938 29,953 30,108 e 30,722 30,914 31,714 31,722 32,070 34,795 36,674 37,033 37,033
327 301 296 273
381 351 143 161 237 861 656 811 811
bone bone tooth tooth
(29,350e30,096) tooth (29,523e30,178) (29,636e30,239) (29,656e30,249) (29,835e30,381) e (30,340e31,103) (30,563e31,265) (31,570e31,857) (31,561e31,883) (31,833e32,307) (33,933e35,656) (36,018e37,330) (36,221e37,844) (36,221e37,844)
rib tooth tooth tooth cranium tooth innominate ivory tooth tooth tooth ivory bone tusk
36,994 1043
(35,951e38,037) tooth
39,214 1239 40,591 966 40,633 1043 43,240 798 43,820 870 46,866 2290 47,595 1845 48,992 2414 50,891 3058 54,600 5003 date out of range
(37,975e40,453) (39,624e41,557) (39,589e41,676) (42,442e44,038) (42,949e44,690) (44,575e49,156) (45,749e49,440) (46,578e51,406) (47,833e53,949) (49,597e59,603) date out of range
ivory tooth mandible tooth tibia humerus vertebra tooth innominate ulna tooth
Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Wojtal, 2007 Ginter et al., 2002 Wojtal, 2007 Ginter et al., 2002 Kubiak, 1980 this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper this paper Valde-Nowak et al., 2003 Bluszcz and Pazdur, 2003 Gowlett et al., 1986 this paper Koz1owski et al., 1974 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 this paper this paper Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 Wisniewski et al., 2009a, b Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 this paper this paper this paper this paper Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 this paper this paper this paper this paper Kubiak, 1980 this paper this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper this paper this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper Lorenc and Paw1owska, 2010 this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper
Region abbreviation: DS - Dolnosla˛ skie Voivodeship; KP - Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship; LU - Lubelskie Voivodeship; MA - Mazowieckie Voivodeship; MP - Ma1opolskie ˛ skie Voivodeship; SW - Swie ˛ tokrzyskie Voivodeship; WP - WielVoivodeship; OP - Opolskie Voivodeship; PD - Podlaskie Voivodeship; PK e Podkarpackie Voivodeship; SL - Sla kopolskie Voivodeship; ZP - Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship; g e Gmina [Commune or municipality]; p e Powiat [County]. Region: 1 e OP, G1ubczyce p, Kietrz g; 2 e PK, Rzeszów p, Swilcza g; 3 e LU, Lublin pg; 4 e LU, Zamos c pg; 5 e LU, Zamos c p, Szczebrzeszyn g; 6 e MP, Nowy Targ pg; 7 e DS, Wroc1aw pg; 8 e MP, Kraków pg; 9 e PK, Jas1o p, Brzyska g; 10 e SW,
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Fig. 4. Chart of directly radiocarbon dated records for woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) material from Poland (listed in Table 1) shown against of the record of climate change during the younger part of Late Pleistocene and Holocene from the GISP2 ice core (Stuiver and Grootes, 2000). MIS 4-MIS 1 e Marine Isotopic Stages from 4 to 1; H6-H1 e Heinrich events after Hemming (2004); cal. ka BP e time scale in calendric kilo years before present. Note the absence of mammoth dates within MIS 3 (grey arrows) and during MIS 2 (white arrows). Probable withdrawal of mammoths was connected with amelioration (MIS 3) or deterioration (MIS 2) of the climate.
_ _ Sandomierz pg; 11 e DS, Swidnica p, Zarów g; 12 e SW, Starachowice p, Wa˛ chock g; 13 e MP, Kraków p, Zabierzów g; 14 e MP, Tarnów p, Zabno g; 15 e MP, Limanowa p, Dobra g; 16 e PK, De˛ bica pg; 17 e PK, Jaros1aw pg; 18 e SW, Kielce pg; 19 - MP, Kraków p, Jerzmanowice-Przeginia g; 20 e PK, Rzeszów p, Trzebownisko g; 21 e PK, Przemysl pg; 22 e SW, ˛ tokrzyski p, Cmielów p, Mosina g; 24 e SL, Zawiercie p, Kroczyce g; 25 e PD, Bielsk Podlaski p, Bo Ostrowiec Swie g; 23 e WP, Poznan cki g; 26 e WP, Wrzesnia p, Ko1aczkowo g; 27 e _ _ PK, Rzeszów pg; 28 e LU, Ryki p, Ste˛ zyca g; 29 e KP, W1oc1awek pg; 30 e ZP, Szczecin pg; 31 e PD, Sokó1ka p, Janów g; 32 e MA, Zyrardów pg; 33 e PD, Hajnówka p, Narew g. Institutional abbreviation: ISEZ - Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, MB - Podlaskie Museum in Bia1ystok, Archeology Department, MCH - The Museum of the Che1m Land in Che1m, MKOJ - Museum Orsetti House in Jaros1aw, MNKi - National Museum in Kielce, MOR - The Regional Museum in Region Museum in W1oc1awek, Rzeszów, MRJ - The Regional Museum in Jas1o, MRP - The Regional Museum in Pyzdry, MZ - The Zamos c Museum, MZKiD - The Kujawian and Dobrzyn PIG- Polish Geological Institute, Geological Museum, Warszawa. a _ One molar specimen from Dzierzys1aw was dated at 10,510 70 BP (LuS-7422), significantly younger than any other dates from Poland. The reliability of the result is questioned due to low carbon content in collagen, age may appear too young (Arppe and Karhu, 2010). b Conventional 14C date. c The age may be questioned due to low collagen content. The ivory boomerang from layer VIII is the only sample exhibiting a significantly different age from human thumb phalanx (31,000 550 BP), the antler wedge (32,400 650 BP) and the bone perforator (30,600 550 BP) from the same layer (Housley, 2003). d GPC e the gas proportional counter technique used in 14C dating. e Archaeological artifact.
