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Recognition of weld defects in x-ray inspection film by image processing (In Japanese)
NDT&E International, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 181-192, 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain
ELSEVIER
- N D T a b s tra c ts N D T A b s t r a c t s are c o m p i l e d b y A E A T e c h n o l o g y N a t i o n a l N D T C e n t r e , H a r w e l l , O x o n , O X 11 0 R A , U K . T h e entries a r e d r a w n f r o m o v e r 500 British a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s . E a c h issue c o n c e n t r a t e s o n o n e o r t w o subject areas.
Radiography of welds 60689 Tucker, J.E.; Rudarmel, M.W.; Sayler, G.C.; Garrison, L.E. Evaluation of the feasibility of a pipeline field weld real-time radiography (radioscopy) inspection system American Gas Association Inc., Arlington, VA (United States). AGA- 96005995, 42pp. (1996) Inspection of pipeline field girth welds during pipeline construction is accomplished by film radiographic methods. Radioscopy has the potential to significantly improve pipeline project schedules and cost by eliminating some of the shortcomings of film radiography. Radioscopy is currently accepted for use by many nationally accepted standards.
Mudge, P.J. Offshore pipeline girth welds: non.destructive testing 60688
U.K. Department of Energy, London, Offshore Technology Report OTI-88- 530, 96pp. (1989). Available from H.M. Stationery Office. ISBN 0 11 413073 6 A programme was undertaken to investigate the capability of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques to detect and evaluate defects in pipeline girth welds. Conventional radiography, using a panoramic X- ray source, and novel testing methocls, digital radiography and mechanised computer controlled ultrasonic testing, were used to examine a number of complete girth weld samples. Radiography detected non- planar defects reliably, but the reliability of detection of planar defects is suspect, particularly if they are misoriented to the X-ray beam. Ultrasonic testing proved to be capable of detecting many defects in the samples studied, but the lack of a recognised reporting amplitude threshold for defects remains a problem, as does the inability to characterise defect type, a general requirement of workmanship-based codes. Digital radiography showed promise as a means of detecting defects, but much needs to be done to establish recognised working practices and to establish means of assessing image quality.
The New Jersey Department of Transportation effectively uses radiographic testing techniques to evaluate in place aluminum overhead sign structures. When structures have been damaged, or when serviceability has been questioned, this non-destructive evaluation technique has resolved questions regarding the type and extent of damage. It has also contributed to determining the optimum remedy. This paper describes the specific techniques used. 59395 Holmstrom, J.E. Problems in radiographic inspection of 2, 4, 6 and 8-ram thick steel welded plates Insight, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 808-812 (Oct. 1995) In this article concerning steel thicknesses 2-8 mm, the non-linear shape of the exposure curve for small thickness must be taken into account. The author considers a "point of homogeneity" below which the curve is non-linear, where exposure-times do not follow the half- logarithmic line in relation to material thickness and where thickness- latitude values are considerably smaller than might be expected. 59135 Sherlock, C.N., Kruzic, R.W.; Howerton, H.K.; Phillips, J.R. NDE of heavy wall stainless steel cryogenic A S M E pressure vessel welds
Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 723-725 (1995)
NDE for the Energy Industry 1995. Papers presented at The Energy and Environmental Expo '95. The Energy-Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas (United States), 29 Jan.-1 Feb. 1995. pp. 29-34. Edited by D.E. Bray. ASME NDE-Vol. 13 (1995) ISBN 0-7918-1298-7 This article is a discussion of how changes in the orientation of shell welds in a heavy wall stainless steel pressure vessel impacted the radiography and ultrasonic methods used to volumetrically examine these welds. Particular emphasis is on the fabrication of the ultrasonic calibration block(s) which were made with a replication of the welds to be examined to obtain valid and reliable UT results for this type material. This article also discusses the selection and performance of a video system used for the in-process welding control of the deep narrow gap welds in the 15 1/2" (394mm) thick stainless steel inner vessel shell.
