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Recommended Practice of Library Lighting
respectively. On objective evaluation, however, this hypothesis could not be well verified for the range o f angles and diameters investigated. A distinct criterion to optimise angles and diameters objectively could not be established. The results are presented in tabular and diagrammatic form.
Workspace layout and equipment design 5.4.165 (65434) Rouhier, F. Ergonomic development of the driver's platforms of mobile construction equipment with rotating sections (Development Ergonomique du Poste de Conduite des Engins Mobiles de Chantier a Partie Tournante). (In French). Cahiers des Comites de Prevention du Batiment et des Travaux Publics J a n - Feb 1969, 24.1, 14-18. Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. Modern construction equipment allows flexible, rapid and precise movement and operators' platforms must therefore be rationally designed. The author analyses the causes of excessive fatigue due to increased work periods and output, and examines the various parts of operators' positions. The position of the operator's seat and its c o m p o n e n t parts, the arrangement of manual controls and pedals, and vibration suppression, all affect working conditions and can contribute to their improvement. Slight undarpressure in air-conditioned cabins can give protection against the weather, dust and fumes. G o o d visibility is essential.
5.4.166 (65438) Bullock, M.I., and Steinberg, M.A. A r m reach boundaries for cockpit control operation Jun, 1973, 98pp Abstr in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Report No Memo-31. Because light aircraft cockpits were designed when pilots were restrained by a lap belt only, the recent use of firm upper torso restraint has introduced a problem o f control accessibility. Therefore, a determination of the functional arm reach boundaries for the Australian male and female pilot populations has been made and certain structural anthropometric measurements have been recorded. The apparatus used, the eXperimental procedure and the various percentiles of t h u m b tip arm reach are described in this report. These data should provide information
240
for the design or modification of restraint systems and of cockpits which will allow manipulation of manual controls by all pilots while effectively restrained.
5.4.167 (65443) Hawking, F. Ergonomic aspects of crew seats in transport aircraft Aerospace Medicine 1974, 45.2, 196-203. "Aircrew Crippled by Bad Seats", ran a L o n d o n newspaper headline m 1963, and there must be many career pilots who have echoed that headline at one time or another, however exaggerated the comment may be. Is the piloting community, then, simply a group o f complaining, unfit, unreasonable men, or is there really something in this oft-repeated plea for better ergonomics in crew seat design? Evidence suggests that the incidence of low backpain amongst aircrew is abnormally high and so the question of seat design may be of particular significance. Although progress has been slow there have been some design advances recently and the future now looks more promising. The fact that commercial airlines such as BOAC, Air France, Swissair, SAS, KLM, and so on, find it necessary to carry out modifications and development work at their own cost on seats already installed in their aircraft, also points to inadequate original design.
5.4.168 (65447) Lindqvist, B. Ergonomic considerations in assembly work Chartered Mechanical Engineer. Mar, 1974, 21.3, 79-82. Designs increasingly take into account the human being who will have to operate the product. This article deals with shape and noise aspects of work concerned with the ergonomic redesign of assembly work hand tools.
5.4.169 (65451) Platts, E.A. Wheelchair design - Survey of users' views Proceedings o f the Royal Society of Medieine May 1974, 67, 4 t 4 - 4 1 6 . In the mid- 1960's, the National F u n d for Research into Crippling Diseases sponsored research by the Department of E~onomics and Cybernetics at Loughborough University of Technology, t o establish data on which to base an ergonomxcs approach to wheelchair design (Platts, 1971). This paper presents some of the results which are o f interest to
Applied Ergonomics December 1974
designers. The percentage trequencies, drawn from b o t h questionnaires, give a measure of the importance of some of the factors relevant to wheelchair design and indicate new features which would assist users. Wheelchairs have a wide range of uses in various environments, which leads inevitably to conflicting design aims. These conflicts and the economics of wheelchair production dictate that some compromises will have to be made.
Illumination 5.4.170 (65459) Cockman, A.H.. and Collins, J.B. Lighting of hospital circulation spaces which are open to bed bays. Lighting Research and Technology, 1974, 6.2~ 69-78. Surveys of lighting conditions in existing hospitals where bed bays are completely open to circulation areas and nurses' stations, or are only partially separated from them, showed an urgent need for guidance for improving lighting of the circulation areas. The problem is particularly important at night when patients, endeavouring to sleep, often have lighting eqmpment of undesirably high brightness used for corridor lighting m their field of view. Laboratory studies in a full scale mock-up of a simulated corridor and an adjoining open bed bay have resulted in the development of lighting arrangements which minimize visual discomfort or disturbance to patients in bed, while providing adequate lighting for staff to make their way down the corridor in safety especially at night. Proposals are made for lighting arrangements suitable for daytime, evening and night.
5.4.171 (65461) Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Institutions -- Subcommittee on Library Lighting R e c o m m e n d e d Practice of Library Lighting Journal o f the Illuminating Engineering Society Apr, 1974, 3.3. 253-281. The Illuminating Engineering Society published its first " R e c o m m e n d e d Practice of Library Lighting" in 1950. It was developed by the Library Lighting Committee, formed in 1946, following requests for a study of library lighting from the American Library Association and architects specializing in library design. This Practice is a revision of the 1950 Report and follows the accepted procedure of presenting the scientific
findings of the Society combined with practical application techniques as used in the field and evaluated through the experience of the library Subcommittee members.
