- Email: [email protected]
Recent Safety and Environmental Legislation
0957–5820/04/$30.00+0.00 # 2004 Institution of Chemical Engineers Trans IChemE, Part B, May 2004 Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 82(B3): 261–263
www.ingentaselect.com=titles=09575820.htm
RECENT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENTS IN SAFETY LEGISLATION—UK
environment. The tool, Chemical Essentials, is being developed by the Health and Safety Executive, the Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. The development of the Chemical Essentials concept has been made possible by a £250,000 award from the Treasury’s Invest to Save Budget. This budget exists to facilitate collaborative projects between public service bodies to improve the services they provide in an innovative and joined up fashion. Further funding is now required to fully develop the software. Chemical Essentials builds on the success of HSE’s COSHH Essentials (www.coshh-essentials.org.uk), a web tool that helps businesses control risks from chemicals; and NetRegs (www.netregs.gov.uk), a joint project of the Environment Agency, SEPA and the Environment and Heritage Service Northern Ireland, which gives advice about how to comply with environmental law. A demonstration CD-Rom is available, showing how Chemical Essentials could operate and providing specimen guidance for selected chemicals and tasks. A range of small businesses will pilot the CD-Rom to make sure it is easy to use and that the guidance meets their needs. The CD-Rom is available from: [email protected].
Mixed Picture for Offshore Injuries in 2002=2003 The number of major injuries in the offshore oil and gas industry increased in 2002=3, and ‘over three day’ injuries declined, according to new figures published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The figures show there were 64 ‘major’ injury incidents during 2002=3, an increase of 36% on 47 incidents reported during 2001=2. Consequently the combined fatal and major injury rate per 100,000 workers increased from 215.5 in 2001=2 to 287.5 in 2002=3, though there were no fatalities during the period. However, a steep downward trend continues in the number of ‘over three day’ injuries reported, with 118 incidents reported in 2002=3 and 187 during 2001=2. The HSE offshore statistics report contains provisional injury and incident figures for the year 1 April 2002 to 31 March 2003, plus confirmed data for 2001=2. The report expands on ‘headline’ figures posted on HSE’s web site as Offshore Safety Statistics Bulletin 2002=3. The Inland Revenue’s annual population survey found the offshore workforce has decreased slightly from 23,206 in 2001=2 to 22,264 in 2002=3. The table below shows the provisional injury numbers and rates per 100,000 workers (in brackets) in 2002=3 for the three reporting categories. Confirmed 2000=1 and 2001=2 data are included for easy comparison. Category
2000=1
2001=2
2002=3
Fatalities Major injuries Over-3-day injuries
3 (12.9) 53 (227.2) 177 (758.7)
3 (12.9) 47 (202.5) 187 (805.8)
0 (0) 64 (287.5) 118 (530.0)
Selected by David Phillips from information given on HSE’s website: www.hse.gov.uk
DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION—UK 2002 UK Air Emission Estimates and Climate Change Sustainable Development Indicator
The HSE report also shows that the number of dangerous occurrences fell slightly with 636 during 2002=3 compared with 652 in 2001=2. In addition there were 19 cases of work related diseases reported during 2002=3, an increase of six on the previous year. Copies of ‘Offshore injury, ill health and incident statistics report 2002=3’ (Provisional data) (HID Statistics Report HSR 2004 001) are available free from HID Data Management section, CD4C, Hazardous Installations Directorate, HSE, 2nd Floor, St Anne’s House, Bootle L20 3RA (Tel: 0151 951 3099=Fax: 0151 951 4980). This report is also available on HSE’s web site at: http:==www.hse. gov.uk=offshore=statistics=hsr1003=
Defra has published final 2002 emission estimates for greenhouse gases and other air pollutants for the UK, and provisional estimates by DTI and Defra of total carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions in 2003. Key points to note are: Greenhouse gas emissions – final 2002 figures Emissions of the ‘basket’ of six greenhouse gases, weighted by global warming potential, fell by 15.3% between the base year and 2002. (The base year is 1990 for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, and 1995 for fluorinated compounds.) To meet its commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, the UK has agreed to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% relative to the base year over the period 2008–2012. Emissions of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, fell by 8.7% between 1990 and 2002. In the same period emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, the other two major greenhouse gases, fel by 43% and 40% respectively.