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of the complex patterns and processes of Late Quaternary extinctions in the Northern Hemisphere (Stuart and Lister, 2007). Knowledge of the Late Pleistocene history of woolly mammoths in Poland was previously insufficient because substantial series of radiocarbon dates made directly on mammoth material was not published until 2000. There are now directly dated 30 more mammoth remains from across most of Poland, and the results were supplemented by published dates (Fig. 3.). AMS radiocarbon dates were obtained for this study at the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory or taken from the literature cited (Table 1). These dates have been calibrated using the CalPal program to 1d (68% range) (Weninger et al., 2008), in order to obtain calendar ages (expressed in cal. ka BP) as well as to correlate them with the palaeoclimate records of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) (Dansgaard et al., 1993; Grootes and Stuiver, 1997). During the Late Pleistocene the woolly mammoth occurred widely across Northern Eurasia, including nearly all of Europe (Khalke, 1999; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009). In the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathian mountain ridges the potential range of mammoths was only limited by the size of the LGM ice sheet that acted as a barrier to northward expansions. Most of the time span corresponding with marine isotope stage 3 (MIS 3) falls within the range of radiocarbon (14C) dating, with the exception of its relatively warm earlier part. MIS 3, known in Poland as Grudzia˛ dz Interstadial (Mojski, 2005), is in general characterised by climatic instability (van Andel and Davis, 2003). It begins around 60 cal. ka BP with the relatively warm phase of fairly mild DangaardeOeschger cycles (DO) lasting from ca. 59 to 44 cal. ka BP and only occasionally interrupted by brief colder, albeit relatively mild, events. The climate started to deteriorate between 42 and 37 cal. ka BP culminating in the extremely cold Heinrich 4 event (H4), an episode of massive iceberg release into the North Atlantic (Rahmsdorf, 2002) and described by van Andel et al. (2003) as a transitional phase. MIS 3 subsequently continues with a period characterized by stronger and brief climatic oscillations and ends close to another cold and dry period, the H3 event around 27 cal. ka BP. Although data are still limited at present, there is enough evidence confirming that M. primigenius was almost continuously distributed in all parts of Poland in MIS 3 (Grudzia˛ dz Interstadial) from ca. 54 cal. ka BP to ca. 27.5 cal. ka BP. However, an absence of dates of about 2.5 millennia is recorded between 43,240 800 cal. BP (39,000 1000 BP) and 40,630 1040 cal. BP (35,900 700 BP) and between ca. 34,800 860 cal. BP (30,500 900 BP) and 32,070 cal. BP (27,440 250 BP) (Fig. 4.) corresponding to an amelioration of the climate between the H5 and H4 as well as between the H4 and H3 events, with the possible development of forests, not suitable for mammoths. Among the MIS 3 records of M. primigenius, the site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), representing the period just after the cold H3 event, has produced the largest amount of identified specimens as well as individuals (Table 1). In general the evidence fits to the known colonization pattern of M. primigemius in Central Europe during MIS 3 (e.g. Sommer and Benecke, 2009). Shortly after ca. 28 cal. ka BP (ca. 23 ka BP) mammoths probably disappeared from some regions of Poland or at least the number of animals was reduced because of the appearance of extreme climatic conditions. Only two tusks have been dated from the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from Wróblowa-Ujazd (Fig. 5): ca. 24,260 300 cal. BP (20,320 120 BP) and Kraków Spadzista Street (C2): ca. 24,100 470 cal. BP (20,200 350 BP) (Gowlett et al., 1986). A third conventional date on a bone from Kraków Spadzista Street (B) (20,600 1050 BP) is not confirmed by AMS dating. In addition there is the next youngest mammoth find, a tusk from Wroc1aw-Oporów, which was dated to 18,700 270 BP (Bluszcz and Pazdur, 2003) and the ivory boomerang from
Fig. 5. A woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) tusk from Wróblowa-Ujazd, AMS 14C dated to 24,260 300 cal. years BP (20,320 120 years BP). The Regional Museum in Jas1o.
