- Email: [email protected]
Reactor pressure analysis at the initial stage of a loss of coolant accident
15 Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
03101493 Prospective analysis of beyond Kyoto climate policy: a sequential game framework Ciscar. J. C. and Soria. A. Ener,~~~ Polic.~~. 2002. 30. ( 15). 1327 1335. This article proposes a sequential game methodology to analyse the long-term climate policy prospects. Players can sequentially choose the best policy, among a series of policy options, while reacting to past moves of the other players. In order to illustrate the game methodology, a numerical optimization exercise is made, based on a simple integrated assessment model. The non-cooperative equilibrium arising from a five-stage sequential game with two large players (Annex B and non-Annex B regions), which tries to replicate the Kyoto and beyond Kyoto scenarios, is studied.
03/01494 Reactor pressure analysis at the initial stage of a loss of coolant accident Valero. E. and Parra, I. E. Annul.~ of‘Nuc/car Energy. 2003, 30, (5). 585601. To analyse the initial non-equilibrium stage of a loss of coolant accident (LOCA), a simple model of vessel blowdown has been developed. The model consists of a pressurized vessel and a discharge pipe, which connects the vessel bottom to ambient conditions. Initially, both vessel and pipe are filled with saturated liquid and its vapour. The discharge starts when the pipe end is suddenly opened. The system is described by the equations of the vapour volume behaviour, the liquid level in the vessel, the vapour production in the liquid and the discharge rate of the liquid through the break. The study of such equations explains the earliest depressurization states and their influence in the mass flux through the pipe. The model is finally validated comparing theoretical results with some Marviken experimental data.
03/01495 Reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from coal combustion Holcomb, R. R. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 79,356 (Cl. ClOL.5/00), 10 Ott 2002. US AUDI. PV279.325. A process 0; ‘treating high sulfur coal to reduce sulfur dioxide emission when the high sulfur coal is burned comprising placing coal in pressure tank of reduced pressure sufficient to fracture a portion of the coal by withdrawing ambient fluids trapped within the coal. The fractured coal is contacted with an aq. silica colloid composition supersaturated with calcium carbonate via conduit, and the majority of the aq. composition is then removed from contact with the coal. The aq. compositiontreated coal is pressurized in pressure tank under a carbon dioxide atmosphere for a period of time sufficient for the calcium carbonate to enter fractures in the coal produced in the first step.
03/01496 Removal of carbon dioxide from flue gases from fossll fuel combustion Otsuki, S. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 273,163 (Cl. BOlD53/62), 24 Sep 2002, Appl. 2000/123,558. (In Japanese) Flue gases containing CO2 from combustion of fossil fuel such as liquefied natural gases in powder plants are treated by gas-liquid contacting with slaked lime aq. solution for absorbing COa to form CaCOs precipitants, and recovering the CaCOa as byproduct from spent aq. solution.
03101496 Specific chimney emissions and biofuel characteristics of softwood pellets for residential heating in Sweden Olsson, M. et ul. Riomuss aud Rirwnergy, 2003, 24. (I). 51 57 Softwood pellets are mainly produced from sawdust and to some extent from wood shavings. The moisture content is typically less than half of that in firewood. The present annual residential use in Sweden for pellet burners in boilers and for pellet stoves amounts to more than 100000 tonnes and is increasing rapidly. The total annual production capacity at the more than 20 units exceeds one million tonnes, and permits continued rapid replacement of firewood and petroleum oil for residential heating. With the purpose of characterizing emissions to air, chimney smoke was sampled, and specific compounds were assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Benzene was the predominant aromatic compound in emissions from pellet burners. The smoke from stoves contained methoxyphenola with antioxidant properties and lower proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons. Observed differences in emissions from specific burning appliances are of interest with regard to both health hazards and regulation of emissions. Consideration of ecological aspects and pollution hazards indicates that wood pellets should be used primarily for residential heating, whereas controlled large-scale combustion is preferable for most other types of biomass waste.