59874 Suga, Y. Recognition of weld defects in x-ray inspection film by image processing (In Japanese)
58674 Lorentzen, T.; lbso, J.B. Neutron diffraction measurements of residual strains in offshore welds
Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 44, No. 11, pp. 869-874 (Nov. 1995)
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A197, No. 2, pp. 209-214 (Jul. 1995) Residual stresses in an offshore weld may affect the fatigue life of the structure, and should hence be included in calculations of fatigue crack propagation and fatigue lives. In the present investigation neutron diffraction is used as a non-destructive technique for the evaluation of through thickness variations of residual strains in welded test samples of steel plates. The neutron diffraction strain measurements show relatively high residual strains reaching + 1 x 10sup(-3) near the outer surfaces and -4 x 10sup(-4) near the centre of the plates. A simplified strain/stress conversion indicates that the highest residual stress exceeds approximately 50% of the material yield stress of ffsub(y) - 400 MPa.
Inagaki, M. Methods of radiographic examination for welded joints in steel (revised standard, JIS Z 3104-1955) (In Japanese) 59875
Suga, Y.; Kojima, K.; Tominaga, T. Detection of weld defects by computer aided X-ray radiography image processing 59658
Proceedings of the 4th (1994) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Osaka (Japan), 10-15 Apr. 1994. Vol. IV, pp. 431-440. Edited by Y. Ueda, J.F. Dos Santos, I. Langen, Y. Tomita and K. Waagaard. ISOPE (1994) ISBN 1-880653-14-1. An image processing system to abstract weld defects from the X-ray radiography film which included noises is constructed. This paper deals with the image processing methocls detecting defects, such as pores, slag inclusions and cracks and displaying system of the defects by computer graphics.
Justus, H. Radiographic evaluation of welded aluminum structures
59412
Nondestructive Evaluation e f Aging Bridges and Highways, Oakland California (United States), 6-7 June. 1995. pp. 73-81 Edited by S. Chase. SPIE Vol. 2456 (1995) ISBN 0-8194-1809-9
181
Holmstrom, J.E. An investigation of the practical thickness-latitude in the radiography of welded steel plates over 10 m m thick 58412
Insight, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 527-530 (Jul. 1995) This paper investigates different types of X-ray machines and X-ray films in relation to the exposure factors, maximum penetrated material thicknesses, half-value thicknesses based on exposure-time and radiographic contrasts.
ELSEVIER
- N D T a b s tra c ts N D T A b s t r a c t s are c o m p i l e d b y A E A T e c h n o l o g y N a t i o n a l N D T C e n t r e , H a r w e l l , O x o n , O X 11 0 R A , U K . T h e entries a r e d r a w n f r o m o v e r 500 British a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s . E a c h issue c o n c e n t r a t e s o n o n e o r t w o subject areas.
Radiography of welds 60689 Tucker, J.E.; Rudarmel, M.W.; Sayler, G.C.; Garrison, L.E. Evaluation of the feasibility of a pipeline field weld real-time radiography (radioscopy) inspection system American Gas Association Inc., Arlington, VA (United States). AGA- 96005995, 42pp. (1996) Inspection of pipeline field girth welds during pipeline construction is accomplished by film radiographic methods. Radioscopy has the potential to significantly improve pipeline project schedules and cost by eliminating some of the shortcomings of film radiography. Radioscopy is currently accepted for use by many nationally accepted standards.
Mudge, P.J. Offshore pipeline girth welds: non.destructive testing 60688
U.K. Department of Energy, London, Offshore Technology Report OTI-88- 530, 96pp. (1989). Available from H.M. Stationery Office. ISBN 0 11 413073 6 A programme was undertaken to investigate the capability of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques to detect and evaluate defects in pipeline girth welds. Conventional radiography, using a panoramic X- ray source, and novel testing methocls, digital radiography and mechanised computer controlled ultrasonic testing, were used to examine a number of complete girth weld samples. Radiography detected non- planar defects reliably, but the reliability of detection of planar defects is suspect, particularly if they are misoriented to the X-ray beam. Ultrasonic testing proved to be capable of detecting many defects in the samples studied, but the lack of a recognised reporting amplitude threshold for defects remains a problem, as does the inability to characterise defect type, a general requirement of workmanship-based codes. Digital radiography showed promise as a means of detecting defects, but much needs to be done to establish recognised working practices and to establish means of assessing image quality.