Practical Advice on Working with Chemicals Firms working with chemicals will be able to get free online advice on how to protect people and the environment. A new web tool will for the first time bring together the regulation of occupational health, safety at work and the 261
262
RECENT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
Greenhouse gas emissions – provisional 2003 figures Emissions of carbon dioxide for 2003 are provisionally estimated at some 152.5 million tonnes (carbon equivalent), about 7%* lower than in 1990. Emissions increased by about 1.5%1 between 2002 and 2003, although they remain lower than in 2001. The increase was largely because of greater use of coal in electricity generation and a decrease in net imports of electricity from the continent. Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 are estimated to have been about 14%* below the 1990 level, taking this provisional carbon dioxide estimate into account. The UK aims to move beyond its Kyoto target towards its goal of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide by 20% below 1990 levels by 2010, and to put itself on a path to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2050. *Provisional 2003 estimates of percentage changes since 1990 and 2002 are subject to a range of uncertainty of at least 0.5%. Other atmospheric emissions Total emissions of sulphur dioxide fell by 73% between 1990 and 2002, to 1.002 million tonnes. The UK is committed to further reductions to 585 thousand tonnes by 2010 under the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive. Nitrogen oxides emissions fell by 43% between 1990 and 2002, to 1.581 million tonnes. The UK is committed to further reductions to 1.167 million tonnes by 2010 under the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds fell by 51% between 1990 and 2002, to 1.186 million tonnes. This is slightly below the target from the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive for the UK to reduce emissions to 1.2 million tonnes by 2010. However, other possible sources of emissions are being researched which may be added to the inventory in future. Ammonia emissions fell by 18% between 1990 and 2002, to 285 thousand tonnes. This is below the target from the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive for the UK to reduce ammonia emissions to 297 thousand tonnes by 2010. However, other possible sources of emissions are being researched which may be added to the inventory in future. Data tables and charts for these and many other pollutants may be found on the DEFRA web site at www.defra.gov.uk= environment=statistics=airqual=whatsnew.htm.
National Guidance on Decontamination Published The Government has published more guidance on decontamination of the open environment in the wake of a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear incident. Developed by the Home Office led Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear (CBRN) Resilience Programme, the guidance is designed to help all organizations who may be involved in responding to a release of CBRN materials – Government departments, local authorities, businesses, emergency services and the wider emergency planning community. Augmenting existing guidance, it will help all those who need to have in place practical strategies for
clean-up and provides an agreed set of basic recovery principles. The new publication, The Decontamination of the Open Environment Exposed to Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear Substances or Material: Strategic National Guidance published by Defra, is available online at www.ukresilience.info. The Home Office recently made The Release of CBRN Substances or Material: Guidance for Local Authorities available on the UK Resilience website. Consultation Outcome on Landfill Directive Waste Acceptance Criteria Defra has launched the consultation outcome on the implementation of the Landfill Directive’s detailed Waste Acceptance Criteria in England and Wales. Following consultation, the Government has decided that the implementation date for the WAC will be 16 July 2005 with the ‘interim year’ between July 2004–July 2005 being managed using a site specific approach based on loading rates of new wastes, the types of new waste and the types of waste already in the landfill. This site-specific approach will continue post-2005. The option of opening separate cells in hazardous sites for waste deposited after July 2005 which has been subject to the full WAC will not be pursued. The limit values of cadmium and mercury will remain those contained in the Council Decision. However, this position will be reviewed two years after implementation following discussions between Defra and