Ob1azowa Cave at 18,160 260 BP (ca. 21,840 420 cal. BP) (Housley, 2003). Both dates are perhaps not reliable due to the dating method used or low collagen content (Table 1). Although the data are still limited at present, there is strong evidence that woolly mammoths disappeared entirely and rather suddenly from the whole area between the southern margin of the LGM ice sheet to the north and the Sudetes and Carpathians to the south, from ca. 24 cal. ka BP (ca. 20 ka BP) to ca. 18 cal. ka BP (ca. 14.6 ka BP). This statement is in agreement with an earlier observation of Stuart et al. (2004) for Western Europe. The current dates obtained for mammoths from south and east Poland indicate that there was a re-expansion of M. primigenius range for about 2e3 millennia between ca. 18.0 cal. ka BP (ca. 14.6 ka BP) and 15.0 cal. ka BP (12.6 ka BP) (Fig. 4). This reimmigration was limited at first to the area of south-eastern Poland, especially the Lublin Upland, represented by three dates from Kawe˛ czyn ca. 17,930 380 cal. BP (14,620 80 BP) (Fig. 6), Zamosc ca. 17,650 240 cal. BP (14,510 70 BP) and Lublin-Kalinowszczyzna ca. 17,380 240 cal. BP (14,140 70 BP) as well as perhaps Bzianka near Rzeszów in the foothills of the Carpathians. However, the reliability of the last date can be questioned due to the methods used
Fig. 6. A woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) tooth fragment from Kaweczyn, AMS 14C dated to 17,930 380 cal. years BP (14,620 80 years BP). The Zamosc Museum.
A. Nadachowski et al. / Quaternary International 245 (2011) 186e192
(a conventional 14C date). Another centre of mammoth distribution, possibly not linked with that in the Lublin Upland, was situated in the easternmost part of Sudetes foothills and Odra river valley near Racibórz. The latest records for Poland are those from the Magdalenian _ open-air site Dzierzys1aw 35 (Ginter et al., 2002, 2005; Wojtal, 2007) situated close to the Moravian Gate, in Odra Valley, a wide depression between the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains. Six radiocarbon dates determined from bone and dentine samples range from ca. 17,390 240 cal. BP (14,150 70 BP) to ca. 14,930 300 cal. BP (12,585 70 BP) (Table 1). This re-immigration into southern Poland, after an absence of about 5e6 millennia, can be plausibly linked to the renewed cold and open vegetational conditions of the end of the Pleniglacial, before the important warming of the Lateglacial Interglacial (Bølling e Allerød). The final extinction of mammoth in Poland seems to have occurred in southern rather than northern Poland, just before the Lateglacial Interglacial (ca. 15,000 cal. BP or ca. 12,600 BP). This event correlates with the rapid spread of boreal forest and the loss of the steppe-tundra biome in both areas occupied by the last mammoths, as seen in pollen diagrams from Obary in the Sandomierz Lowland (Mamakowa, 1962), qukcze (Ba1aga, 1982, 1990) and Krowie Bagno (Ba1aga et al., 1983) in Lublin Polesie, north of the Lublin Upland and Drogomysl (Niedzia1kowska et al., 1985) in the Upper Vistula valley. 3. Conclusion Remains of M. primigenius have been reported regularly from MIS 3 to the onset of MIS 2 in the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathians mountain chains with two possible gaps, between the H5 and H4 as well as the H4 and H3 cold events, because of forest expansions in milder climate phases. However, at the beginning of MIS 2 the number of mammoths appears to have been reduced due to severe climatic condition, even before the H2 cold event (between ca. 27.5 cal. ka BP and 24.3 cal. ka BP). Around 24 cal. ka BP Mammuthus probably disappeared from Poland for the next 5e6 millennia (to ca. 18 cal. ka BP). The last re-immigration lasting ca. 2e3 millennia took place between ca. 18.0 cal. ka BP and 15.0 cal. ka BP. Finally, climatic and environmental changes resulted in the fragmentation and contraction of the mammoth range and in consequence to its final extinction in Poland ca. 15.0 cal. ka BP (ca. 12.5 ka BP). Acknowledgments Research on mammoth extinction in Poland was supported by the grants of Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education of Poland No. 303 078 32/2589 and No. 2 P04C 081 30. We are grateful to many institutions (listed in the footnote of Table 1) that have contributed samples of mammoths for 14C dating. Special thanks go Radiocarbon Laboratory, for to Tomasz Goslar and his staff, Poznan providing most of radiocarbon dates presented in this work. We also gratefully acknowledge Anthony J. Stuart and William Davis for radiocarbon dates on some Polish mammoth remains. We are grateful to John Stewart, Hervé Bocherens, and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable critical remarks, insightful comments and suggestions. References Aaris-Sørensen, K., 2009. Diversity and dynamics of the mammalian fauna in Denmark throughout the last glacial-interglacial cycle, 115-0 kyr BP. Fossils Strata 57, 1e59.
