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Rail bonds
Feb., r9o4.
R~il
ELECTRICAL
Bom]s.
I 1I
SECTION.
Slated M e e t i n ~ held Thl~rsday, Odober S, 19o3.
Flail Bonds. B'V XV. I~. H A R R I N G T O N .
General Manager Camden and Suburban Railway Company. ( C o n l i m ] e d f r o m p a y e 7 o. )
Paulus Rail Drill. T h e P a u l u s a u t o m a t i c feed drill, Yzg. :7, is a device by w hi ch t he o p e r a t o r is able to s t a n d in an erect position while drilling holes in the rails. I l l u s t r a t i o n shows drill for T-rail work. W e i g h t , 6o pounds. Made for girder rail. Bnda H e a v y - B a s e R ai l Drill. T h e B uda p a t t e r n drill, /:@ 1•, is similar to t he P a u l u s in c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t is m u c h heavier for use in drilling h e a v y T-rails. W e i g h t , 9 ° pounds. Electric l)rilling Plant. T h i s is an e q u i p m e n t for rail drilling, F&. zg, w h e r e c u r r e n t can be t a k e n off the t rol l ey wire. It is compact, easily t r a n s p o r t e d and will do the work in a fraction of the t i m e r e q u i r e d w i t h h a n d - p o w e r drills. The m o t o r used is of a m u l t i s p e e d iron clad type, h a v i n g an a p p r o x i m a t e speed of f r om 750 to 1,7oo r e v o l u t i o n s per m i n u t e All of the n o t c h e s are avai l abl e for i n t e r m i t t e n t work, and th e m o t o r can be r un c o n t i n u o u s l y on the last two. The plant consists of t he f ol l ow i ng det ai l s: r One tt.P . electric m o t o r com pl e t e . r F lex ib le shaft. I Universal joint. i T r a c k drill press. I T r a c k old man. '~.\I,[,-WIRE" RAII, BOND.
T h e " all-wire " rail b o n d is m a d e e n t i r e l y from one piece of flexible c o p p e r cable, w hi c h is cut to l e n g t h , as show n in l,z~:, co. It is t h e n placed in a f o r m i n g m a c h i n e and t he ends of the cable are cold pressed into s h a p e for the terminals, as
FI~; 17.--Paulus rail-drill.
111 position for drilling.
FI(;. iS.---Buda heavy.base rail drill.
In position for drilling.
Feb., t9o4. ]
R a i l Bollds.
I 13
illustrated in Yz~,. 2z, In this f or m t he s t r a n d s of wire in the terminals are cot~pressed firmly t o g e t h e r , as t he illustration shows ; th e size of the terminals, however, b e i n g considerably l a r g e r t h a n in t he finished bond. The ends of the bonds are t h e n h e a t e d to the w e l d i n g point and p r es s e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y to size and shape in a steel die. In the l a t t e r process t he size of the t e r m i n a l is considerably r ed u ce d, t he wires c o m p o s i n g it b e i n g p e r f e c t l y welded t o g e t h e r a nd f o r m i n g a mass of solid copper. T h e terminals are t h e n placed in a t r i m m i n g die and finished
FIG. I9.--Electric drilling plant. accurately to size. Fig'. 22 shows t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t he finished bond, and i l l u s t r a t e s t he p e r f e c t m a n n e r in w h i c h the wires of the cable are g r a d u a l l y m e r g e d into the solid copper terminals. Fi~s. 23 to 27 e x h i b i t different types of the "' a l l - w i r e " rail bond. VOL.CLVII. No. 938. 8
Harrington :
114
[J. F. 1.,
" CROWN" BONDS. T h e " c r o w n " b o n d of t h e f l e x i b l e t y p e is m a d e o f d r a w n copper with the heads or terminals welded to the strand. Fig. 26', a, b, c, ,t, e, s h o w s in d e t a i l s o m e of t h e m e e h a n -
o
t.)
n2
ra
:1 ~d
ical f e a t u r e s bonds.
which
are common
t o all s t y l e s of " c r o w n "
F @ 2,S'a, s h o w s t h e s t e e l e x p a n d i n g p i n u s e d w i t h all " c r o w n " b o n d s . T h i s p i n is m a d e l a r g e r t h a n t h e h o l e in t h e t e r m i n a l , so t h a t , as it is d r i v e n i n t o t h e t e r m i n a l it is
Feb., ~9oa. j
R a i l ]?ands.