the Environment Agency to determine whether compliance with the Groundwater Directive requires adoption of limit values lower than those required by the Landfill Directive. Furthermore, the Government has decided to extend the ban on disposing gypsum based wastes with biodegradable wastes to include any high sulphate wastes. This action on high sulphate wastes will lower emissions and improve the local environment near landfills by reducing odours. The risk assessment option will be adopted but given the difficulties for the Agency in its regulation, the potential for greater environmental risk and the resultant risk of having to store hazardous waste pending Agency checks, Government will restrict the option to only individual waste streams destined for specific mono-fill sites. While there will be no initial time limit to this approach, Government reserves the right to re-visit the issue within two years of implementation. The Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations to implement these decisions will be laid before Parliament in April. In addition, it is expected that the Landfill Directive Interpretive Guidance will be available to operators also in April. The consultation outcome is available in full at http:==www.defra.gov.uk=corporate=consult=landfill-regs= index.htm. Selected by Rolf Clayton from information given on DEFRA’s website: www.defra.gov.uk GERMANY According to an amendment to the Law on Renewable Energy (Bundesgesetzblatt BGB1 I No. 68, pp 3074–3075,
Trans IChemE, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2004, 82(B3): 261–264
RECENT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 31 December 2003) the operators of electricity networks have to pay at least 45.7 cent=kWh solar energy to the producer. The reimbursement increases by 5 to 11.7 cent=kWh, if the solar energy plant is installed upon a building. The Minimal Requirements on Waste Water Discharges from Textile Production and Finishing (Appendix No 38, Bundesanzeiger BAnz No. 9a, 15 January 2004, 54 pages) is valid for waste water from commercial and industrial treatment of fibrous material and yarn and textile finishing. The limits at the point of discharge are 160 mg l 1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 25 mg l 1 biological oxygen demand (BOD), 2 mg l 1 Ptotal , 10 mg l 1 NH4-N, 20 mg l 1 Ntotal , 1 mg l 1 SO23 , and fish poison factor 2. Before mixing with other waste water the load is limited to 0.5 mg l 1 AOX, 1 mg l 1 S2 , 0.5 mg l 1 Crtotal , 0.5 mg l 1 Cu, 0.5 mg l 1 Ni, 2 mg l 1 Zn and 2 mg l 1 Sn. Several compounds must be completely removed at the origin of the waste water, for example Cl2 , As, Hg, Cr(VI) and EDTA. The Nuclear Technique Committee has published the updated codes (version 11=03) KTA 1505 Proof of Suitability of Radiation Measurement Devices, KTA 3211.3 Production of Pressurized Radioactivity Containing Components outside of the Primary Circuit, and KTA 3602 Storage and Handling of Fuel Elements, Control Rods and Neutron Sources (BAnz No. 26a, 7 February 2004, 183 pages). The German Reactor Safety Committee and the Radiation Protection Committee have published a Recommendation on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of the Control Technique in Nuclear Plants (BAnz No. 30, p 2532,
263
13 February 2004). The German Law on EMC, which implements the EMC Directive 89=336=EWG of May 1989 into German legislation, does not help in the nuclear licensing procedure. Therefore VGB (Verein der ¨ V South Germany (Technischer Großkesselbesitzer) and TU ¨ Uberwachungsverein) have presented 2 papers, Requirement Specifications on the Certification of the Control ¨ VIS Report 45 Technique of Existing Systems and TU Proof of EMC in Nuclear Licensing and Surveillance Procedures. Both committees accept these papers as the state of science and technology. The new Law on Device and Product Safety (BGB1 I, No. 1, pp 2–20, 9 January 2004) implements several guidelines of the European Parliament and Commission into German legislation. T. Klindt, D.v. Locquenghien and H.-J. Ostermann have published the complete text of the law including general instructions and argumentations (BAnz No. 45a, 5 March 2004, 150 pages). The law will come into force on 1 May 2004. A Guideline on Medical Precautions for Radiation Exposed Professional Persons by Authorized Medical Doctors According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt No. 19, pp 350–375, 27 February 2004) contains among others a syllabus for basic training in nuclear protection for medical doctors, a special training for authorized medical doctors, an additional course on medical evaluation of working places, and syllabi for authorized further education.