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Radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Poland Adam Nadachowski*, Grzegorz Lipecki, Piotr Wojtal, Barbara Mie˛ kina Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Available online 27 March 2011
In Central Europe, a major gap in the radiocarbon chronology of Mammuthus primigenius has resulted from the absence of dated records in most of the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathian mountains. This paper presents almost 60 directly dated mammoth remains, based both on new research and published sources from the whole of Poland. The dates, ranging from ca. 54 to 15 cal. ka BP (51.8e12.6 ka BP), are correlated with Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) and MIS 2 of the Late Pleistocene. The mammoth was able to colonise this region at least three to four times. The number of mammoths was probably reduced during the middle of MIS 3, between ca. 43.2 cal. ka BP (39.0 ka BP) and 40.6 cal. ka BP (35.9 ka BP), as well as between ca. 34.8 cal. ka BP (30.5 ka BP) and 32.1 cal. ka BP (27.4 ka BP). Also, at the beginning of MIS 2 ca. 27.5 cal. ka. BP (ca. 22.8 ka BP) woolly mammoth probably became very rare in the studied area until ca. 24 cal. ka BP (ca. 20.2 ka BP), the beginning of H2 cold event. In the middle of MIS 2, between ca. 24.1 cal. ka BP to ca. 18.3 cal. ka BP (ca. 20.2 ka BP to ca. 14.6 ka BP), Mammuthus withdrew from Poland entirely. From ca. 18.3 cal. ka BP (ca. 14.6 ka BP) to 15.0 cal. ka BP (12.6 ka BP) the mammoth reoccupied part of its former range, the south-eastern part of Poland (Lublin Upland) and the easternmost part of Sudetes foothills and the upper Odra river valley. The marked loss of open habitats at the beginning of the Lateglacial Interstadial was followed by the retreat and extinction of M. primigenius in southern Poland around 15.0 cal. ka BP (12.6 ka BP). Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Remains of Mammuthus primigenius are amongst the most common Late Pleistocene fossil finds of the mid and northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. There is now sufficient chronometric evidence available for a reconstruction of the spatiotemporal pattern of extinction of the woolly mammoth from Europe and Asia (Stuart et al., 2002, 2004; Stuart, 2005; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009; Kuzmin, 2010) as well as North America (Agenbroad, 1989; MacPhee, 2007; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009). Whereas the extinction of the mammoth seems to be well-known for most of western, southern and north-eastern Europe (e.g. Stuart et al., 2002, 2004; Ukkonen et al., 2008; Aaris-Sørensen, 2009; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009; Sommer and Benecke, 2009), in some regions of central Europe there has been a major gap in the radiocarbon chronology resulting from the absence of dated records. In Poland a very large number of fossil remains of M. primigenius have been discovered over the last 170 years. Kowalski (1959) reported over 220 localities from this area. New fossils of * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Nadachowski). 1040-6182/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.011
mammoth from Poland have come to light during the last few decades, when, gravel-pits and Palaeolithic sites have been excavated. The bones of M. primigenius have been frequently found in the Late Pleistocene sediments of southern Poland. Kubiak (1965) added almost 50 new sites to the previously known list from the foothills of the Polish Carpathians. These were mostly finds of tusks, molars or isolated bones without archaeological context or confirmed geological provenance. Amongst these numerous remains two spectacular, almost complete, skulls of mammoth are included from De˛ bica and Bzianka near Rzeszów (Kubiak, 1980) (Fig. 1). Remains are often found during the exploitation of gravel-pits, such as that in Krosinko (Lorenc and Paw1owska, 2010), river banks or even near Poznan accidentally during cartographic work such as the recent discoveries in Janowice, in the Outer Western Carpathians (Cieszkowski et al., 2010). Remains of single mammoth individuals are known from sites such as Niedzica in the Pieniny Mountains (Kulczycki and Halicki, 1950), Skaratki near qowicz (Chmielewski and Kubiak, 1962), Kraków Nowa Huta (Koz1owski et al., 1970), Zemborzyce near Lublin (Jakubowski, 1972), Warszawa (Jakubowski, 1973), Wroc1aw-Oporów (Wiszniowska et al., 2003), Hallera Av.-Wroc1aw, _ near Strzegom site 1 (Wisniewski et al., 2009a), and Zastruze ska et al., 2010). On the other (Wisniewski et al., 2009b; Krzemin
A. Nadachowski et al. / Quaternary International 245 (2011) 186e192
Fig. 1. Woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) skull from Bzianka near Rzeszów, dated to 14,080 165 years BP (conventional 14C date). The skull is stored in Museum of Natural History, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals PAS, Kraków, Poland.
187
Fig. 2. A part of the woolly mammoth killing site in Kraków Spadzista Street (B). The mammoth remains from this site were dated to around 28e29 cal. ka BP (around 24 ka BP).
hand, in caves, only isolated mammoth bones or teeth have been found (Wojtal, 2007) e.g. in Ob1azowa Cave near Nowy Targ in the Carpathians (Kubiak, 2003) and in Komarowa Cave in the Cze˛ stochowa Upland (Nadachowski et al., 2009). However, most of the new remains, sometimes in large numbers, were collected from open-air archaeological sites and usually from well-recognized stratigraphical contexts. The best known are those of the Kraków Spadzista Street complex (Koz1owski and Kubiak, 1972; Koz1owski et al., 1974, 1975; Koz1owski and Sobczyk, 1987; West, 1996) where, in the Kraków Spadzista Street (B) site alone, an assemblage of more than 8000 remains belonging to at least 86 individuals has been found (Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005; Kalicki et al., 2007; Wojtal, 2007) (Fig. 2). New direct dates of material comprising the remains of M. primigenius have come from many parts of Poland. This paper, for the first time, presents a significantly higher number of radiocarbon dates on mammoths from the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathian mountains. 2. Pattern of Late Pleistocene extinction of Mammuthus primigenius in Poland The establishment of a reliable chronology of mammoth range changes in each zoogeographical region is essential for a reconstruction
Fig. 3. Distribution of radiocarbon dates for woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) material from Poland (listed in Table 1). The approximate southernmost ice sheet limit during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is illustrated by the dashed line (Ehlers and Gibbard, 2004). 1 e 14C AMS dates for younger part of MIS 2 (Lateglacial); 2 e 14C AMS dates for the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM); 3 - 14C AMS dates for the MIS 3; 4 e questioned dates due to low collagen or carbon content, ages appear too young; 5 - conventional 14C dates or date obtained by the GPC technique.
