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Recommendation and resolution on Antarctica
Environmental Policy and Law, 14 (1985)
30 the time of the Stockholm Conference In 1972 embodies this basic idea that environmental policy is largely a question of reacting after the fact, to the undesirable consequences of economic, trade and other policies and to the undesirable side effects of practices that seek cheap energy, cheap food, and speedy returns on capital Investment. A broader vision of environmental policy, a vision that requires that it becomes an integral part of development, has great ramifications for the existing structures of government and for the mechanisms of international co-operation. Can we change the standing of environment in our approach to economic and social affairs? It Is this question that lies behind the establishment of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Let me turn more specifically to the World Commission on Environment and Development and the approach we have chosen.
The Commission believes that it is possll:)le to build environmental consideration Into development. When this Is well done we can see the result is not only more socially effective but more resource efficient and much more economic. The Commission believes that it Is possible to develop energy, Industrial process, transportations and settlements In ways which are environmentally sound. The Commission believes that It Is possible to expand food production in ways which are sustainable, and that the ecological basis for the production of renewable resources is itself expandable. Science and technology, we believe, can be harnessed to development In ways which are environmentally favourable. The Commission will call on the world's best brains to help It chart a way ahead and come up with concrete action proposals. Durlng the past months I have experienced
widespread interest and support for the Commission. This is a positive sign that many of the existing forces for reform will be able to focus their visions of a more coherent future through the work of the Commission. What then, in short order are the objectives of the Commission? Its prime objectives are, first, to re-examine the critical issues of environment and development and formulate realistic action proposals to deal with them. Next to strengthen International co-operation on environment and development, and to assess and propose new forms of co-operation which can break out of existing patterns and influence policies In the direction of needed changes. Lastly it .will, during the execution of this work, raise the level of understanding and commitment on the part of individuals, voluntary organizations, business, Institutes and governments. P
IUCN General Assembly Recommendation* and Resolution** on Antarctica Antarctica 1.Recognizing the significance of the Antarctic atmospheric, marine and terrestrial environments (defined for the purposes of this Recommendation by the Antarctic convergence) for the world as a whole, particularly In maintaining the stability of the global marine environment and atmosphere, and the paramount importance to mankind of Its great wilderness qualities for science, education and inspiration; 2. Recalling the continued and long established Interest that IUCN has In the conservation of the ecosystems of the Antarctic environment as well as In the conservation of the species and habitats that It supports; 3. Bearing In mind that the World Conservatlon Strategy (VVCS) places ar, urgent pdorlty on International action to conserve nature and natural resources in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, that the General Principles section of the UN World Charter for Nature recommends special protection for unique natural areas, and that these documents together represent a wide consensus among governments, Intergovernmental agencies and non-governmental organizations; 4. Noting that fifteen Antarctic Treaty Consuttatlve Parties have membership links with IUCN and that they have already espoused the alms of the WCS; 5. Aware of the achievements of the Consultative Parties In their stewardship under the Antarctic Treaty In protecting the Antarctic environment from harmful Interference, and the provision of measures for the conservation of flora end fauna, guidelines to minimize harmful effects of hun~an activities,
• Rec.19 of November1984. • " Res.20 of same date.