Trans IChemE, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2004, 82(B3): 261–264
Manfred Laser
www.ingentaselect.com=titles=09575820.htm
RECENT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENTS IN SAFETY LEGISLATION—UK
environment. The tool, Chemical Essentials, is being developed by the Health and Safety Executive, the Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. The development of the Chemical Essentials concept has been made possible by a £250,000 award from the Treasury’s Invest to Save Budget. This budget exists to facilitate collaborative projects between public service bodies to improve the services they provide in an innovative and joined up fashion. Further funding is now required to fully develop the software. Chemical Essentials builds on the success of HSE’s COSHH Essentials (www.coshh-essentials.org.uk), a web tool that helps businesses control risks from chemicals; and NetRegs (www.netregs.gov.uk), a joint project of the Environment Agency, SEPA and the Environment and Heritage Service Northern Ireland, which gives advice about how to comply with environmental law. A demonstration CD-Rom is available, showing how Chemical Essentials could operate and providing specimen guidance for selected chemicals and tasks. A range of small businesses will pilot the CD-Rom to make sure it is easy to use and that the guidance meets their needs. The CD-Rom is available from: [email protected].
Mixed Picture for Offshore Injuries in 2002=2003 The number of major injuries in the offshore oil and gas industry increased in 2002=3, and ‘over three day’ injuries declined, according to new figures published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The figures show there were 64 ‘major’ injury incidents during 2002=3, an increase of 36% on 47 incidents reported during 2001=2. Consequently the combined fatal and major injury rate per 100,000 workers increased from 215.5 in 2001=2 to 287.5 in 2002=3, though there were no fatalities during the period. However, a steep downward trend continues in the number of ‘over three day’ injuries reported, with 118 incidents reported in 2002=3 and 187 during 2001=2. The HSE offshore statistics report contains provisional injury and incident figures for the year 1 April 2002 to 31 March 2003, plus confirmed data for 2001=2. The report expands on ‘headline’ figures posted on HSE’s web site as Offshore Safety Statistics Bulletin 2002=3. The Inland Revenue’s annual population survey found the offshore workforce has decreased slightly from 23,206 in 2001=2 to 22,264 in 2002=3. The table below shows the provisional injury numbers and rates per 100,000 workers (in brackets) in 2002=3 for the three reporting categories. Confirmed 2000=1 and 2001=2 data are included for easy comparison. Category
2000=1
2001=2
2002=3
Fatalities Major injuries Over-3-day injuries
3 (12.9) 53 (227.2) 177 (758.7)
3 (12.9) 47 (202.5) 187 (805.8)
0 (0) 64 (287.5) 118 (530.0)
Selected by David Phillips from information given on HSE’s website: www.hse.gov.uk
DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION—UK 2002 UK Air Emission Estimates and Climate Change Sustainable Development Indicator
The HSE report also shows that the number of dangerous occurrences fell slightly with 636 during 2002=3 compared with 652 in 2001=2. In addition there were 19 cases of work related diseases reported during 2002=3, an increase of six on the previous year. Copies of ‘Offshore injury, ill health and incident statistics report 2002=3’ (Provisional data) (HID Statistics Report HSR 2004 001) are available free from HID Data Management section, CD4C, Hazardous Installations Directorate, HSE, 2nd Floor, St Anne’s House, Bootle L20 3RA (Tel: 0151 951 3099=Fax: 0151 951 4980). This report is also available on HSE’s web site at: http:==www.hse. gov.uk=offshore=statistics=hsr1003=
Defra has published final 2002 emission estimates for greenhouse gases and other air pollutants for the UK, and provisional estimates by DTI and Defra of total carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions in 2003. Key points to note are: Greenhouse gas emissions – final 2002 figures Emissions of the ‘basket’ of six greenhouse gases, weighted by global warming potential, fell by 15.3% between the base year and 2002. (The base year is 1990 for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, and 1995 for fluorinated compounds.) To meet its commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, the UK has agreed to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5% relative to the base year over the period 2008–2012. Emissions of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, fell by 8.7% between 1990 and 2002. In the same period emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, the other two major greenhouse gases, fel by 43% and 40% respectively.