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Table 1 Radiocarbon dates of M. primigenius remains from Poland. Site
Region Lab code
14C years BP
Cal. years BP
(68% range)
14,935 301
(14,633e15,236) tooth
a _ Dzierzys1aw
1
LuS-7739
12,585 70
_ Dzierzys1aw _ Dzierzys1aw _ Dzierzys1aw _ Dzierzys1aw Bzianka Lublin-Kalinowszczyzna _ Dzierzys1aw Zamos c Kawe˛ czyn Ob1azowa Cave, layer VIII
1 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 5 6
Poz-10135 GdA-70 GdA-193 GdA-69 Lu-1346 Poz-28222 Poz-10136 Poz-28774 Poz-28221 OxA-3694
13,180 13,220 13,370 13,500 14,080 14,140 14,150 14,510 14,620 18,160
Wroc1aw-Oporów
7
Gd-10412
18,700 270b
Kraków Spadzista Street (C2) Wróblowa-Ujazd Kraków Spadzista Street (B) Kraków Zwierzyniec Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
8 9 8 8 8
OxA-635 Poz-31463 Ly-631 LuS-7421 Poz-242
20,200 20,320 20,600 22,800 23,020
Sandomierz Swilcza Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
10 2 8
Kraków Spadzista Street (B) Kraków Spadzista Street (C2) Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
8 8 8
_ Zastruze
11
60 70 80 80 165b 70 70 70 80 260c
350 120 1050b 150 180
16,108 16,151 16,305 16,448 e 17,378 17,388 17,651 17,939 21,844
392 404 424 415
242 244 244 380 420
e 24,114 24,264 e 27,460 27,586
472 303 411 450
Material Dated
(15,715e16,500) (15,746e16,555) (15,881e16,729) (16,033e16,863) e (17,136e17,620) (17,143e17,632) (17,406e17,895) (17,559e18,319) (21,423e22,264)
scapula tooth ivory
e
tusk
(23,641e24,586) (23,960e24,567) e (27,048e27,871) (27,135e28,036)
tusk tusk bone tooth bone
cranium femur
Poz-29293 23,070 130 Poz-31462 23,540 150 Poz-1248 23,750 140
27,627 441 28,465 364 28,668 405
(27,185e28,068) mandible (28,101e28,829) tooth (28,263e29,073) bone
23,750 150 23,750 150 23,770 160
28,670 407 28,670 407 28,687 409
(28,262e29,077) tooth (28,262e29,077) tooth (28,277e29,096) bone
Poz-16042 23,790 160
28,701 408
(28,292e29,109)
LuS-7417 LuS-7418 Poz-1251
%N:%C Source (of whole bone)
MCH
5.5:17.5
MZ MZ
1.0:3.6 3.1:10.8
GPCd
MRJ
2.1:6.6
MNKi MOR
1.5:6.0 2.2:6.2
Kraków Spadzista Street (B)
8
Poz-268
24,000 300
28,857 449
(28,407e29,306) bone
Kraków Spadzista trench III Kraków Spadzista Kraków Spadzista Wa˛ chock Kraków Spadzista
8
Poz-28735 24,240 160
29,004 417
(28,586e29,421) bone
ISEZ
1.7:6.7
(28,760e29,700) (28,779e29,707) (29,064e29,963) (29,123e30,019)
ISEZ ISEZ PIG
2.3:12.0 2.4:11.2 3.1:8.7
ISEZ ISEZ ISEZ ISEZ
1.2:7.5 2.0:5.9 2.2:5.8 4.1:13.2
MKOJ MNKi
2.4:8.5 4.7:14.0
MNKi ISEZ PIG
3.2 :11.1 3.4:9.5 1.1:3.5
ISEZ
1.5:10.9
ISEZ
3.4:12.0
MB MRP MOR PIG MZKiD
7.2:14.6 1.7:5.4 3.1;7.5 3.5:8.3 3.2:9.0
MB PIG MKOJ MB
6.6:20.8 2.9:7.7 2:O.K. 5.1:13.6
Street, Street (C) Street (C) Street (F)
8 8 12 8
Kraków Spadzista Street (E)
8
Poz-23644 Poz-23645 Poz-31004 LuS-7420
24,460 24,470 24,600 24,625
LuS-7419
24,700 180 24,850 24,980 25,000 25,220 25,300 25,650 25,910 26,910 26,940 27,440 30,500 32,280 32,500 32,500
160 150 170 180
Borsuka Cave Otfinów Kraków Spadzista Street (C3) Przenosza De˛ bica Sobiecin Kielce Mamutowa Cave Trzebownisko Przemysl Podgórze Mamutowa Cave Nietoperzowa Cave, layer 5b Krosinko
13 14 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 19 19 23
Poz-26124 Poz-30233 Poz-31038 Poz-30235 Lu-1347 Poz-31461 Poz-29292 OxA-14411 Poz-29294 Poz-30234 Poz-31037 OxA-14434 Poz-23628 Poz-23424
Deszczowa Cave, Upper Rock-shelter Mamutowa Cave Siekluki Sp1awie Rzeszów-Zwie˛ czyca _ Ste˛ zyca _ Skoki Duze Szczecin Trzcianka _ Zyrardów Jaros1aw-Garbarze Trzescianka
24
Poz-24205 32,500 700
19 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 17 33