I 15
intended to p r e s s t h e c o p p e r o u t w a r d in all d i r e c t i o n s radially f r o m t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e pin. F@ 2~' b, g i v e s a full v i e w of t h e t e r m i n a l of a " c r o w n " " S " ( s o l i d ) b o n d , d r i l l e d a n d m i l l e d r e a d y f o r i n s e r t i o n in the w e b of a rail.
e4
©
0
2
I
/'}~. _.g c, s h o w s in c r o s s - s e c t i o n t h e s a m e t e r m i n a l f a s t ened w i t h i n t h e w e b of t h e rail. Fig. ~8 d, s h o w s a full v i e w of t h e t e r m i n a l of a f l e x i b l e bond, w h i c h is t h e s t y l e of t e r m i n a l u s e d on all s t a n d a r d "crown " b o n d s . Fi~. 2~'e, s h o w s in c r o s s - s e c t i o n t h e s a m e t e r m i n a l f a s t ened w i t h i n t h e w e b of a rail. C u t s c a n d e s h o w t h a t t h e
116
tlarrington :
lJ. F. I.,
pin in b e i n g h a m m e r e d h o m e has e x p a n d e d t he c o p p e r on t h e f u r t h e r side of t he web to f o r m a bur r. N o special tool or e x t r a work is r e q u i r e d to p r o d u e e this burr, w h i c h effecti v ely fastens the terminal, s e r v i n g t he p u r p o s e of a shoul der or r i v e t e d head. T h e " cr o wn " b o n d is applied easily a~d economically T h e b o n d is slipped into place in t he rail and t he expandi n g pin d r iv en in. T h e c o p p e r of t h e t e r m i n a l is e x p a n d e d r a d i a l l y into c o n t a c t w i t h t he steel. As the r es u lt of e x p e r i m e n t s a force of i3,5oo pounds
FIG.
26.--" All-wire " rail bond. Type G--Form I.
FIG. 27.--"
All-wire " bond terminals.
e x e r t e d t h r o u g h the m e d i u m of an e x p a n d i n g pin of proper f o r m and size, will p r o d u c e as p e r f e c t c o n t a c t between c o p p e r and steel as a force of 48,ooo p o u n d s applied by m e a n s of a h y d r a u l i c press such as is c o m m o n l y used to c o m p r e s s th e t e r m i n a l of a b o n d w i t h i n t h e rail. Figs. 29 and 3 r show s ha pe s d e s i g n e d for use b e t w e e n the web of T- or girder-rails and t he splice bars. It is designed to span one, two or m or e bolts as desired. In Fig. 37, a and b, the loop holes for t he bolts are so l o c a t e d t h a t t h e holes for t e r m i n a l s are placed b e t w e e n t he first and second bolt
Feb., 19o4 ]
Rail
Bonds.
1 17
holes. T h e n u m b e r of l o o p h o l e s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n r e l a t i v e l y to t h e t e r m i n a l s a n d to e a c h o t h e r m a y b e v a r i e d to m e e t all a r r a n g e m e n t s of b o l t s a n d b o n d holes. A t l e a s t 2 i n c h e s
FIG. 28.--Crown-bonds.
a, b, c, d, e.
b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r of t h e b o l t h o l e a n d t h e c e n t e r of t h e bond h o l e a r e a l w a y s d e s i r a b l e . T h e t w o s t r a n d s m a y b e t h e s a m e size, as in s k e t c h /;t)~r.
Ix8
H a r r i n g t o n ."