Practical Advice on Working with Chemicals Firms working with chemicals will be able to get free online advice on how to protect people and the environment. A new web tool will for the first time bring together the regulation of occupational health, safety at work and the 261
262
RECENT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
Greenhouse gas emissions – provisional 2003 figures Emissions of carbon dioxide for 2003 are provisionally estimated at some 152.5 million tonnes (carbon equivalent), about 7%* lower than in 1990. Emissions increased by about 1.5%1 between 2002 and 2003, although they remain lower than in 2001. The increase was largely because of greater use of coal in electricity generation and a decrease in net imports of electricity from the continent. Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2003 are estimated to have been about 14%* below the 1990 level, taking this provisional carbon dioxide estimate into account. The UK aims to move beyond its Kyoto target towards its goal of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide by 20% below 1990 levels by 2010, and to put itself on a path to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2050. *Provisional 2003 estimates of percentage changes since 1990 and 2002 are subject to a range of uncertainty of at least 0.5%. Other atmospheric emissions Total emissions of sulphur dioxide fell by 73% between 1990 and 2002, to 1.002 million tonnes. The UK is committed to further reductions to 585 thousand tonnes by 2010 under the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive. Nitrogen oxides emissions fell by 43% between 1990 and 2002, to 1.581 million tonnes. The UK is committed to further reductions to 1.167 million tonnes by 2010 under the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds fell by 51% between 1990 and 2002, to 1.186 million tonnes. This is slightly below the target from the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive for the UK to reduce emissions to 1.2 million tonnes by 2010. However, other possible sources of emissions are being researched which may be added to the inventory in future. Ammonia emissions fell by 18% between 1990 and 2002, to 285 thousand tonnes. This is below the target from the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive for the UK to reduce ammonia emissions to 297 thousand tonnes by 2010. However, other possible sources of emissions are being researched which may be added to the inventory in future. Data tables and charts for these and many other pollutants may be found on the DEFRA web site at www.defra.gov.uk= environment=statistics=airqual=whatsnew.htm.
National Guidance on Decontamination Published The Government has published more guidance on decontamination of the open environment in the wake of a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear incident. Developed by the Home Office led Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear (CBRN) Resilience Programme, the guidance is designed to help all organizations who may be involved in responding to a release of CBRN materials – Government departments, local authorities, businesses, emergency services and the wider emergency planning community. Augmenting existing guidance, it will help all those who need to have in place practical strategies for
clean-up and provides an agreed set of basic recovery principles. The new publication, The Decontamination of the Open Environment Exposed to Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear Substances or Material: Strategic National Guidance published by Defra, is available online at www.ukresilience.info. The Home Office recently made The Release of CBRN Substances or Material: Guidance for Local Authorities available on the UK Resilience website. Consultation Outcome on Landfill Directive Waste Acceptance Criteria Defra has launched the consultation outcome on the implementation of the Landfill Directive’s detailed Waste Acceptance Criteria in England and Wales. Following consultation, the Government has decided that the implementation date for the WAC will be 16 July 2005 with the ‘interim year’ between July 2004–July 2005 being managed using a site specific approach based on loading rates of new wastes, the types of new waste and the types of waste already in the landfill. This site-specific approach will continue post-2005. The option of opening separate cells in hazardous sites for waste deposited after July 2005 which has been subject to the full WAC will not be pursued. The limit values of cadmium and mercury will remain those contained in the Council Decision. However, this position will be reviewed two years after implementation following discussions between Defra and the Environment Agency to determine whether compliance