- Email: [email protected]
Recent Advances in Coal Seam Sequestration Research in India - Highlighting Multiphase CO2 Flow for Deep Seam Sequestration
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-13, 14-18 November 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland
Recent advances in coal seam sequestration research in India highlighting multiphase CO2 flow for deep seam sequestration V. Vishal* a
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai - 400076
Abstract India is a coal rich nation and has significant volumes of coalbed methane reserves. The recent developments in CBM production show a positive way of further research on understanding the reservoir behavior for carbon sequestration. India has the 3rd largest proven coal reserves and is the 4th largest producer of coal in the world. Moreover, the estimated CBM resources hold significant prospects for commercial recovery of the natural gas. The total CBM resource in India has been estimated to be around 4.6 TCM. Deeper reserves from which recovery of coal after CBM extraction seems less feasible, technologically as well as economically, may be the prime targets for sequestration of anthropogenic CO 2. Coal seams that are found at depths which are below the limits of mining are considered suitable for disposal of anthropogenic CO 2. Some estimates suggest that huge CO2 storage potential exists in the major coal fields in India and coal at depths more than 1200 m could store CO 2 in the order of 345 Mt. Power sector in India is mostly coal based and produce huge quantities of CO 2. There are several industries acting as point sources for CO2. The close proximity of deeper coals and location of large point sources of CO2 emission indicate the positives of sequestration in coal. Some basins have been marked with high sequestration potential of 1885 Mt in the Cambay basin while some like Singrauli could offer only 1-2 Mt of storage depending on various parameters. This study is a review of recent developments in the area of coal seam sequestration in India. A detailed analysis of the available literature was conducted along with few experiments on CO2-coal interactions. Few studies have been initiated in India to study the behaviour of Indian coal using CO2 and also to explore the possibility of enhanced recovery of coalbed methane. The trapping of CO2 in the coal seams is related to its capacity as well as the gas injectivity. Coal matrix shrinkage, swelling, gas diffusion and permeability have been significantly investigated over past few years. An important aspect which is yet to be fully understood is the role of phase transformation of CO2 on its hydro-mechanical behavior. Few experiments were conducted in our laboratory using different phases of CO2 in coal, obtained by varying pressure and temperature conditions. The changes in coal permeability due to supercritical CO2 flow were greatly attributed to the high volumetric deformation or the swelling of coal under supercritical CO2 as compared to liquid CO2. The injection pressures were observed to reduce the effective stress behavior, which
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-22-2576-7254; fax: +91-22-2576-7253. E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1664
5378
V. Vishal / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
in turn pushed the permeability evolution at each confinement to a positive trend. However, the permeability of CO 2 reduced exponentially with increasing effective stresses. © 2017 2017 The TheAuthors. Authors.Published PublishedbybyElsevier ElsevierLtd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. Keywords: carbon sequestration; coal; adsorption; swelling
1. Introduction Methane is native to coal and forms during the coalification process. It has traditionally been recognised as an evil companion of coal bringing in major safety and production problems in underground mining. At present times, CBM is receiving increased attention as a valuable fuel source. Coal is the source as well as reservoir to significant quantities of methane, a potential economic resource. CBM, a bonus non-conventional energy source is generated mainly due to geochemical transformation of the organic matter by catagenesis. Gas adsorption upon the internal surface area of the coal (matrix porosity) is the most significant mechanism for gas retention in coals. The Gondwana coals in India are being exploited for CBM and also hold the potential to store anthropogenic CO2 [1-2]. The huge reserves of coal in India may be categorised into two types, based on their period of formation, namely Gondwana coal and Tertiary coal. Nearly 99% of the total coal reserves in India belong to Gondwana basins and are characteristically different from the rest of Tertiary coal. The major focus of research and