[J. F. I.,
3 z a, or one s t r a n d m a y be l a r g e r t h a n t he other, as in s k e t c h F i g . 3 z b. In e i t h e r case t h e s u m of t he c a p a c i t i e s of the two s t r a n d s will equal t he c a p a c i t y of t h e r e q u i r e d bond. F i g . 3 2, a and b, shows a b o n d m a d e w it h flexible strand, e i t h e r s t r a i g h t or c r e s c e n t - s h a p e d b e t w e e n t h e t e r m i n a l s . In b o t h cases e v e r y wire in t he s t r a n d is m a d e w i t h a curve
FI~;. 2 9 . - ' '
C r o w n " figure S b o n d s
FIG. 3o. _ ` ` C r o w n " S (solid) c r o s s - b o n d
FIG. 3 l. - ' '
C r o w n " d u p l e x p a r a l l e l s t r a n d s b o n d s , a, b.
Fit;. 3 2 . - - " C r o w n " T - b o n d s .
FIe.. 3 3 . - - " C r o w n " F ( f l e x i b l e ) b o n d .
w h i c h gives flexibility and p e r m i t s e l o n g a t i o n of t h e s t r a n d itself w i t h o u t te ns i on on the i n d i v i d u a l wires. In t he cresc e n t - s h a p e d " c r o w n " T-bonds, t he c u r v e of t h e s t r a n d p e r m i t s the t e r m i n a l s to s p r i n g f a r t h e r a p a r t or close t o g e t h e r w h e n the rails c o n t r a c t or expand. In th e s t r a i g h t bond, to p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l l e n g t h of each wire to c o m p e n s a t e for the c o n t r a c t i o n of t he rails, the
F e b . , 19o4. ]
lx~czi[ BoJzds.
I 19
strand is pressed back so t h a t it bulges sidewise m i d w a y b e t w e e n the terminals. This makes the wires long e n o u g h for the terminals to be drawn apart ~- of an inch w i t h o u t p u t t i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l wires in tension. W h e n the rails expand, the already curved wires will close t o g e t h e r more t i g h t l y and the
FIG. 3~-.--" C r o w n " U b o n d .
F~6. 3 5 . - - T - r a i l w i t h t w o " C r o w n " S b o n d s .
terminals m a y come ½ inch nearer t o g e t h e r w i t h o u t distorting the bond. In Fiff. 33 the terminals are welded to the strand. Fz'~. 34 exhibits a shape d e s i g n e d for use u n d e r the base of a T- or girder.rail, or behind the splice bar on a h i g h Trail. As r e g u l a r l y made, the distance between centers is 3
I20
~rotes and Comments.
[J. F. I.,
inches, b u t the shape a d m i t s of a r e a d y a d j u s t m e n t to holes up to 5½ inches b e t w e e n centers. Fig. 35 shows a T-rail b o n d e d w i t h two " c r o w n " S bonds and F,g, 36 a T-rail b o n d e d w i t h two " c r o w n " F bonds. Fig. 37 shows " c r o w n " F bond applied to t h e c o n d u c t o r rail of an u n d e r g r o u n d or c o n d u i t system. T h e " c r o w n " bond has been used upon the u n d e r g r o u n d s y s t e m s of t h e
Fie.. 36.--T rail with two " C r o w n " F bonds.
FIG. 37.--" Crown " F bond on underground system.
M e t r o p o l i t a n Railroad, W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., the Capital T r a c t i o n Company, W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., the T h i r d A v e n u e R a i l r o a d of New York City, and the Metropolitan S t r e e t R a i l w a y C o m p a n y of N e w York City. ( To be continued.) THE LARGEST METEOR. The Smithsonian Institution's expert, F. W'. Crosby, examined the meteor which fell at Lodi, Cal., and pronounces it not only genuine, but likewise t h e largest ever found in t h e United States. It weighs between Io and 20 tons. From all appearanees it seems to have been buried in t h e hill, w h e r e it was found, for m a n y years.