and measures specifically related to tourism activities; 6. Further aware that the Thirty-eighth Ses. sign of the United Nations, conscious of in. creasing International awareness of and interest In Antarctica, and convinced that Ant. arctics should forever be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, requested the Secretary General to prepare a comprehensive, factual and objective study of all aspects of Antarctica, taking fully Into account the Antarctic Treaty System and other relevant factors; 7. Cognizant also of the fact that the Consultative Parties are presently considering the establishment of a regime to govern both commercial exploration and exploitation of any mineral resources should this ever prove acceptable and that any explo!tatlon of minerals would adversely affect the values of the Antarctic environment; 8. Further aware of the addltonal efforts of the same nations to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of the living resources of the region, In particular by the initiative taken to negotiate and adopt the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seas (1972), the Agreed Measures for the Conservation Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964) and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine LivIng Resources (1980); 9. Taking nots of the actions taken'cy the International Whaling Commission with regard to whaling in the Southern Ocean; 10. Recalling that the Second World Conference on National Parks In 1972 recommended that States Party to the Antarctic continent and surrounding seas as the first World Park and that the Third World Conference on National Parks in 1982 recommended that the Antarctic environment as a whole be given an International protected area designation which connotes world-wide Its unique character;, 11. Concerned further that the effective planning, management and conservation of
the Antarctic environment can best be achieved by thorough consideration of feasible alternatives and if all actions are based on restraint and scientific knowledge, as well as through co.operatlon and co-ordination; 12. Noting that the Antarctic Treaty Area Is designated as a "Special Conservation Area" under the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora; The General Assembly of IUCN, at Its 16th Session In Madrid, Spain, 5-14 November 1984: A. The Antarctic Environment
General 13. Recommends strongly that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties should foster measures which would: (I) maintain for all time the Intrinsic values of the Antarctic environment for mankind and the global ecosystem; (il) ensure that all human activities are compatible with the maintenance of these values; and (lii) ascribe to the Antarctic environment as a whole a designation which connotes worldwide Its unique character and values and the special measures accorded to Its planning, management and conservation; 14. Recommends that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties subject all activities havIng a potentially significant Impact on the environment, including research and logistics activities, to: (I) environmental impact assessment procedures, based on adequate scientific knowledge and Information, that Include consideration of feasible alternatives and cumulative Impacts; (11)strict monitoring procedures; (111)effective Inspection and enforcement of compliance with measures under the Antarctic Treaty system; (iv) reporting requirements that allow public
0378-777X/85/$3.30 © 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
Environmental Policy and Law, 14 (1985) scrutiny and accountability of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty system; 15. Recommends that no mineral activity should take place In Antarctica until such time as full consideration has been given to protecting the Antarctic environment completely and the environmental risks have been fully ascertained and safeguards developed to avoid adverse environmental effects;
(I) the Consultative Parties continue their efforts to identify sites meriting special protection within the overall fra.'nework of measures for the Antarctic environment, and then ac. cord these sites appropriate protection; (11) continued attention be given to coordination of research and other activities now being carried out in Antarctica for the purpose of preventing or minimizing harmful
31 (I) developing all fisheries only In conjunction with scientific advice designed to provide the best understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem; and (li) establishing, as a consequence, all such fisheries on an experimental basis for an adequate length of time, with an Initial conservative quota by area and appropriate enforcement of sucl~ quotas;
Communication and Consultation
16. Recommends the Consultative Parties to recognize the increased Interest In the Ant. arctic environment of the world community, and therefore that they: (I) mobilize and draw upon the goodwill and expertise freely available to sur3port their work by effective communication and con. sultatlon with interested parties; (11) foster well-informed public Interest and awareness, through educational measures based on accurate reporting and dissemination of thelr policies and actions In relation to the Antarctic environment; and (Ill) Invite representatives from appropriate non.governmental organizations to parttclpate in meetings according to normal inter. national practices; 17. Further recommends national delegations to the Antarctic Treaty to keep fully In touch and consult wltl~ NGOs In their countries concerned with the Antarctic environment and to Include advisers from these bodies In their delegations; Membersh/p
18. Recommends all nations concerned with the future of the Antarctic environment not yet Party to the Antarctic Treaty to accede to that treaty; Research and Conservation ~ General