OxA-14436 Poz-28223 Poz-34414 Poz-31460 Poz-31003 Poz-31002 OxA-11058 Poz-28224 Poz-31005 Poz-31459 Poz-28225
33,640 35,790 35,900 39,000 40,000 43,000 44,100 45,400 47,000 49,000 51,800
200 200 200 200 300b 190 160 130e 180 250 900 220e 400 400
250e 550 700 1000 1000 2000 1200 1700 2000 3000 4000
29,230 29,243 29,514 29,571
470 464 449 448
29,723 373 29,851 29,938 29,953 30,108 e 30,722 30,914 31,714 31,722 32,070 34,795 36,674 37,033 37,033
327 301 296 273
381 351 143 161 237 861 656 811 811
bone bone tooth tooth
(29,350e30,096) tooth (29,523e30,178) (29,636e30,239) (29,656e30,249) (29,835e30,381) e (30,340e31,103) (30,563e31,265) (31,570e31,857) (31,561e31,883) (31,833e32,307) (33,933e35,656) (36,018e37,330) (36,221e37,844) (36,221e37,844)
rib tooth tooth tooth cranium tooth innominate ivory tooth tooth tooth ivory bone tusk
36,994 1043
(35,951e38,037) tooth
39,214 1239 40,591 966 40,633 1043 43,240 798 43,820 870 46,866 2290 47,595 1845 48,992 2414 50,891 3058 54,600 5003 date out of range
(37,975e40,453) (39,624e41,557) (39,589e41,676) (42,442e44,038) (42,949e44,690) (44,575e49,156) (45,749e49,440) (46,578e51,406) (47,833e53,949) (49,597e59,603) date out of range
ivory tooth mandible tooth tibia humerus vertebra tooth innominate ulna tooth
Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Wojtal, 2007 Ginter et al., 2002 Wojtal, 2007 Ginter et al., 2002 Kubiak, 1980 this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper this paper Valde-Nowak et al., 2003 Bluszcz and Pazdur, 2003 Gowlett et al., 1986 this paper Koz1owski et al., 1974 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 this paper this paper Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 Wisniewski et al., 2009a, b Wojtal and Sobczyk, 2005 this paper this paper this paper this paper Arppe and Karhu, 2010 Arppe and Karhu, 2010 this paper this paper this paper this paper Kubiak, 1980 this paper this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper this paper this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper Lorenc and Paw1owska, 2010 this paper Wojtal, 2007 this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper this paper
Region abbreviation: DS - Dolnosla˛ skie Voivodeship; KP - Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship; LU - Lubelskie Voivodeship; MA - Mazowieckie Voivodeship; MP - Ma1opolskie ˛ skie Voivodeship; SW - Swie ˛ tokrzyskie Voivodeship; WP - WielVoivodeship; OP - Opolskie Voivodeship; PD - Podlaskie Voivodeship; PK e Podkarpackie Voivodeship; SL - Sla kopolskie Voivodeship; ZP - Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship; g e Gmina [Commune or municipality]; p e Powiat [County]. Region: 1 e OP, G1ubczyce p, Kietrz g; 2 e PK, Rzeszów p, Swilcza g; 3 e LU, Lublin pg; 4 e LU, Zamos c pg; 5 e LU, Zamos c p, Szczebrzeszyn g; 6 e MP, Nowy Targ pg; 7 e DS, Wroc1aw pg; 8 e MP, Kraków pg; 9 e PK, Jas1o p, Brzyska g; 10 e SW,
A. Nadachowski et al. / Quaternary International 245 (2011) 186e192
189
Fig. 4. Chart of directly radiocarbon dated records for woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) material from Poland (listed in Table 1) shown against of the record of climate change during the younger part of Late Pleistocene and Holocene from the GISP2 ice core (Stuiver and Grootes, 2000). MIS 4-MIS 1 e Marine Isotopic Stages from 4 to 1; H6-H1 e Heinrich events after Hemming (2004); cal. ka BP e time scale in calendric kilo years before present. Note the absence of mammoth dates within MIS 3 (grey arrows) and during MIS 2 (white arrows). Probable withdrawal of mammoths was connected with amelioration (MIS 3) or deterioration (MIS 2) of the climate.