R~il
ELECTRICAL
Bom]s.
I 1I
SECTION.
Slated M e e t i n ~ held Thl~rsday, Odober S, 19o3.
Flail Bonds. B'V XV. I~. H A R R I N G T O N .
General Manager Camden and Suburban Railway Company. ( C o n l i m ] e d f r o m p a y e 7 o. )
Paulus Rail Drill. T h e P a u l u s a u t o m a t i c feed drill, Yzg. :7, is a device by w hi ch t he o p e r a t o r is able to s t a n d in an erect position while drilling holes in the rails. I l l u s t r a t i o n shows drill for T-rail work. W e i g h t , 6o pounds. Made for girder rail. Bnda H e a v y - B a s e R ai l Drill. T h e B uda p a t t e r n drill, /:@ 1•, is similar to t he P a u l u s in c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t is m u c h heavier for use in drilling h e a v y T-rails. W e i g h t , 9 ° pounds. Electric l)rilling Plant. T h i s is an e q u i p m e n t for rail drilling, F&. zg, w h e r e c u r r e n t can be t a k e n off the t rol l ey wire. It is compact, easily t r a n s p o r t e d and will do the work in a fraction of the t i m e r e q u i r e d w i t h h a n d - p o w e r drills. The m o t o r used is of a m u l t i s p e e d iron clad type, h a v i n g an a p p r o x i m a t e speed of f r om 750 to 1,7oo r e v o l u t i o n s per m i n u t e All of the n o t c h e s are avai l abl e for i n t e r m i t t e n t work, and th e m o t o r can be r un c o n t i n u o u s l y on the last two. The plant consists of t he f ol l ow i ng det ai l s: r One tt.P . electric m o t o r com pl e t e . r F lex ib le shaft. I Universal joint. i T r a c k drill press. I T r a c k old man. '~.\I,[,-WIRE" RAII, BOND.
T h e " all-wire " rail b o n d is m a d e e n t i r e l y from one piece of flexible c o p p e r cable, w hi c h is cut to l e n g t h , as show n in l,z~:, co. It is t h e n placed in a f o r m i n g m a c h i n e and t he ends of the cable are cold pressed into s h a p e for the terminals, as
FI~; 17.--Paulus rail-drill.
111 position for drilling.
FI(;. iS.---Buda heavy.base rail drill.
In position for drilling.
Feb., t9o4. ]
R a i l Bollds.
I 13
illustrated in Yz~,. 2z, In this f or m t he s t r a n d s of wire in the terminals are cot~pressed firmly t o g e t h e r , as t he illustration shows ; th e size of the terminals, however, b e i n g considerably l a r g e r t h a n in t he finished bond. The ends of the bonds are t h e n h e a t e d to the w e l d i n g point and p r es s e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y to size and shape in a steel die. In the l a t t e r process t he size of the t e r m i n a l is considerably r ed u ce d, t he wires c o m p o s i n g it b e i n g p e r f e c t l y welded t o g e t h e r a nd f o r m i n g a mass of solid copper. T h e terminals are t h e n placed in a t r i m m i n g die and finished
FIG. I9.--Electric drilling plant. accurately to size. Fig'. 22 shows t h e a p p e a r a n c e of t he finished bond, and i l l u s t r a t e s t he p e r f e c t m a n n e r in w h i c h the wires of the cable are g r a d u a l l y m e r g e d into the solid copper terminals. Fi~s. 23 to 27 e x h i b i t different types of the "' a l l - w i r e " rail bond. VOL.CLVII. No. 938. 8
Harrington :
114
[J. F. 1.,
" CROWN" BONDS. T h e " c r o w n " b o n d of t h e f l e x i b l e t y p e is m a d e o f d r a w n copper with the heads or terminals welded to the strand. Fig. 26', a, b, c, ,t, e, s h o w s in d e t a i l s o m e of t h e m e e h a n -
o
t.)
n2
ra
:1 ~d
ical f e a t u r e s bonds.
which
are common
t o all s t y l e s of " c r o w n "
F @ 2,S'a, s h o w s t h e s t e e l e x p a n d i n g p i n u s e d w i t h all " c r o w n " b o n d s . T h i s p i n is m a d e l a r g e r t h a n t h e h o l e in t h e t e r m i n a l , so t h a t , as it is d r i v e n i n t o t h e t e r m i n a l it is
Feb., ~9oa. j
R a i l ]?ands.