development in CBM sector has been based mainly on Gondwana coals. However, exploration of CBM in Tertiary basins has also initiated in recent times for their CBM potential [3]. The Tertiary basins are of significant size and being explored for potential storage of anthropogenic CO2 for greenhouse gas mitigation. Some estimates reveal that the storage capacity of Tertiary basins is way high and have a strong future prospect in light of carbon capture and storage [4]. However, their methane content in place is estimated to be low. Peters et al. [5] categorised the Indian coal basins into four different categories on the basis of coal maturity, coal rank, physico-chemical attributes of coal, available area, depth of occurrence of coal, CBM potential and geological age. Few works have helped in quantification of the important parameters for CBM development in India. One of the most critical aspects of CBM development includes understanding the gas adsorption behaviour of different coal from different basins. Some works have been carried out to determine the methane adsorption isotherm for Indian coals by Pophare et al. [6] and Mendhe et al. [4]. Detailed characterization of Indian coal in terms of petrography along with the gas adsorption behaviour revealed high gas adsorption potential of coals with high vitrinite reflectance. This is in coherence with the results for coals from other parts of the world that reflected high adsorption capacity of vitrinite rich coals [7-8]. The ongoing research in different parts of the world has brought in the scope for enhanced recovery of coal bed methane, using inert gas stripping or by injection of CO 2 in coal seams. Vishal et al. [9] showed, using numerical modelling, that the process may technically be feasible and enhanced production of methane may occur due to injection of CO2 into coal seams. The preliminary study was based on development of a block size model, wherein the pertinent field parameters were put as input and the simulated CBM production characteristics were matched with the actual well data. The established model was then run using a CO 2 injection well at the centre for a period of nearly 4000 days. This study showed that approximately 218 Mm3 of CO2 can be sequestered in place of 74 Mm3 of CH4 produced from the chosen coal block in Raniganj coalfield. The results generated to verify the changes in CBM production due to CO2 injection clearly indicated that the otherwise waning CBM production curve shifts toward higher production due to pushing of more and more methane from coal blocks from the regions adjacent to injection well to those nearing the production well. This study provided useful insight regarding the regional scale behaviour of coal beds in terms of enhanced production of coal bed methane. The challenge exists in the loss of permeability due to swelling of coal matrix when exposed to CO 2. This matrix swelling in turn closes the aperture of the fractures or the cleats and hence, the path or conduits for passage of fluids and significant reduction in coal permeability is observed as a consequence.
V. Vishal / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
2. Coal seam sequestration in India As mentioned in the previous section, a great deal of research pertinent to CO 2 sequestration in Indian coal beds has gathered momentum since past few years. Raniganj, Barakar and Jharia coalfields are large coalfields having enormous reserves of good quality coal. Several companies are extracting CBM and exploring further possibilities for the same. The areas also have major power plants located in close vicinity and the released CO2 may be captured and used for the enhanced recovery of methane. Coal seams at depths limited to mining may be explored for possible CO2 sequestration. A preliminary study by Holloway et al. [10] and IEAGHG [11] suggests that huge CO2 storage potential exists in the major coal fields in India and for coals at depths above 1200 m, it could be of the order of 345 Mt i.e. approximately 6000 bcf of CO 2, while Mendhe et al. [4] estimated a total CO2 storage capacity of 4459 Mt (equal to 80.26 tcf) in the Indian coalfields including both Gondwana as well as Tertiary coals. Power sector in India is mostly coal based and produces huge quantities of CO2. There are several industries acting as point sources for CO2. The close proximity of deeper coals along with the locations of point sources of CO 2 emission indicates high chances of sequestration in coal. Some of the basins have been marked with high sequestration potential of 1885 Mt in the Cambay basin while some like Singrauli offer only 1-2 Mt of storage depending upon the coal availability for sequestration and other parameters. Apart from estimation of coal gas reserves, several technical parameters related to the adsorption capacity of coals and suitable trapping/sealing mechanism must be ensured before utilising coals for CO2 sinking. Some recent experimental works by Vishal et al. [12-15] on laboratory scale study on injection of CO2 in coal samples provides insight to the conditions that affect permeability in coal need to be monitored for the injection process. 