03/01499 Study on the pollutant emission characteristics of co-flring biomass and coal Liu, H. et nl. Huonjing Kexue Xurhao, 2002. 22. (4). 484.-488. (In Chinese) The pollutant emission characteristics of coal, biomass and mixture of coal and biomass were studied. When the coal was mixed with biomass at mass ratio l:l, the rate of NO, conversion decreased 2%-33%, and the rate of SO, conversion decreased 10%-170/r.
Studv on the source aooortionment of atmospheric d&t pollutants in Litirzhou
03/01500
Yang, L. and Chen, F. Huanjing Kesur Xuehao. 2002, 22, (4), 499-502. (In Chinese) Twelve atmospheric dust samples were collected at Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China), and factor analysis was used to identify the sources. The results showed that there were four sources as the major contributors. About 41.04% of the dust came from coal combustion and 22.97% from wind-blown sand and soil, while motor vehicle emissions and building materials accounted for 18.67% and 12.84% respectively, and 4.48% of the dust was from other sources.
03/01501 intenslty
The natural and social properties of COz emlssion
Sun, J. W. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (3), 2033209. The formation of CO2 emission intensity reflects two properties. The natural property reveals COz emission intensity as being derived from energy intensity. The social property reveals the impact of energy and environment oolicv on the fuel mix, and further affects the numerical value of the’ index of CO2 emissions/total primary energy supply (TPES). This paper emphasizes that understanding the above two properties can help us in making energy and environmental policy for achieving the Kyoto Protocol and other environmental targets.
03/01502 Tropical fruit trees as bioindicators of lndustrlal air pollution in southeast Brazil Moraes,
03/01497 Resources consumption and wastes emission analysis for two manufacture processes of slliconlt Qiao, G. et al. Resources,
Conservation
and Recycling,
2002,
36, (4),
355-363.
Silicon carbide (SIC) heating elements (siliconits) are widely used at high-temperature fields. The raw materials, manufacture process and application fields of siliconits are all related to heavy energy consumption and pollutions, and bring high environmental loads. The resources consumption and pollution emissions in siliconit manufacture process were quantificationally estimated by input/output method. Difference between two traditional techniques to produce siliconits in China was also compared and analysed. The results show that siliconit manufacture processes consume large quantities of resources because the furnace is open to environment and too much thermal-protection materials are used. For the thick-end technique is more complicated and the thick-end siliconits have a bigger size and mass, there are more resources and energy consumptions and pollution emissions for thick-end process than that for equal-diameter process. Some suggestions were introduced to improve the traditional techniques and a new process was designed. It is the most important that the open furnace should be replaced by close vacuum furnace. Sintering and siliconizing process can be combined into one hightemperature process. As results of process simplification and vacuum sintering, resources and energy consumption and wastes emission can be decreased remarkably. 260
Fuel and Energy Absttwts
July 2903
R. M. et al. Environment International, 2002, 28, (5), 367-374. L., Psidium cuttlepnum Sabine and Mangifera indica L. were tested under field conditions as possible tropical bioindicators of industrial air pollution. The study was performed around the industrial complex of Cubatlo, SE Brazil, which comprises 23 industries, including fertilizer, cement, chemical, petrochemical, and steel plants. with 110 production units and 260 emission sources of pollutants. Saplings were exposed to environmental conditions during four periods of 16 weeks each (September 1994-September 1995). at four different sites in the coastal mountains near the industrial complex: the Valley of Pildes River (VP), the reference area; the Valley of Mogi River (VM), with high contamination of particulate matter, fluorides (F). sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds; Caminho do Mar (CM I, CM2). mainly affected by organic pollutants, S and N compounds. and secondary pollutants; and Paranapiacaba (PP), affected by secondary pollutants, such as ozone. M. indica did not adapt to the climatic conditions at the exposure sites. In the two Psidium species, the presence of visible symptoms, root/shoot ratio. foliar contents of F, S and N, amounts of ascorbate (AA) and watersoluble thiols (-SH), as well as peroxidase activity (POD) were determined. P. guajava showed higher foliar accumulation of F, S and N, more pronounced alterations of biochemical indicators, and less visible leaf injury than P. cattleyanum. P. guajavu may be used as an accumulative indicator in tropical climates, while further studies will be needed before P. cattlqvanum might be applied as a sensitive species in biomonitoring programmes. Psidium guajava
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
03101493 Prospective analysis of beyond Kyoto climate policy: a sequential game framework Ciscar. J. C. and Soria. A. Ener,~~~ Polic.~~. 2002. 30. ( 15). 1327 1335. This article proposes a sequential game methodology to analyse the long-term climate policy prospects. Players can sequentially choose the best policy, among a series of policy options, while reacting to past moves of the other players. In order to illustrate the game methodology, a numerical optimization exercise is made, based on a simple integrated assessment model. The non-cooperative equilibrium arising from a five-stage sequential game with two large players (Annex B and non-Annex B regions), which tries to replicate the Kyoto and beyond Kyoto scenarios, is studied.