I 15
intended to p r e s s t h e c o p p e r o u t w a r d in all d i r e c t i o n s radially f r o m t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e pin. F@ 2~' b, g i v e s a full v i e w of t h e t e r m i n a l of a " c r o w n " " S " ( s o l i d ) b o n d , d r i l l e d a n d m i l l e d r e a d y f o r i n s e r t i o n in the w e b of a rail.
e4
©
0
2
I
/'}~. _.g c, s h o w s in c r o s s - s e c t i o n t h e s a m e t e r m i n a l f a s t ened w i t h i n t h e w e b of t h e rail. Fig. ~8 d, s h o w s a full v i e w of t h e t e r m i n a l of a f l e x i b l e bond, w h i c h is t h e s t y l e of t e r m i n a l u s e d on all s t a n d a r d "crown " b o n d s . Fi~. 2~'e, s h o w s in c r o s s - s e c t i o n t h e s a m e t e r m i n a l f a s t ened w i t h i n t h e w e b of a rail. C u t s c a n d e s h o w t h a t t h e
116
tlarrington :
lJ. F. I.,
pin in b e i n g h a m m e r e d h o m e has e x p a n d e d t he c o p p e r on t h e f u r t h e r side of t he web to f o r m a bur r. N o special tool or e x t r a work is r e q u i r e d to p r o d u e e this burr, w h i c h effecti v ely fastens the terminal, s e r v i n g t he p u r p o s e of a shoul der or r i v e t e d head. T h e " cr o wn " b o n d is applied easily a~d economically T h e b o n d is slipped into place in t he rail and t he expandi n g pin d r iv en in. T h e c o p p e r of t h e t e r m i n a l is e x p a n d e d r a d i a l l y into c o n t a c t w i t h t he steel. As the r es u lt of e x p e r i m e n t s a force of i3,5oo pounds
FIG.
26.--" All-wire " rail bond. Type G--Form I.
FIG. 27.--"
All-wire " bond terminals.
e x e r t e d t h r o u g h the m e d i u m of an e x p a n d i n g pin of proper f o r m and size, will p r o d u c e as p e r f e c t c o n t a c t between c o p p e r and steel as a force of 48,ooo p o u n d s applied by m e a n s of a h y d r a u l i c press such as is c o m m o n l y used to c o m p r e s s th e t e r m i n a l of a b o n d w i t h i n t h e rail. Figs. 29 and 3 r show s ha pe s d e s i g n e d for use b e t w e e n the web of T- or girder-rails and t he splice bars. It is designed to span one, two or m or e bolts as desired. In Fig. 37, a and b, the loop holes for t he bolts are so l o c a t e d t h a t t h e holes for t e r m i n a l s are placed b e t w e e n t he first and second bolt
Feb., 19o4 ]
Rail
Bonds.
1 17
holes. T h e n u m b e r of l o o p h o l e s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n r e l a t i v e l y to t h e t e r m i n a l s a n d to e a c h o t h e r m a y b e v a r i e d to m e e t all a r r a n g e m e n t s of b o l t s a n d b o n d holes. A t l e a s t 2 i n c h e s
FIG. 28.--Crown-bonds.
a, b, c, d, e.
b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r of t h e b o l t h o l e a n d t h e c e n t e r of t h e bond h o l e a r e a l w a y s d e s i r a b l e . T h e t w o s t r a n d s m a y b e t h e s a m e size, as in s k e t c h /;t)~r.
Ix8
H a r r i n g t o n ."