3. Multiphase CO2 – coal interactions Most of the studies in coal-CO2 interactions have been conducted using sub-critical CO2. Such sub-critical phases of CO2 will be encountered at shallower depths. However, in case of storage of CO 2 at depths more than 800m, the studies need to be conducted using supercritical CO 2. CO2 exists in supercritical state above the pressure of 7.38 MPa and temperature of 31.1° C, which is likely to be encountered at depths more than 800m from the surface. Coal mining in India would render the shallow depth coal seams unfit for sequestration. Studies have shown that the affinity of coal to supercritical CO 2 is higher than its subcritical phase, and this induces large volumetric deformation in coal [16]. Few recent studies have focused on the role of phase change in CO 2 in the permeability of Indian coal [17-19]. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of gas, liquid and supercritical CO2 in Indian coal seams. A high pressure-temperature triaxial cell with a capability to transfer CO 2 from the upstream side to the downstream side was built. The conditions were varied to change the phase of the injected CO2 from gas to liquid to supercritical. The pulse decay technique was used to estimate the permeability of CO2 in coal. The permeability of coal to gas and liquid CO2 was found to be much higher as compared to that using supercritical CO2. Upon increasing the confining pressures, further reduction in permeability was obtained. It was found that upon saturation of the sample with supercritical CO 2, the permeability of the tested sample reduced by 60% after the third phase of saturation (each phase was of 15 hours). N2 was used as the low sorbing gas to compare the permeability reductions. 4. Conclusions India is growing at a fast pace and in her efforts to supply basic amenities such as clean cooking facilities to every home; large consumption of natural resources will take place. Release of these gases to the atmosphere causes increase in CO2 concentration which is linked to the rise in temperature of the surface of earth in the past two centuries. To meet the growing energy needs and maintain a cleaner atmosphere, CCS in coal is a promising opportunity. The opportunity for ECBMS can partly offset the cost of carbon capture and hence, CCS in coal may be a value-addition process as compared to other storage methods in saline aquifers or basaltic formations. Due to the unconventional reservoir behaviour and specific challenges in coal seam sequestration, detailed studies and a start with establishing a pilot project should be done in Indian basins. Further research on more real term
5379
5380
V. Vishal / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
implications of CO2 storage in Indian coal may be encouraged. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
Vishal V, Singh TN, editors. Geologic carbon sequestration: understanding reservoir behavior. Springer; 2016 May 30. Jain N, Srivastava A, Singh TN. Carbon capture, transport and geologic storage: a brief introduction. in geologic carbon sequestration. Springer International Publishing; 2016 pp. 3-18. Chakraborty A, Tiwari PK, Singh AK. Coalbed methane exploration in a tertiary lignite basin, North Gujarat, India. InThe 2nd South Asian Geosciences Conference and Exhibition, GEOIndia 2011 (Vol. 2011). Mendhe VA, Singh H, Prashant Sinha A. Sorption capacities for enhanced coal bed methane recovery through CO 2 sequestration in unmineable coal seams of India, International Conference on Unconventional Sour Fossil Fuels Carbon Management. 2011. Peters J, Punjrath NK, Singh SK. Development of coalbed methane resources–challenges in the new millennium. Ind Geol Cong, KDMIPE, Dehradun. 2000. Pophare AM, Mendhe VA, Varade A. Evaluation of coal bed methane potential of coal seams of Sawang Colliery, Jharkhand, India. J E. Sys Sc. 2008 Apr 1; 117(2):121-32. Levine JR. Coalification: The evolution of coal as source rock and reservoir rock for oil and gas: Chapter 3. In Hydrocarbons from Coal, eds. Law, B.E., Rice, D.D., AAPG Studies in Geology, 1993. pp.38, 39–78. Day S, Fry R, Sakurovs R. Swelling of Australian coals in supercritical CO2. Int J Coal Geol. 2008; 74(1):41-52. Vishal V, Singh L, Pradhan SP, Singh TN, Ranjith PG. Numerical modeling of Gondwana coal seams in India as coalbed methane reservoirs substituted for carbon dioxide sequestration. Energy. 