19. Considers that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties should ensure that research and conservation action Is co-ordinated and that, as a priority, the research programmes needed to protect Antarctic ecosystems and allow for Informed decision.making are ascertained, together with the Institutions best suited to undertake them; 20. Recommends full support to on.going scientific efforts and the undertaking of longterm, large-scale co-operative research programmes focussed on the ecological structure and processes of the Antarctic environment and on their role with regard to globally relevant phenomena, such as weather and climate; 21. Stresses the need to obtain, through dgorous prograrnmes of research and controlled experiment, such data as are necessary for prudent management decisions before such decisions are taken In respect of Ilylng and non-living resources, and to review continually the after-effects of such decisions by the same means, so as to take account of newly.evolving factors; 22. Calls upon the Consultative Parties to take the lead In such research and conservation programmes; 23. Recommends all organizations whose activities and expert'lse are of relevance to these research end conservation tasks to contribute as appropriate; 24. Pledges the support and expertise of IUCN In the establishment and carrying out of such programmea; 25. And Partlculady Recommends that:
Summer in the Antarctic begins in October, the same monzh when research projects are usually commenced environmental consequences such as air pollution and wastes; (ill) vigilance be exerclzed in the Implemen. tatlon of the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora and the various recommendations concerning Man's Impact on the Antarctic environment, notably those regarding waste disposal end tourism and the introduction of allen species, and that necessary monitoring and control be carried out; B. The Convention on the Conservation of Ant. arctic Marine Living Resources 1980 28. Expresses Its satisfaction that the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources provides an effective ecosystem approach to the conservation and management of the natural resources of the Southern Ocean; 27. Pledges to make IUCN expertise available to the Commission and the Scientific Committee created under the Convention and recommends the strengthening of cooperative relationships' with the Commission and Scientific Cotnmlttee; 28. Recalls that the population dynamics of the living resources of the Southern Ocean are still poorly known; 29. Recommends Parties to the Convention to formulate and implement suitably cautious policies for managing Antarctic flying resources In the context of the total ecosystem, having regard to the best available scientific evidence and with prompt dissemination of statistics of catch and effort, by:
Couflesy:Keep 30. Recommends further that: O) as a high priority feeding habits of species dependent upon krltl be studied and critical areas be closed to krlll fishing; (11)some areas be closed to fishing ab Inltlo, and at least one large sanctuary be established where krlll harvesting would be prohibited or permitted only for scientific purposes, In order to provide for adequate baseline areas; (ill) an evaluation be made of the role of squid In the ecosystem and the possible effects of harvest on species dependent upon it before substantial exploitation takes place; (iv) there should be a pause in exploitation of depleted flnfieh stocks; (v) all data be provided, on an agreed standardized scientific basis, Including that from fishing operations carried out over a reasonable past period of time, to facilitate the establishment of a central data bank which can utilize data from all relevant sources; (vl) appropriate co-ordination of objectives and activities with the International Whaling Commission be established, in particular regarding the Implementation of measures aiming at the recovery of those whales whose populations have been depleted; (vii) the development of dynamic models of the Southern Ocean ecosystem be Initiated, bearing in mind the depletion of many whale species; and (viii) !n the pro~cessof developing the fishery on a scientific basis, the development of cooperative relationships with appropriate organizations be effectively carried out; 31. Recommends further that the Parties to
0378-777X/85/$3.30 ©: 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. (North-Holland)
Environmental Policy and Law, 14 (1985)
32 the Coventlon take all necessary steps to Inform the scientific and conservation communities of the action they tal~e to protect the Southern Ocean, Includlr;g reporting on discussions and actions pertaining to environmental conservation Issues, and inviting representatives from appropriate NGOs to participate In appropriate meetings; 32. Further recommends all- nations con. cerned with the future of the Antarctic environment and the Southern Ocean to support the operation of the Convention and to accede to it as soon as possible; 33. Recommends that, notwithstanding current world.wide economic difficulties, the significance of the Southern Ocean demands that it be accorded high priority in the allocation of resources adequate to ensure the effective operation of the Commission and its Scientific Committee;
environmental protection and conservation contained in the Antarctic Treaty system; 38. Recommends that a comprehensive review be carried out under the Antarctic Treaty system of the existing environmental and conservation Conventions and measures, with a view to determining whether any appropriate new Conventions or measures are needed for the environmental protection of the Antarctic Environment and the Southern Ocean; 39. Recommends that In relation to the consideration of the "Question of Antarctica" at the United Nations, all states and Interested non-governmental organizations communl. care information and views concerning the Antarctic environment to the United Nations in the appropriate manner, and 40. Pledges IUCN's continuing asslsZance In providing to the Secretary-General its expertise concerning Antarctica.