[J. F. I.,
3 z a, or one s t r a n d m a y be l a r g e r t h a n t he other, as in s k e t c h F i g . 3 z b. In e i t h e r case t h e s u m of t he c a p a c i t i e s of the two s t r a n d s will equal t he c a p a c i t y of t h e r e q u i r e d bond. F i g . 3 2, a and b, shows a b o n d m a d e w it h flexible strand, e i t h e r s t r a i g h t or c r e s c e n t - s h a p e d b e t w e e n t h e t e r m i n a l s . In b o t h cases e v e r y wire in t he s t r a n d is m a d e w i t h a curve
FI~;. 2 9 . - ' '
C r o w n " figure S b o n d s
FIG. 3o. _ ` ` C r o w n " S (solid) c r o s s - b o n d
FIG. 3 l. - ' '
C r o w n " d u p l e x p a r a l l e l s t r a n d s b o n d s , a, b.
Fit;. 3 2 . - - " C r o w n " T - b o n d s .
FIe.. 3 3 . - - " C r o w n " F ( f l e x i b l e ) b o n d .
w h i c h gives flexibility and p e r m i t s e l o n g a t i o n of t h e s t r a n d itself w i t h o u t te ns i on on the i n d i v i d u a l wires. In t he cresc e n t - s h a p e d " c r o w n " T-bonds, t he c u r v e of t h e s t r a n d p e r m i t s the t e r m i n a l s to s p r i n g f a r t h e r a p a r t or close t o g e t h e r w h e n the rails c o n t r a c t or expand. In th e s t r a i g h t bond, to p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l l e n g t h of each wire to c o m p e n s a t e for the c o n t r a c t i o n of t he rails, the
F e b . , 19o4. ]
lx~czi[ BoJzds.
I 19
strand is pressed back so t h a t it bulges sidewise m i d w a y b e t w e e n the terminals. This makes the wires long e n o u g h for the terminals to be drawn apart ~- of an inch w i t h o u t p u t t i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l wires in tension. W h e n the rails expand, the already curved wires will close t o g e t h e r more t i g h t l y and the
FIG. 3~-.--" C r o w n " U b o n d .
F~6. 3 5 . - - T - r a i l w i t h t w o " C r o w n " S b o n d s .
terminals m a y come ½ inch nearer t o g e t h e r w i t h o u t distorting the bond. In Fiff. 33 the terminals are welded to the strand. Fz'~. 34 exhibits a shape d e s i g n e d for use u n d e r the base of a T- or girder.rail, or behind the splice bar on a h i g h Trail. As r e g u l a r l y made, the distance between centers is 3
I20
~rotes and Comments.
[J. F. I.,
inches, b u t the shape a d m i t s of a r e a d y a d j u s t m e n t to holes up to 5½ inches b e t w e e n centers. Fig. 35 shows a T-rail b o n d e d w i t h two " c r o w n " S bonds and F,g, 36 a T-rail b o n d e d w i t h two " c r o w n " F bonds. Fig. 37 shows " c r o w n " F bond applied to t h e c o n d u c t o r rail of an u n d e r g r o u n d or c o n d u i t system. T h e " c r o w n " bond has been used upon the u n d e r g r o u n d s y s t e m s of t h e
Fie.. 36.--T rail with two " C r o w n " F bonds.
FIG. 37.--" Crown " F bond on underground system.
M e t r o p o l i t a n Railroad, W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., the Capital T r a c t i o n Company, W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., the T h i r d A v e n u e R a i l r o a d of New York City, and the Metropolitan S t r e e t R a i l w a y C o m p a n y of N e w York City. ( To be continued.) THE LARGEST METEOR. The Smithsonian Institution's expert, F. W'. Crosby, examined the meteor which fell at Lodi, Cal., and pronounces it not only genuine, but likewise t h e largest ever found in t h e United States. It weighs between Io and 20 tons. From all appearanees it seems to have been buried in t h e hill, w h e r e it was found, for m a n y years.