2013; 49:384-94. Holloway S, Garg A, Kapshe M, Deshpande A, Pracha AS, Khan SR, Mahmood MA, Singh TN, Kirk KL, Gale J. An assessment of the CO2 storage potential of the Indian subcontinent. Energy Procedia. 2009; 1(1):2607-13. Holloway S, Garg A, Kapshe M, Deshpande A, Pracha AS, Khan SR. A regional assessment of the potential for CO2 storage in the Indian subcontinent. IEA GHG R&D Programme. 2008. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Singh TN. CO2 permeability of Indian bituminous coals: implications for carbon sequestrationInt J Coal Geol, 2013;105:36-47. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Pradhan SP, Singh TN. Permeability of sub-critical carbon dioxide in naturally fractured Indian bituminous coal at a range of down-hole stress conditions. Engineering Geology. 2013; 167:148-56. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Singh TN. An experimental investigation on behaviour of coal under fluid saturation, using acoustic emission. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2015;22:428-36. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Singh TN, Singh T. Geomechanical attributes of reconstituted Indian coals under carbon dioxide saturation. In Rock Mech Res Ener Env (pp. 171-173). CRC Press. Krooss BM, Van Bergen F, Gensterblum Y, Siemons N, Pagnier HJ, David P. High-pressure methane and carbon dioxide adsorption on dry and moisture-equilibrated Pennsylvanian coals. Int J Coal Geol. 2002; 51(2):69-92. Vishal V, Singh TN. A laboratory investigation of permeability of coal to supercritical CO 2. Geotech Geol Engg. 2015; 33(4):100916. Vishal V, Saturation time dependency of liquid and supercritical CO 2 permeability of bituminous coals: Implications for carbon storage, Fuel (submitted) Vishal V, Insitu disposal of CO2: Liquid and supercritical CO2 permeability of coal at multiple downhole stress conditions, in preparation
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-13, 14-18 November 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland
Recent advances in coal seam sequestration research in India highlighting multiphase CO2 flow for deep seam sequestration V. Vishal* a
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai - 400076
Abstract India is a coal rich nation and has significant volumes of coalbed methane reserves. The recent developments in CBM production show a positive way of further research on understanding the reservoir behavior for carbon sequestration. India has the 3rd largest proven coal reserves and is the 4th largest producer of coal in the world. Moreover, the estimated CBM resources hold significant prospects for commercial recovery of the natural gas. The total CBM resource in India has been estimated to be around 4.6 TCM. Deeper reserves from which recovery of coal after CBM extraction seems less feasible, technologically as well as economically, may be the prime targets for sequestration of anthropogenic CO 2. Coal seams that are found at depths which are below the limits of mining are considered suitable for disposal of anthropogenic CO 2. Some estimates suggest that huge CO2 storage potential exists in the major coal fields in India and coal at depths more than 1200 m could store CO 2 in the order of 345 Mt. Power sector in India is mostly coal based and produce huge quantities of CO 2. There are several industries acting as point sources for CO2. The close proximity of deeper coals and location of large point sources of CO2 emission indicate the positives of sequestration in coal. Some basins have been marked with high sequestration potential of 1885 Mt in the Cambay basin while some like Singrauli could offer only 1-2 Mt of storage depending on various parameters. This study is a review of recent developments in the area of coal seam sequestration in India. A detailed analysis of the available literature was conducted along with few experiments on CO2-coal interactions. Few studies have been initiated in India to study the behaviour of Indian coal using CO2 and also to explore the possibility of enhanced recovery of coalbed methane. The trapping of CO2 in the coal seams is related to its capacity as well as the gas injectivity. Coal matrix shrinkage, swelling, gas diffusion and permeability have been significantly investigated over past few years. An important aspect which is yet to be fully understood is the role of phase transformation of CO2 on its hydro-mechanical behavior. Few experiments were conducted in our laboratory using different phases of CO2 in coal, obtained by varying pressure and temperature conditions. The changes in coal permeability due to supercritical CO2 flow were greatly attributed to the high volumetric deformation or the swelling of coal under supercritical CO2 as compared to liquid CO2. The injection pressures were observed to reduce the effective stress behavior, which