C. The Minerals of Antarctica 34. Commends the Consultative Parties for their decision to refrain from exploration of Antarctic mineral resources for the time being; 35. Recomm-~nds that the Treaty Parties keep IUCN and the scientific and conservation communities well informed of any proposed mineral activities in the Antarctic and recommends further that they seek the views and understanding of IUCN on any which would affect the conservation of the Antarctic environment; 36. Pledges to make IUCN expertise available to the Treaty Parties and other bodies and organizations as appropriate to conduct or co-operate In conducting studies necessary to ensure that mineral activities carded on In the Antarctic have minimum onvironmentally adverse effects; D. Review of Conservation Measures 37. Cognizant of the fact that In debate at the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting It was urged that there was a need to consider whether further co-ordination Is necessary between the various elements of
Resolution 20 In consequence of [the alcove Recommendation] the 16th Session of the General Assembly of IUCN requests the DirectorGeneral of IUCN to take all necessary steps to implement the Recommendation and In particular to seek: a. to ensure that IUCN is represented by persons with relevant expertise at appropriate
meetings concerning the Antarctic environment within the Antarctic Treaty system, at the United Nations and in other fora; b. to ensure that IUCN monitors developments pertinent to the conservation of Antarctic species and habitats, and to the protection of the Antarctic environment; C. to report regularly to the membership of IUCN on developments that could affect the Antarctic environment and implementation of [the above Recommendation]; d, In harmony with the relevant paragraphs of [the above Recommendctlon] to Initiate the preparation of a conservation strategy for the Antarctic, In co.operatlon with the world's scientific and conservation communities; e. to make recommendations to the relevant ~overnments regarding future developments concerning Antarctic conservation, including elaboration by such governments of environmental impact assessment procedures covering all activities in the Antarctic; f. to foster scientific research and monitoring programmes that will provide the basis for proper Implementation of principles and measures agreed upon by governments to protect and conserve the Antarctic; g. to prepare educational programmes and materials for use by IUCN members, at all educational levels, Including handbooks, reports, studies, slide shows, films, posters, workshops and symposia; h. to Investigate appropriate forms of designation for the Antarctic environment as a whole, in order to protect the values enumerated In the Recommendation, and to communicate the results of those Investigations to the relevant governments for their consideration; i. to Identify additional areas that merit special protection and to encourage the expanslor, of the network of protected areas In the Antarctic, taking particular account of the results of the IUCN/SCAR symposium to be held In April 1985; and J. to locate such additional funds as are necessary for the Implementation of this Resolution.
International Conference on the Protection of the NoAh Sea* Declaration The Ministers responsible for the protection of the North Sea of the Government of the Kingdom of Be/glum, the Kingdom of Den. mark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire/and as well as the Member of the Commission of the Euro. pean. Communities responsible for on. vlronmental protection after careful preparation at the Interne. tlonal Conference on Hre Protection of the North Sea in Bremen on 31 October and 1 November 1984, have reached agreement on necessary measures for the protection of the North Sea. They agreed to take timely proven. • 31 October and 1 November1984,Bremen,Federal Republic of Germany-- see also page 2I
rive measures to maintain the quality of the North Sea and to closely co.oporete herein. To this end they have resolved the following conference results with a comprehensive and detailed set of protective measures for the North Sea. Focal areas of joint action Include: 1. Reduction of pollution from land.based sources With regard to contamination through rivers and coastal waters the Ministers affirmed thelr strong support for further binding regulations for black and grey list substances which should be adopted within the framework of the EF_C,the Paris Commission and the River Commissions concerned, If possible as early as 1985. In these regulations the prevention of pollution of sediments shall be taken Into account. These regulations should refer to both new and existing Installations.
Furthermore, with regard to additional regulations which might prove to be necessary, potentially hazardous substances, in particular new synthetic organic compounds, are to be continually examined for deleterious effects on the North Sea. The coastal states of the North Sea and the EEC', taking Into account the working programme adopted In the Paris Commission relating to atmospheric Inputs and proposals already submitted, will take a Joint initiative in the Paris Commission that In 1985 an addltlonal protocol to the Paris Convention, which
• To the extent that in this declaration reference is made to the participation of the European Economic Community In Initiatives within the frameworkof conventions to which It is a contracting party, this means that the Commission of the European Community will make the appropriate proposals to the Council of Ministers.