03/01494 Reactor pressure analysis at the initial stage of a loss of coolant accident Valero. E. and Parra, I. E. Annul.~ of‘Nuc/car Energy. 2003, 30, (5). 585601. To analyse the initial non-equilibrium stage of a loss of coolant accident (LOCA), a simple model of vessel blowdown has been developed. The model consists of a pressurized vessel and a discharge pipe, which connects the vessel bottom to ambient conditions. Initially, both vessel and pipe are filled with saturated liquid and its vapour. The discharge starts when the pipe end is suddenly opened. The system is described by the equations of the vapour volume behaviour, the liquid level in the vessel, the vapour production in the liquid and the discharge rate of the liquid through the break. The study of such equations explains the earliest depressurization states and their influence in the mass flux through the pipe. The model is finally validated comparing theoretical results with some Marviken experimental data.
03/01495 Reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from coal combustion Holcomb, R. R. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 79,356 (Cl. ClOL.5/00), 10 Ott 2002. US AUDI. PV279.325. A process 0; ‘treating high sulfur coal to reduce sulfur dioxide emission when the high sulfur coal is burned comprising placing coal in pressure tank of reduced pressure sufficient to fracture a portion of the coal by withdrawing ambient fluids trapped within the coal. The fractured coal is contacted with an aq. silica colloid composition supersaturated with calcium carbonate via conduit, and the majority of the aq. composition is then removed from contact with the coal. The aq. compositiontreated coal is pressurized in pressure tank under a carbon dioxide atmosphere for a period of time sufficient for the calcium carbonate to enter fractures in the coal produced in the first step.
03/01496 Removal of carbon dioxide from flue gases from fossll fuel combustion Otsuki, S. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 273,163 (Cl. BOlD53/62), 24 Sep 2002, Appl. 2000/123,558. (In Japanese) Flue gases containing CO2 from combustion of fossil fuel such as liquefied natural gases in powder plants are treated by gas-liquid contacting with slaked lime aq. solution for absorbing COa to form CaCOs precipitants, and recovering the CaCOa as byproduct from spent aq. solution.
03101496 Specific chimney emissions and biofuel characteristics of softwood pellets for residential heating in Sweden Olsson, M. et ul. Riomuss aud Rirwnergy, 2003, 24. (I). 51 57 Softwood pellets are mainly produced from sawdust and to some extent from wood shavings. The moisture content is typically less than half of that in firewood. The present annual residential use in Sweden for pellet burners in boilers and for pellet stoves amounts to more than 100000 tonnes and is increasing rapidly. The total annual production capacity at the more than 20 units exceeds one million tonnes, and permits continued rapid replacement of firewood and petroleum oil for residential heating. With the purpose of characterizing emissions to air, chimney smoke was sampled, and specific compounds were assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Benzene was the predominant aromatic compound in emissions from pellet burners. The smoke from stoves contained methoxyphenola with antioxidant properties and lower proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons. Observed differences in emissions from specific burning appliances are of interest with regard to both health hazards and regulation of emissions. Consideration of ecological aspects and pollution hazards indicates that wood pellets should be used primarily for residential heating, whereas controlled large-scale combustion is preferable for most other types of biomass waste.
03/01499 Study on the pollutant emission characteristics of co-flring biomass and coal Liu, H. et nl. Huonjing Kexue Xurhao, 2002. 22. (4). 484.-488. (In Chinese) The pollutant emission characteristics of coal, biomass and mixture of coal and biomass were studied. When the coal was mixed with biomass at mass ratio l:l, the rate of NO, conversion decreased 2%-33%, and the rate of SO, conversion decreased 10%-170/r.