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-22-2576-7254; fax: +91-22-2576-7253. E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1664
5378
V. Vishal / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
in turn pushed the permeability evolution at each confinement to a positive trend. However, the permeability of CO 2 reduced exponentially with increasing effective stresses. © 2017 2017 The TheAuthors. Authors.Published PublishedbybyElsevier ElsevierLtd. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GHGT-13. Keywords: carbon sequestration; coal; adsorption; swelling
1. Introduction Methane is native to coal and forms during the coalification process. It has traditionally been recognised as an evil companion of coal bringing in major safety and production problems in underground mining. At present times, CBM is receiving increased attention as a valuable fuel source. Coal is the source as well as reservoir to significant quantities of methane, a potential economic resource. CBM, a bonus non-conventional energy source is generated mainly due to geochemical transformation of the organic matter by catagenesis. Gas adsorption upon the internal surface area of the coal (matrix porosity) is the most significant mechanism for gas retention in coals. The Gondwana coals in India are being exploited for CBM and also hold the potential to store anthropogenic CO2 [1-2]. The huge reserves of coal in India may be categorised into two types, based on their period of formation, namely Gondwana coal and Tertiary coal. Nearly 99% of the total coal reserves in India belong to Gondwana basins and are characteristically different from the rest of Tertiary coal. The major focus of research and development in CBM sector has been based mainly on Gondwana coals. However, exploration of CBM in Tertiary basins has also initiated in recent times for their CBM potential [3]. The Tertiary basins are of significant size and being explored for potential storage of anthropogenic CO2 for greenhouse gas mitigation. Some estimates reveal that the storage capacity of Tertiary basins is way high and have a strong future prospect in light of carbon capture and storage [4]. However, their methane content in place is estimated to be low. Peters et al. [5] categorised the Indian coal basins into four different categories on the basis of coal maturity, coal rank, physico-chemical attributes of coal, available area, depth of occurrence of coal, CBM potential and geological age. Few works have helped in quantification of the important parameters for CBM development in India. One of the most critical aspects of CBM development includes understanding the gas adsorption behaviour of different coal from different basins. Some works have been carried out to determine the methane adsorption isotherm for Indian coals by Pophare et al. [6] and Mendhe et al. [4]. Detailed characterization of Indian coal in terms of petrography along with the gas adsorption behaviour revealed high gas adsorption potential of coals with high vitrinite reflectance. This is in coherence with the results for coals from other parts of the world that reflected high adsorption capacity of vitrinite rich coals [7-8]. The ongoing research in different parts of the world has brought in the scope for enhanced recovery of coal bed methane, using inert gas stripping or by injection of CO 2 in coal seams. Vishal et al. [9] showed, using numerical modelling, that the process may technically be feasible and enhanced production of methane may occur due to injection of CO2 into coal seams. The preliminary study was based on development of a block size model, wherein the pertinent field parameters were put as input and the simulated CBM production characteristics were matched with the actual well data. The established model was then run using a CO 2 injection well at the centre for a period of nearly 4000 days. This study showed that approximately 218 Mm3 of CO2 can be sequestered in place of 74 Mm3 of CH4 produced from the chosen coal block in Raniganj coalfield. The results generated to verify the changes in CBM production due to CO2 injection clearly indicated that the otherwise waning CBM production curve shifts toward higher production due to pushing of more and more methane from coal blocks from the regions adjacent to injection well to those nearing the production well. This study provided useful insight regarding the regional scale behaviour of coal beds in terms of enhanced production of coal bed methane. The challenge exists in the loss of permeability due to swelling of coal matrix when exposed to CO 2. This matrix swelling in turn closes the aperture of the fractures or the cleats and hence, the path or conduits for passage of fluids and significant reduction in coal permeability is observed as a consequence.