0378-777X/85/$3.30 © 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
30 the time of the Stockholm Conference In 1972 embodies this basic idea that environmental policy is largely a question of reacting after the fact, to the undesirable consequences of economic, trade and other policies and to the undesirable side effects of practices that seek cheap energy, cheap food, and speedy returns on capital Investment. A broader vision of environmental policy, a vision that requires that it becomes an integral part of development, has great ramifications for the existing structures of government and for the mechanisms of international co-operation. Can we change the standing of environment in our approach to economic and social affairs? It Is this question that lies behind the establishment of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Let me turn more specifically to the World Commission on Environment and Development and the approach we have chosen.
The Commission believes that it is possll:)le to build environmental consideration Into development. When this Is well done we can see the result is not only more socially effective but more resource efficient and much more economic. The Commission believes that it Is possible to develop energy, Industrial process, transportations and settlements In ways which are environmentally sound. The Commission believes that It Is possible to expand food production in ways which are sustainable, and that the ecological basis for the production of renewable resources is itself expandable. Science and technology, we believe, can be harnessed to development In ways which are environmentally favourable. The Commission will call on the world's best brains to help It chart a way ahead and come up with concrete action proposals. Durlng the past months I have experienced
widespread interest and support for the Commission. This is a positive sign that many of the existing forces for reform will be able to focus their visions of a more coherent future through the work of the Commission. What then, in short order are the objectives of the Commission? Its prime objectives are, first, to re-examine the critical issues of environment and development and formulate realistic action proposals to deal with them. Next to strengthen International co-operation on environment and development, and to assess and propose new forms of co-operation which can break out of existing patterns and influence policies In the direction of needed changes. Lastly it .will, during the execution of this work, raise the level of understanding and commitment on the part of individuals, voluntary organizations, business, Institutes and governments. P
IUCN General Assembly Recommendation* and Resolution** on Antarctica Antarctica 1.Recognizing the significance of the Antarctic atmospheric, marine and terrestrial environments (defined for the purposes of this Recommendation by the Antarctic convergence) for the world as a whole, particularly In maintaining the stability of the global marine environment and atmosphere, and the paramount importance to mankind of Its great wilderness qualities for science, education and inspiration; 2. Recalling the continued and long established Interest that IUCN has In the conservation of the ecosystems of the Antarctic environment as well as In the conservation of the species and habitats that It supports; 3. Bearing In mind that the World Conservatlon Strategy (VVCS) places ar, urgent pdorlty on International action to conserve nature and natural resources in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, that the General Principles section of the UN World Charter for Nature recommends special protection for unique natural areas, and that these documents together represent a wide consensus among governments, Intergovernmental agencies and non-governmental organizations; 4. Noting that fifteen Antarctic Treaty Consuttatlve Parties have membership links with IUCN and that they have already espoused the alms of the WCS; 5. Aware of the achievements of the Consultative Parties In their stewardship under the Antarctic Treaty In protecting the Antarctic environment from harmful Interference, and the provision of measures for the conservation of flora end fauna, guidelines to minimize harmful effects of hun~an activities,
• Rec.19 of November1984. • " Res.20 of same date.