_ _ Sandomierz pg; 11 e DS, Swidnica p, Zarów g; 12 e SW, Starachowice p, Wa˛ chock g; 13 e MP, Kraków p, Zabierzów g; 14 e MP, Tarnów p, Zabno g; 15 e MP, Limanowa p, Dobra g; 16 e PK, De˛ bica pg; 17 e PK, Jaros1aw pg; 18 e SW, Kielce pg; 19 - MP, Kraków p, Jerzmanowice-Przeginia g; 20 e PK, Rzeszów p, Trzebownisko g; 21 e PK, Przemysl pg; 22 e SW, ˛ tokrzyski p, Cmielów p, Mosina g; 24 e SL, Zawiercie p, Kroczyce g; 25 e PD, Bielsk Podlaski p, Bo Ostrowiec Swie g; 23 e WP, Poznan cki g; 26 e WP, Wrzesnia p, Ko1aczkowo g; 27 e _ _ PK, Rzeszów pg; 28 e LU, Ryki p, Ste˛ zyca g; 29 e KP, W1oc1awek pg; 30 e ZP, Szczecin pg; 31 e PD, Sokó1ka p, Janów g; 32 e MA, Zyrardów pg; 33 e PD, Hajnówka p, Narew g. Institutional abbreviation: ISEZ - Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, MB - Podlaskie Museum in Bia1ystok, Archeology Department, MCH - The Museum of the Che1m Land in Che1m, MKOJ - Museum Orsetti House in Jaros1aw, MNKi - National Museum in Kielce, MOR - The Regional Museum in Region Museum in W1oc1awek, Rzeszów, MRJ - The Regional Museum in Jas1o, MRP - The Regional Museum in Pyzdry, MZ - The Zamos c Museum, MZKiD - The Kujawian and Dobrzyn PIG- Polish Geological Institute, Geological Museum, Warszawa. a _ One molar specimen from Dzierzys1aw was dated at 10,510 70 BP (LuS-7422), significantly younger than any other dates from Poland. The reliability of the result is questioned due to low carbon content in collagen, age may appear too young (Arppe and Karhu, 2010). b Conventional 14C date. c The age may be questioned due to low collagen content. The ivory boomerang from layer VIII is the only sample exhibiting a significantly different age from human thumb phalanx (31,000 550 BP), the antler wedge (32,400 650 BP) and the bone perforator (30,600 550 BP) from the same layer (Housley, 2003). d GPC e the gas proportional counter technique used in 14C dating. e Archaeological artifact.
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of the complex patterns and processes of Late Quaternary extinctions in the Northern Hemisphere (Stuart and Lister, 2007). Knowledge of the Late Pleistocene history of woolly mammoths in Poland was previously insufficient because substantial series of radiocarbon dates made directly on mammoth material was not published until 2000. There are now directly dated 30 more mammoth remains from across most of Poland, and the results were supplemented by published dates (Fig. 3.). AMS radiocarbon dates were obtained for this study at the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory or taken from the literature cited (Table 1). These dates have been calibrated using the CalPal program to 1d (68% range) (Weninger et al., 2008), in order to obtain calendar ages (expressed in cal. ka BP) as well as to correlate them with the palaeoclimate records of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) (Dansgaard et al., 1993; Grootes and Stuiver, 1997). During the Late Pleistocene the woolly mammoth occurred widely across Northern Eurasia, including nearly all of Europe (Khalke, 1999; Álvarez-Lao et al., 2009). In the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathian mountain ridges the potential range of mammoths was only limited by the size of the LGM ice sheet that acted as a barrier to northward expansions. Most of the time span corresponding with marine isotope stage 3 (MIS 3) falls within the range of radiocarbon (14C) dating, with the exception of its relatively warm earlier part. MIS 3, known in Poland as Grudzia˛ dz Interstadial (Mojski, 2005), is in general characterised by climatic instability (van Andel and Davis, 2003). It begins around 60 cal. ka BP with the relatively warm phase of fairly mild DangaardeOeschger cycles (DO) lasting from ca. 59 to 44 cal. ka BP and only occasionally interrupted by brief colder, albeit relatively mild, events. The climate started to deteriorate between 42 and 37 cal. ka BP culminating in the extremely cold Heinrich 4 event (H4), an episode of massive iceberg release into the North Atlantic (Rahmsdorf, 2002) and described by van Andel et al. (2003) as a transitional phase. MIS 3 subsequently continues with a period characterized by stronger and brief climatic oscillations and ends close to another cold and dry period, the H3 event around 27 cal. ka BP. Although data are still limited at present, there is enough evidence confirming that M. primigenius was almost continuously distributed in all parts of Poland in MIS 3 (Grudzia˛ dz Interstadial) from ca. 54 cal. ka BP to ca. 27.5 cal. ka BP. However, an absence of dates of about 2.5 millennia is recorded between 43,240 800 cal. BP (39,000 1000 BP) and 40,630 1040 cal. BP (35,900 700 BP) and between ca. 34,800 860 cal. BP (30,500 900 BP) and 32,070 cal. BP (27,440 250 BP) (Fig. 4.) corresponding to an amelioration of the climate between the H5 and H4 as well as between the H4 and H3 events, with the possible development of forests, not suitable for mammoths. Among the MIS 3 records of M. primigenius, the site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), representing the period just after the cold H3 event, has produced the largest amount of identified specimens as well as individuals (Table 1). In general the evidence fits to the known colonization pattern of M. primigemius in Central Europe during MIS 3 (e.g. Sommer and Benecke, 2009). Shortly after ca. 28 cal. ka BP (ca. 23 ka BP) mammoths probably disappeared from some regions of Poland or at least the number of animals was reduced because of the appearance of extreme climatic conditions. Only two tusks have been dated from the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) from Wróblowa-Ujazd (Fig. 5): ca. 24,260 300 cal. BP (20,320 120 BP) and Kraków Spadzista Street (C2): ca. 24,100 470 cal. BP (20,200 350 BP) (Gowlett et al., 1986). A third conventional date on a bone from Kraków Spadzista Street (B) (20,600 1050 BP) is not confirmed by AMS dating. In addition there is the next youngest mammoth find, a tusk from Wroc1aw-Oporów, which was dated to 18,700 270 BP (Bluszcz and Pazdur, 2003) and the ivory boomerang from
Fig. 5. A woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) tusk from Wróblowa-Ujazd, AMS 14C dated to 24,260 300 cal. years BP (20,320 120 years BP). The Regional Museum in Jas1o.