V. Vishal / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
2. Coal seam sequestration in India As mentioned in the previous section, a great deal of research pertinent to CO 2 sequestration in Indian coal beds has gathered momentum since past few years. Raniganj, Barakar and Jharia coalfields are large coalfields having enormous reserves of good quality coal. Several companies are extracting CBM and exploring further possibilities for the same. The areas also have major power plants located in close vicinity and the released CO2 may be captured and used for the enhanced recovery of methane. Coal seams at depths limited to mining may be explored for possible CO2 sequestration. A preliminary study by Holloway et al. [10] and IEAGHG [11] suggests that huge CO2 storage potential exists in the major coal fields in India and for coals at depths above 1200 m, it could be of the order of 345 Mt i.e. approximately 6000 bcf of CO 2, while Mendhe et al. [4] estimated a total CO2 storage capacity of 4459 Mt (equal to 80.26 tcf) in the Indian coalfields including both Gondwana as well as Tertiary coals. Power sector in India is mostly coal based and produces huge quantities of CO2. There are several industries acting as point sources for CO2. The close proximity of deeper coals along with the locations of point sources of CO 2 emission indicates high chances of sequestration in coal. Some of the basins have been marked with high sequestration potential of 1885 Mt in the Cambay basin while some like Singrauli offer only 1-2 Mt of storage depending upon the coal availability for sequestration and other parameters. Apart from estimation of coal gas reserves, several technical parameters related to the adsorption capacity of coals and suitable trapping/sealing mechanism must be ensured before utilising coals for CO2 sinking. Some recent experimental works by Vishal et al. [12-15] on laboratory scale study on injection of CO2 in coal samples provides insight to the conditions that affect permeability in coal need to be monitored for the injection process. 3. Multiphase CO2 – coal interactions Most of the studies in coal-CO2 interactions have been conducted using sub-critical CO2. Such sub-critical phases of CO2 will be encountered at shallower depths. However, in case of storage of CO 2 at depths more than 800m, the studies need to be conducted using supercritical CO 2. CO2 exists in supercritical state above the pressure of 7.38 MPa and temperature of 31.1° C, which is likely to be encountered at depths more than 800m from the surface. Coal mining in India would render the shallow depth coal seams unfit for sequestration. Studies have shown that the affinity of coal to supercritical CO 2 is higher than its subcritical phase, and this induces large volumetric deformation in coal [16]. Few recent studies have focused on the role of phase change in CO 2 in the permeability of Indian coal [17-19]. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of gas, liquid and supercritical CO2 in Indian coal seams. A high pressure-temperature triaxial cell with a capability to transfer CO 2 from the upstream side to the downstream side was built. The conditions were varied to change the phase of the injected CO2 from gas to liquid to supercritical. The pulse decay technique was used to estimate the permeability of CO2 in coal. The permeability of coal to gas and liquid CO2 was found to be much higher as compared to that using supercritical CO2. Upon increasing the confining pressures, further reduction in permeability was obtained. It was found that upon saturation of the sample with supercritical CO 2, the permeability of the tested sample reduced by 60% after the third phase of saturation (each phase was of 15 hours). N2 was used as the low sorbing gas to compare the permeability reductions. 4. Conclusions India is growing at a fast pace and in her efforts to supply basic amenities such as clean cooking facilities to every home; large consumption of natural resources will take place. Release of these gases to the atmosphere causes increase in CO2 concentration which is linked to the rise in temperature of the surface of earth in the past two centuries. To meet the growing energy needs and maintain a cleaner atmosphere, CCS in coal is a promising opportunity. The opportunity for ECBMS can partly offset the cost of carbon capture and hence, CCS in coal may be a value-addition process as compared to other storage methods in saline aquifers or basaltic formations. Due to the unconventional reservoir behaviour and specific challenges in coal seam sequestration, detailed studies and a start with establishing a pilot project should be done in Indian basins. Further research on more real term