and measures specifically related to tourism activities; 6. Further aware that the Thirty-eighth Ses. sign of the United Nations, conscious of in. creasing International awareness of and interest In Antarctica, and convinced that Ant. arctics should forever be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, requested the Secretary General to prepare a comprehensive, factual and objective study of all aspects of Antarctica, taking fully Into account the Antarctic Treaty System and other relevant factors; 7. Cognizant also of the fact that the Consultative Parties are presently considering the establishment of a regime to govern both commercial exploration and exploitation of any mineral resources should this ever prove acceptable and that any explo!tatlon of minerals would adversely affect the values of the Antarctic environment; 8. Further aware of the addltonal efforts of the same nations to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of the living resources of the region, In particular by the initiative taken to negotiate and adopt the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seas (1972), the Agreed Measures for the Conservation Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964) and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine LivIng Resources (1980); 9. Taking nots of the actions taken'cy the International Whaling Commission with regard to whaling in the Southern Ocean; 10. Recalling that the Second World Conference on National Parks In 1972 recommended that States Party to the Antarctic continent and surrounding seas as the first World Park and that the Third World Conference on National Parks in 1982 recommended that the Antarctic environment as a whole be given an International protected area designation which connotes world-wide Its unique character;, 11. Concerned further that the effective planning, management and conservation of
the Antarctic environment can best be achieved by thorough consideration of feasible alternatives and if all actions are based on restraint and scientific knowledge, as well as through co.operatlon and co-ordination; 12. Noting that the Antarctic Treaty Area Is designated as a "Special Conservation Area" under the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora; The General Assembly of IUCN, at Its 16th Session In Madrid, Spain, 5-14 November 1984: A. The Antarctic Environment
General 13. Recommends strongly that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties should foster measures which would: (I) maintain for all time the Intrinsic values of the Antarctic environment for mankind and the global ecosystem; (il) ensure that all human activities are compatible with the maintenance of these values; and (lii) ascribe to the Antarctic environment as a whole a designation which connotes worldwide Its unique character and values and the special measures accorded to Its planning, management and conservation; 14. Recommends that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties subject all activities havIng a potentially significant Impact on the environment, including research and logistics activities, to: (I) environmental impact assessment procedures, based on adequate scientific knowledge and Information, that Include consideration of feasible alternatives and cumulative Impacts; (11)strict monitoring procedures; (111)effective Inspection and enforcement of compliance with measures under the Antarctic Treaty system; (iv) reporting requirements that allow public
0378-777X/85/$3.30 © 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland)
Environmental Policy and Law, 14 (1985) scrutiny and accountability of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty system; 15. Recommends that no mineral activity should take place In Antarctica until such time as full consideration has been given to protecting the Antarctic environment completely and the environmental risks have been fully ascertained and safeguards developed to avoid adverse environmental effects;
(I) the Consultative Parties continue their efforts to identify sites meriting special protection within the overall fra.'nework of measures for the Antarctic environment, and then ac. cord these sites appropriate protection; (11) continued attention be given to coordination of research and other activities now being carried out in Antarctica for the purpose of preventing or minimizing harmful
31 (I) developing all fisheries only In conjunction with scientific advice designed to provide the best understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem; and (li) establishing, as a consequence, all such fisheries on an experimental basis for an adequate length of time, with an Initial conservative quota by area and appropriate enforcement of sucl~ quotas;
Communication and Consultation
16. Recommends the Consultative Parties to recognize the increased Interest In the Ant. arctic environment of the world community, and therefore that they: (I) mobilize and draw upon the goodwill and expertise freely available to sur3port their work by effective communication and con. sultatlon with interested parties; (11) foster well-informed public Interest and awareness, through educational measures based on accurate reporting and dissemination of thelr policies and actions In relation to the Antarctic environment; and (Ill) Invite representatives from appropriate non.governmental organizations to parttclpate in meetings according to normal inter. national practices; 17. Further recommends national delegations to the Antarctic Treaty to keep fully In touch and consult wltl~ NGOs In their countries concerned with the Antarctic environment and to Include advisers from these bodies In their delegations; Membersh/p
18. Recommends all nations concerned with the future of the Antarctic environment not yet Party to the Antarctic Treaty to accede to that treaty; Research and Conservation ~ General