with the Groundwater Directive requires adoption of limit values lower than those required by the Landfill Directive. Furthermore, the Government has decided to extend the ban on disposing gypsum based wastes with biodegradable wastes to include any high sulphate wastes. This action on high sulphate wastes will lower emissions and improve the local environment near landfills by reducing odours. The risk assessment option will be adopted but given the difficulties for the Agency in its regulation, the potential for greater environmental risk and the resultant risk of having to store hazardous waste pending Agency checks, Government will restrict the option to only individual waste streams destined for specific mono-fill sites. While there will be no initial time limit to this approach, Government reserves the right to re-visit the issue within two years of implementation. The Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations to implement these decisions will be laid before Parliament in April. In addition, it is expected that the Landfill Directive Interpretive Guidance will be available to operators also in April. The consultation outcome is available in full at http:==www.defra.gov.uk=corporate=consult=landfill-regs= index.htm. Selected by Rolf Clayton from information given on DEFRA’s website: www.defra.gov.uk GERMANY According to an amendment to the Law on Renewable Energy (Bundesgesetzblatt BGB1 I No. 68, pp 3074–3075,
Trans IChemE, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2004, 82(B3): 261–264
RECENT SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 31 December 2003) the operators of electricity networks have to pay at least 45.7 cent=kWh solar energy to the producer. The reimbursement increases by 5 to 11.7 cent=kWh, if the solar energy plant is installed upon a building. The Minimal Requirements on Waste Water Discharges from Textile Production and Finishing (Appendix No 38, Bundesanzeiger BAnz No. 9a, 15 January 2004, 54 pages) is valid for waste water from commercial and industrial treatment of fibrous material and yarn and textile finishing. The limits at the point of discharge are 160 mg l 1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 25 mg l 1 biological oxygen demand (BOD), 2 mg l 1 Ptotal , 10 mg l 1 NH4-N, 20 mg l 1 Ntotal , 1 mg l 1 SO23 , and fish poison factor 2. Before mixing with other waste water the load is limited to 0.5 mg l 1 AOX, 1 mg l 1 S2 , 0.5 mg l 1 Crtotal , 0.5 mg l 1 Cu, 0.5 mg l 1 Ni, 2 mg l 1 Zn and 2 mg l 1 Sn. Several compounds must be completely removed at the origin of the waste water, for example Cl2 , As, Hg, Cr(VI) and EDTA. The Nuclear Technique Committee has published the updated codes (version 11=03) KTA 1505 Proof of Suitability of Radiation Measurement Devices, KTA 3211.3 Production of Pressurized Radioactivity Containing Components outside of the Primary Circuit, and KTA 3602 Storage and Handling of Fuel Elements, Control Rods and Neutron Sources (BAnz No. 26a, 7 February 2004, 183 pages). The German Reactor Safety Committee and the Radiation Protection Committee have published a Recommendation on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of the Control Technique in Nuclear Plants (BAnz No. 30, p 2532,
263
13 February 2004). The German Law on EMC, which implements the EMC Directive 89=336=EWG of May 1989 into German legislation, does not help in the nuclear licensing procedure. Therefore VGB (Verein der ¨ V South Germany (Technischer Großkesselbesitzer) and TU ¨ Uberwachungsverein) have presented 2 papers, Requirement Specifications on the Certification of the Control ¨ VIS Report 45 Technique of Existing Systems and TU Proof of EMC in Nuclear Licensing and Surveillance Procedures. Both committees accept these papers as the state of science and technology. The new Law on Device and Product Safety (BGB1 I, No. 1, pp 2–20, 9 January 2004) implements several guidelines of the European Parliament and Commission into German legislation. T. Klindt, D.v. Locquenghien and H.-J. Ostermann have published the complete text of the law including general instructions and argumentations (BAnz No. 45a, 5 March 2004, 150 pages). The law will come into force on 1 May 2004. A Guideline on Medical Precautions for Radiation Exposed Professional Persons by Authorized Medical Doctors According to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt No. 19, pp 350–375, 27 February 2004) contains among others a syllabus for basic training in nuclear protection for medical doctors, a special training for authorized medical doctors, an additional course on medical evaluation of working places, and syllabi for authorized further education.
Trans IChemE, Part B, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2004, 82(B3): 261–264
Manfred Laser