5379
5380
V. Vishal / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 5377 – 5380
implications of CO2 storage in Indian coal may be encouraged. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
Vishal V, Singh TN, editors. Geologic carbon sequestration: understanding reservoir behavior. Springer; 2016 May 30. Jain N, Srivastava A, Singh TN. Carbon capture, transport and geologic storage: a brief introduction. in geologic carbon sequestration. Springer International Publishing; 2016 pp. 3-18. Chakraborty A, Tiwari PK, Singh AK. Coalbed methane exploration in a tertiary lignite basin, North Gujarat, India. InThe 2nd South Asian Geosciences Conference and Exhibition, GEOIndia 2011 (Vol. 2011). Mendhe VA, Singh H, Prashant Sinha A. Sorption capacities for enhanced coal bed methane recovery through CO 2 sequestration in unmineable coal seams of India, International Conference on Unconventional Sour Fossil Fuels Carbon Management. 2011. Peters J, Punjrath NK, Singh SK. Development of coalbed methane resources–challenges in the new millennium. Ind Geol Cong, KDMIPE, Dehradun. 2000. Pophare AM, Mendhe VA, Varade A. Evaluation of coal bed methane potential of coal seams of Sawang Colliery, Jharkhand, India. J E. Sys Sc. 2008 Apr 1; 117(2):121-32. Levine JR. Coalification: The evolution of coal as source rock and reservoir rock for oil and gas: Chapter 3. In Hydrocarbons from Coal, eds. Law, B.E., Rice, D.D., AAPG Studies in Geology, 1993. pp.38, 39–78. Day S, Fry R, Sakurovs R. Swelling of Australian coals in supercritical CO2. Int J Coal Geol. 2008; 74(1):41-52. Vishal V, Singh L, Pradhan SP, Singh TN, Ranjith PG. Numerical modeling of Gondwana coal seams in India as coalbed methane reservoirs substituted for carbon dioxide sequestration. Energy. 2013; 49:384-94. Holloway S, Garg A, Kapshe M, Deshpande A, Pracha AS, Khan SR, Mahmood MA, Singh TN, Kirk KL, Gale J. An assessment of the CO2 storage potential of the Indian subcontinent. Energy Procedia. 2009; 1(1):2607-13. Holloway S, Garg A, Kapshe M, Deshpande A, Pracha AS, Khan SR. A regional assessment of the potential for CO2 storage in the Indian subcontinent. IEA GHG R&D Programme. 2008. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Singh TN. CO2 permeability of Indian bituminous coals: implications for carbon sequestrationInt J Coal Geol, 2013;105:36-47. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Pradhan SP, Singh TN. Permeability of sub-critical carbon dioxide in naturally fractured Indian bituminous coal at a range of down-hole stress conditions. Engineering Geology. 2013; 167:148-56. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Singh TN. An experimental investigation on behaviour of coal under fluid saturation, using acoustic emission. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2015;22:428-36. Vishal V, Ranjith PG, Singh TN, Singh T. Geomechanical attributes of reconstituted Indian coals under carbon dioxide saturation. In Rock Mech Res Ener Env (pp. 171-173). CRC Press. Krooss BM, Van Bergen F, Gensterblum Y, Siemons N, Pagnier HJ, David P. High-pressure methane and carbon dioxide adsorption on dry and moisture-equilibrated Pennsylvanian coals. Int J Coal Geol. 2002; 51(2):69-92. Vishal V, Singh TN. A laboratory investigation of permeability of coal to supercritical CO 2. Geotech Geol Engg. 2015; 33(4):100916. Vishal V, Saturation time dependency of liquid and supercritical CO 2 permeability of bituminous coals: Implications for carbon storage, Fuel (submitted) Vishal V, Insitu disposal of CO2: Liquid and supercritical CO2 permeability of coal at multiple downhole stress conditions, in preparation