19. Considers that the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties should ensure that research and conservation action Is co-ordinated and that, as a priority, the research programmes needed to protect Antarctic ecosystems and allow for Informed decision.making are ascertained, together with the Institutions best suited to undertake them; 20. Recommends full support to on.going scientific efforts and the undertaking of longterm, large-scale co-operative research programmes focussed on the ecological structure and processes of the Antarctic environment and on their role with regard to globally relevant phenomena, such as weather and climate; 21. Stresses the need to obtain, through dgorous prograrnmes of research and controlled experiment, such data as are necessary for prudent management decisions before such decisions are taken In respect of Ilylng and non-living resources, and to review continually the after-effects of such decisions by the same means, so as to take account of newly.evolving factors; 22. Calls upon the Consultative Parties to take the lead In such research and conservation programmes; 23. Recommends all organizations whose activities and expert'lse are of relevance to these research end conservation tasks to contribute as appropriate; 24. Pledges the support and expertise of IUCN In the establishment and carrying out of such programmea; 25. And Partlculady Recommends that:
Summer in the Antarctic begins in October, the same monzh when research projects are usually commenced environmental consequences such as air pollution and wastes; (ill) vigilance be exerclzed in the Implemen. tatlon of the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora and the various recommendations concerning Man's Impact on the Antarctic environment, notably those regarding waste disposal end tourism and the introduction of allen species, and that necessary monitoring and control be carried out; B. The Convention on the Conservation of Ant. arctic Marine Living Resources 1980 28. Expresses Its satisfaction that the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources provides an effective ecosystem approach to the conservation and management of the natural resources of the Southern Ocean; 27. Pledges to make IUCN expertise available to the Commission and the Scientific Committee created under the Convention and recommends the strengthening of cooperative relationships' with the Commission and Scientific Cotnmlttee; 28. Recalls that the population dynamics of the living resources of the Southern Ocean are still poorly known; 29. Recommends Parties to the Convention to formulate and implement suitably cautious policies for managing Antarctic flying resources In the context of the total ecosystem, having regard to the best available scientific evidence and with prompt dissemination of statistics of catch and effort, by:
Couflesy:Keep 30. Recommends further that: O) as a high priority feeding habits of species dependent upon krltl be studied and critical areas be closed to krlll fishing; (11)some areas be closed to fishing ab Inltlo, and at least one large sanctuary be established where krlll harvesting would be prohibited or permitted only for scientific purposes, In order to provide for adequate baseline areas; (ill) an evaluation be made of the role of squid In the ecosystem and the possible effects of harvest on species dependent upon it before substantial exploitation takes place; (iv) there should be a pause in exploitation of depleted flnfieh stocks; (v) all data be provided, on an agreed standardized scientific basis, Including that from fishing operations carried out over a reasonable past period of time, to facilitate the establishment of a central data bank which can utilize data from all relevant sources; (vl) appropriate co-ordination of objectives and activities with the International Whaling Commission be established, in particular regarding the Implementation of measures aiming at the recovery of those whales whose populations have been depleted; (vii) the development of dynamic models of the Southern Ocean ecosystem be Initiated, bearing in mind the depletion of many whale species; and (viii) !n the pro~cessof developing the fishery on a scientific basis, the development of cooperative relationships with appropriate organizations be effectively carried out; 31. Recommends further that the Parties to
0378-777X/85/$3.30 ©: 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. (North-Holland)
Environmental Policy and Law, 14 (1985)
32 the Coventlon take all necessary steps to Inform the scientific and conservation communities of the action they tal~e to protect the Southern Ocean, Includlr;g reporting on discussions and actions pertaining to environmental conservation Issues, and inviting representatives from appropriate NGOs to participate In appropriate meetings; 32. Further recommends all- nations con. cerned with the future of the Antarctic environment and the Southern Ocean to support the operation of the Convention and to accede to it as soon as possible; 33. Recommends that, notwithstanding current world.wide economic difficulties, the significance of the Southern Ocean demands that it be accorded high priority in the allocation of resources adequate to ensure the effective operation of the Commission and its Scientific Committee;
environmental protection and conservation contained in the Antarctic Treaty system; 38. Recommends that a comprehensive review be carried out under the Antarctic Treaty system of the existing environmental and conservation Conventions and measures, with a view to determining whether any appropriate new Conventions or measures are needed for the environmental protection of the Antarctic Environment and the Southern Ocean; 39. Recommends that In relation to the consideration of the "Question of Antarctica" at the United Nations, all states and Interested non-governmental organizations communl. care information and views concerning the Antarctic environment to the United Nations in the appropriate manner, and 40. Pledges IUCN's continuing asslsZance In providing to the Secretary-General its expertise concerning Antarctica.