Ob1azowa Cave at 18,160 260 BP (ca. 21,840 420 cal. BP) (Housley, 2003). Both dates are perhaps not reliable due to the dating method used or low collagen content (Table 1). Although the data are still limited at present, there is strong evidence that woolly mammoths disappeared entirely and rather suddenly from the whole area between the southern margin of the LGM ice sheet to the north and the Sudetes and Carpathians to the south, from ca. 24 cal. ka BP (ca. 20 ka BP) to ca. 18 cal. ka BP (ca. 14.6 ka BP). This statement is in agreement with an earlier observation of Stuart et al. (2004) for Western Europe. The current dates obtained for mammoths from south and east Poland indicate that there was a re-expansion of M. primigenius range for about 2e3 millennia between ca. 18.0 cal. ka BP (ca. 14.6 ka BP) and 15.0 cal. ka BP (12.6 ka BP) (Fig. 4). This reimmigration was limited at first to the area of south-eastern Poland, especially the Lublin Upland, represented by three dates from Kawe˛ czyn ca. 17,930 380 cal. BP (14,620 80 BP) (Fig. 6), Zamosc ca. 17,650 240 cal. BP (14,510 70 BP) and Lublin-Kalinowszczyzna ca. 17,380 240 cal. BP (14,140 70 BP) as well as perhaps Bzianka near Rzeszów in the foothills of the Carpathians. However, the reliability of the last date can be questioned due to the methods used
Fig. 6. A woolly mammoth (M. primigenius) tooth fragment from Kaweczyn, AMS 14C dated to 17,930 380 cal. years BP (14,620 80 years BP). The Zamosc Museum.
A. Nadachowski et al. / Quaternary International 245 (2011) 186e192
(a conventional 14C date). Another centre of mammoth distribution, possibly not linked with that in the Lublin Upland, was situated in the easternmost part of Sudetes foothills and Odra river valley near Racibórz. The latest records for Poland are those from the Magdalenian _ open-air site Dzierzys1aw 35 (Ginter et al., 2002, 2005; Wojtal, 2007) situated close to the Moravian Gate, in Odra Valley, a wide depression between the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains. Six radiocarbon dates determined from bone and dentine samples range from ca. 17,390 240 cal. BP (14,150 70 BP) to ca. 14,930 300 cal. BP (12,585 70 BP) (Table 1). This re-immigration into southern Poland, after an absence of about 5e6 millennia, can be plausibly linked to the renewed cold and open vegetational conditions of the end of the Pleniglacial, before the important warming of the Lateglacial Interglacial (Bølling e Allerød). The final extinction of mammoth in Poland seems to have occurred in southern rather than northern Poland, just before the Lateglacial Interglacial (ca. 15,000 cal. BP or ca. 12,600 BP). This event correlates with the rapid spread of boreal forest and the loss of the steppe-tundra biome in both areas occupied by the last mammoths, as seen in pollen diagrams from Obary in the Sandomierz Lowland (Mamakowa, 1962), qukcze (Ba1aga, 1982, 1990) and Krowie Bagno (Ba1aga et al., 1983) in Lublin Polesie, north of the Lublin Upland and Drogomysl (Niedzia1kowska et al., 1985) in the Upper Vistula valley. 3. Conclusion Remains of M. primigenius have been reported regularly from MIS 3 to the onset of MIS 2 in the area north of the Sudetes and Carpathians mountain chains with two possible gaps, between the H5 and H4 as well as the H4 and H3 cold events, because of forest expansions in milder climate phases. However, at the beginning of MIS 2 the number of mammoths appears to have been reduced due to severe climatic condition, even before the H2 cold event (between ca. 27.5 cal. ka BP and 24.3 cal. ka BP). Around 24 cal. ka BP Mammuthus probably disappeared from Poland for the next 5e6 millennia (to ca. 18 cal. ka BP). The last re-immigration lasting ca. 2e3 millennia took place between ca. 18.0 cal. ka BP and 15.0 cal. ka BP. Finally, climatic and environmental changes resulted in the fragmentation and contraction of the mammoth range and in consequence to its final extinction in Poland ca. 15.0 cal. ka BP (ca. 12.5 ka BP). Acknowledgments Research on mammoth extinction in Poland was supported by the grants of Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education of Poland No. 303 078 32/2589 and No. 2 P04C 081 30. We are grateful to many institutions (listed in the footnote of Table 1) that have contributed samples of mammoths for 14C dating. Special thanks go Radiocarbon Laboratory, for to Tomasz Goslar and his staff, Poznan providing most of radiocarbon dates presented in this work. We also gratefully acknowledge Anthony J. Stuart and William Davis for radiocarbon dates on some Polish mammoth remains. We are grateful to John Stewart, Hervé Bocherens, and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable critical remarks, insightful comments and suggestions. References Aaris-Sørensen, K., 2009. Diversity and dynamics of the mammalian fauna in Denmark throughout the last glacial-interglacial cycle, 115-0 kyr BP. Fossils Strata 57, 1e59.
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