The New Jersey Department of Transportation effectively uses radiographic testing techniques to evaluate in place aluminum overhead sign structures. When structures have been damaged, or when serviceability has been questioned, this non-destructive evaluation technique has resolved questions regarding the type and extent of damage. It has also contributed to determining the optimum remedy. This paper describes the specific techniques used. 59395 Holmstrom, J.E. Problems in radiographic inspection of 2, 4, 6 and 8-ram thick steel welded plates Insight, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 808-812 (Oct. 1995) In this article concerning steel thicknesses 2-8 mm, the non-linear shape of the exposure curve for small thickness must be taken into account. The author considers a "point of homogeneity" below which the curve is non-linear, where exposure-times do not follow the half- logarithmic line in relation to material thickness and where thickness- latitude values are considerably smaller than might be expected. 59135 Sherlock, C.N., Kruzic, R.W.; Howerton, H.K.; Phillips, J.R. NDE of heavy wall stainless steel cryogenic A S M E pressure vessel welds
Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 723-725 (1995)
NDE for the Energy Industry 1995. Papers presented at The Energy and Environmental Expo '95. The Energy-Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas (United States), 29 Jan.-1 Feb. 1995. pp. 29-34. Edited by D.E. Bray. ASME NDE-Vol. 13 (1995) ISBN 0-7918-1298-7 This article is a discussion of how changes in the orientation of shell welds in a heavy wall stainless steel pressure vessel impacted the radiography and ultrasonic methods used to volumetrically examine these welds. Particular emphasis is on the fabrication of the ultrasonic calibration block(s) which were made with a replication of the welds to be examined to obtain valid and reliable UT results for this type material. This article also discusses the selection and performance of a video system used for the in-process welding control of the deep narrow gap welds in the 15 1/2" (394mm) thick stainless steel inner vessel shell.
59874 Suga, Y. Recognition of weld defects in x-ray inspection film by image processing (In Japanese)
58674 Lorentzen, T.; lbso, J.B. Neutron diffraction measurements of residual strains in offshore welds
Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 44, No. 11, pp. 869-874 (Nov. 1995)
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A197, No. 2, pp. 209-214 (Jul. 1995) Residual stresses in an offshore weld may affect the fatigue life of the structure, and should hence be included in calculations of fatigue crack propagation and fatigue lives. In the present investigation neutron diffraction is used as a non-destructive technique for the evaluation of through thickness variations of residual strains in welded test samples of steel plates. The neutron diffraction strain measurements show relatively high residual strains reaching + 1 x 10sup(-3) near the outer surfaces and -4 x 10sup(-4) near the centre of the plates. A simplified strain/stress conversion indicates that the highest residual stress exceeds approximately 50% of the material yield stress of ffsub(y) - 400 MPa.
Inagaki, M. Methods of radiographic examination for welded joints in steel (revised standard, JIS Z 3104-1955) (In Japanese) 59875
Suga, Y.; Kojima, K.; Tominaga, T. Detection of weld defects by computer aided X-ray radiography image processing 59658
Proceedings of the 4th (1994) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Osaka (Japan), 10-15 Apr. 1994. Vol. IV, pp. 431-440. Edited by Y. Ueda, J.F. Dos Santos, I. Langen, Y. Tomita and K. Waagaard. ISOPE (1994) ISBN 1-880653-14-1. An image processing system to abstract weld defects from the X-ray radiography film which included noises is constructed. This paper deals with the image processing methocls detecting defects, such as pores, slag inclusions and cracks and displaying system of the defects by computer graphics.
Justus, H. Radiographic evaluation of welded aluminum structures
59412
Nondestructive Evaluation e f Aging Bridges and Highways, Oakland California (United States), 6-7 June. 1995. pp. 73-81 Edited by S. Chase. SPIE Vol. 2456 (1995) ISBN 0-8194-1809-9
181
Holmstrom, J.E. An investigation of the practical thickness-latitude in the radiography of welded steel plates over 10 m m thick 58412
Insight, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp. 527-530 (Jul. 1995) This paper investigates different types of X-ray machines and X-ray films in relation to the exposure factors, maximum penetrated material thicknesses, half-value thicknesses based on exposure-time and radiographic contrasts.