C. The Minerals of Antarctica 34. Commends the Consultative Parties for their decision to refrain from exploration of Antarctic mineral resources for the time being; 35. Recomm-~nds that the Treaty Parties keep IUCN and the scientific and conservation communities well informed of any proposed mineral activities in the Antarctic and recommends further that they seek the views and understanding of IUCN on any which would affect the conservation of the Antarctic environment; 36. Pledges to make IUCN expertise available to the Treaty Parties and other bodies and organizations as appropriate to conduct or co-operate In conducting studies necessary to ensure that mineral activities carded on In the Antarctic have minimum onvironmentally adverse effects; D. Review of Conservation Measures 37. Cognizant of the fact that In debate at the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting It was urged that there was a need to consider whether further co-ordination Is necessary between the various elements of
Resolution 20 In consequence of [the alcove Recommendation] the 16th Session of the General Assembly of IUCN requests the DirectorGeneral of IUCN to take all necessary steps to implement the Recommendation and In particular to seek: a. to ensure that IUCN is represented by persons with relevant expertise at appropriate
meetings concerning the Antarctic environment within the Antarctic Treaty system, at the United Nations and in other fora; b. to ensure that IUCN monitors developments pertinent to the conservation of Antarctic species and habitats, and to the protection of the Antarctic environment; C. to report regularly to the membership of IUCN on developments that could affect the Antarctic environment and implementation of [the above Recommendation]; d, In harmony with the relevant paragraphs of [the above Recommendctlon] to Initiate the preparation of a conservation strategy for the Antarctic, In co.operatlon with the world's scientific and conservation communities; e. to make recommendations to the relevant ~overnments regarding future developments concerning Antarctic conservation, including elaboration by such governments of environmental impact assessment procedures covering all activities in the Antarctic; f. to foster scientific research and monitoring programmes that will provide the basis for proper Implementation of principles and measures agreed upon by governments to protect and conserve the Antarctic; g. to prepare educational programmes and materials for use by IUCN members, at all educational levels, Including handbooks, reports, studies, slide shows, films, posters, workshops and symposia; h. to Investigate appropriate forms of designation for the Antarctic environment as a whole, in order to protect the values enumerated In the Recommendation, and to communicate the results of those Investigations to the relevant governments for their consideration; i. to Identify additional areas that merit special protection and to encourage the expanslor, of the network of protected areas In the Antarctic, taking particular account of the results of the IUCN/SCAR symposium to be held In April 1985; and J. to locate such additional funds as are necessary for the Implementation of this Resolution.
International Conference on the Protection of the NoAh Sea* Declaration The Ministers responsible for the protection of the North Sea of the Government of the Kingdom of Be/glum, the Kingdom of Den. mark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire/and as well as the Member of the Commission of the Euro. pean. Communities responsible for on. vlronmental protection after careful preparation at the Interne. tlonal Conference on Hre Protection of the North Sea in Bremen on 31 October and 1 November 1984, have reached agreement on necessary measures for the protection of the North Sea. They agreed to take timely proven. • 31 October and 1 November1984,Bremen,Federal Republic of Germany-- see also page 2I
rive measures to maintain the quality of the North Sea and to closely co.oporete herein. To this end they have resolved the following conference results with a comprehensive and detailed set of protective measures for the North Sea. Focal areas of joint action Include: 1. Reduction of pollution from land.based sources With regard to contamination through rivers and coastal waters the Ministers affirmed thelr strong support for further binding regulations for black and grey list substances which should be adopted within the framework of the EF_C,the Paris Commission and the River Commissions concerned, If possible as early as 1985. In these regulations the prevention of pollution of sediments shall be taken Into account. These regulations should refer to both new and existing Installations.
Furthermore, with regard to additional regulations which might prove to be necessary, potentially hazardous substances, in particular new synthetic organic compounds, are to be continually examined for deleterious effects on the North Sea. The coastal states of the North Sea and the EEC', taking Into account the working programme adopted In the Paris Commission relating to atmospheric Inputs and proposals already submitted, will take a Joint initiative in the Paris Commission that In 1985 an addltlonal protocol to the Paris Convention, which
• To the extent that in this declaration reference is made to the participation of the European Economic Community In Initiatives within the frameworkof conventions to which It is a contracting party, this means that the Commission of the European Community will make the appropriate proposals to the Council of Ministers.
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