Studv on the source aooortionment of atmospheric d&t pollutants in Litirzhou
03/01500
Yang, L. and Chen, F. Huanjing Kesur Xuehao. 2002, 22, (4), 499-502. (In Chinese) Twelve atmospheric dust samples were collected at Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China), and factor analysis was used to identify the sources. The results showed that there were four sources as the major contributors. About 41.04% of the dust came from coal combustion and 22.97% from wind-blown sand and soil, while motor vehicle emissions and building materials accounted for 18.67% and 12.84% respectively, and 4.48% of the dust was from other sources.
03/01501 intenslty
The natural and social properties of COz emlssion
Sun, J. W. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (3), 2033209. The formation of CO2 emission intensity reflects two properties. The natural property reveals COz emission intensity as being derived from energy intensity. The social property reveals the impact of energy and environment oolicv on the fuel mix, and further affects the numerical value of the’ index of CO2 emissions/total primary energy supply (TPES). This paper emphasizes that understanding the above two properties can help us in making energy and environmental policy for achieving the Kyoto Protocol and other environmental targets.
03/01502 Tropical fruit trees as bioindicators of lndustrlal air pollution in southeast Brazil Moraes,
03/01497 Resources consumption and wastes emission analysis for two manufacture processes of slliconlt Qiao, G. et al. Resources,
Conservation
and Recycling,
2002,
36, (4),
355-363.
Silicon carbide (SIC) heating elements (siliconits) are widely used at high-temperature fields. The raw materials, manufacture process and application fields of siliconits are all related to heavy energy consumption and pollutions, and bring high environmental loads. The resources consumption and pollution emissions in siliconit manufacture process were quantificationally estimated by input/output method. Difference between two traditional techniques to produce siliconits in China was also compared and analysed. The results show that siliconit manufacture processes consume large quantities of resources because the furnace is open to environment and too much thermal-protection materials are used. For the thick-end technique is more complicated and the thick-end siliconits have a bigger size and mass, there are more resources and energy consumptions and pollution emissions for thick-end process than that for equal-diameter process. Some suggestions were introduced to improve the traditional techniques and a new process was designed. It is the most important that the open furnace should be replaced by close vacuum furnace. Sintering and siliconizing process can be combined into one hightemperature process. As results of process simplification and vacuum sintering, resources and energy consumption and wastes emission can be decreased remarkably. 260
Fuel and Energy Absttwts
July 2903
R. M. et al. Environment International, 2002, 28, (5), 367-374. L., Psidium cuttlepnum Sabine and Mangifera indica L. were tested under field conditions as possible tropical bioindicators of industrial air pollution. The study was performed around the industrial complex of Cubatlo, SE Brazil, which comprises 23 industries, including fertilizer, cement, chemical, petrochemical, and steel plants. with 110 production units and 260 emission sources of pollutants. Saplings were exposed to environmental conditions during four periods of 16 weeks each (September 1994-September 1995). at four different sites in the coastal mountains near the industrial complex: the Valley of Pildes River (VP), the reference area; the Valley of Mogi River (VM), with high contamination of particulate matter, fluorides (F). sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds; Caminho do Mar (CM I, CM2). mainly affected by organic pollutants, S and N compounds. and secondary pollutants; and Paranapiacaba (PP), affected by secondary pollutants, such as ozone. M. indica did not adapt to the climatic conditions at the exposure sites. In the two Psidium species, the presence of visible symptoms, root/shoot ratio. foliar contents of F, S and N, amounts of ascorbate (AA) and watersoluble thiols (-SH), as well as peroxidase activity (POD) were determined. P. guajava showed higher foliar accumulation of F, S and N, more pronounced alterations of biochemical indicators, and less visible leaf injury than P. cattleyanum. P. guajavu may be used as an accumulative indicator in tropical climates, while further studies will be needed before P. cattlqvanum might be applied as a sensitive species in biomonitoring programmes. Psidium guajava