5.4.172 (65471) Heglin, H.J. Navships display illumination design guide 2113. Section II : Human Factors. Jul. 1973, 253 pp Abstr in:Government Reports Announcements (Report No AD-770 478/6GA) Human Factors guidelines are provided - supported by research data, tables, graphs, and charts - for general reference by designers concerned with display illumination. Consideration is given to trade-offs between ambient illumination, local illumination for design areas, and selfemanating and projected displays. Sample specification materials are included.
Noise 5.4.173 (64960)
Huebon, W.B. Practical solutions to foundry noise problems British Foundryman, Mar 1972, 65.3, 8 5 - 8 9 Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1486-1973) After describing briefly the problem of increased foundry noise in the last 25 years, the author considers equipment and operations giving rise to noise and appropriate methods of noise control in the foundry departments (excluding the patternshop), ie, core room, metal melting, moulding and cast handling and cleaning rooms. The occurrence and methods of controlling other sources of foundry noise due to ventilation and dust collection equipment and the increaed use of self-contained hydraulic systems are also indicated.
5.4.174 (65481) Noweir, M.H., EI-Dakhakhny, A.A., and Valic, F. Exposure to noise in the textile industry of the UAR American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Nov-Dec, 1968, 29.6, 541-546. Abstr in: Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 2021-1969) Noise levels were determined in eight weaving departments of a 40 year old textile plant and in other departments (spinning, washing and bleaching, and printing).
Systematic studies of cutting tools have resulted in the formulation of general rules for the selection of an acoustically and technologically optimal grinding angle. The noise level reduction attainable is around lO dB (A).
Levels as high as 103 dBA and an average of 98 dB, for the region 1200-4800 Hz, were encountered. Noise levels were higher in the departments where the looms operated at comparatively high speed. Audiometric findings indicate that average permanent hearing loss increases enormously due to exposure to noise, reaching sometimes 60 dB among workers with more than ten years' exposure. A control programme is described, consisting mainly of the installation of sound-absorbing material in the weaving departments and the use of ear protectors.
Vibration 5.4.177 (65518)
Kakosy, T., and Szepes, L. Effects of vibration exposure on the localisation of Raynaud's Phenemenon in chain saw operators. WorkEnvironment-Health 1973, 10.3, 134-139 Abstr in: CIS Abstracts (CIS 74-703).
5.4.175 (65505)
Crocker, M.J. Noise and vibration control engineering. Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, USA. 1972 594pp Abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 74-384) Proceedings of the Purdue Noise Control Conference held at Purdue University, (Lafayette, USA) on 14- 16 July, 1971. The conference consisted of nine sessions, five of which are of special interest to industrial hygienists and design engineers: machinery noise (eight papers): industrial noise criteria and control (seven papers); vibration control and biodynamics (eight papers); noise and vibration control (nine papers); noise in buildings (ten papers). The papers are reproduced in full, and the volume is supplemented by an extensive bibliography listing all the references given in the papers.
Analysis of the distribution of Raynaud's phenomenon due to vibration in four occupations exposed to local vibration (chain saw operators, pneumatic hammer operators, tool grinders, stone cutters) with regard to complaints and objective cold provocation tests. Of the 485 workers examined, 158 had Raynaud's phenomenon. The s y m p t o m s and signs in pneumatic hammer operators and tool grinders were distributed symmetrically; the radial side of the hand was most affected. In chain saw operators, Raynaud's p h e n o m e n o n appeared mainly on the ulnar side of the hand. It appears that finger lesions due to vibration vary within each occupation; the most asymmetric distribution was found in stone cutters. The acceleration (in m/s 2 ) was measured in chain saw operators at different points of the back handle; it was highest on the most affected fingers.
Thermal conditions 5.4.176 (65507) Gruhl, S. Studies on Primary Noise Reduction on Mechanical Power Presses by Use of Taper-Ground Cutting Tools (Untersuchungen zur Primaren Larmminderung an Mechanischen Pressen bei Einsatz Schrag Angeschliffener Schneidwerkzeuge. (In German.) lnformationen fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitshygiene, 1972 8.4, 112-117. CIS Abstracts (CIS 74-380).
5.4.178 (68988)
Fanger, P.O. Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice British Journal o f lndustrial Medicine, 1973, 3 0 , 3 1 3 - 3 2 4
The noise levels to which press operators are exposed at their workstations are to a large extent determined by the cutting impact that occurs when stock is sheared off from the workpiece. It is possible to reduce this cutting impact by the use of taper-ground cutting tools.
A review is given of existing knowledge regarding the conditions for thermal comfort. Both physiological and environmental comfort conditions are discussed. Comfort criteria are shown diagrammatically, and their application is illustrated by numerous practical examples. Furthermore, the effect on the comfort conditions of age, adaptation, sex, seasonal and circadian rhythm, and unilateral heating or cooling of the b o d y is discussed. The term 'climate m o n o t o n y ' is considered. A method is recommended for the evaluation of the quality of thermal environments in practice.
Applied Ergonomics December 1974
241
Workspace layout and equipment design 5.4.165 (65434) Rouhier, F. Ergonomic development of the driver's platforms of mobile construction equipment with rotating sections (Development Ergonomique du Poste de Conduite des Engins Mobiles de Chantier a Partie Tournante). (In French). Cahiers des Comites de Prevention du Batiment et des Travaux Publics J a n - Feb 1969, 24.1, 14-18. Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts. Modern construction equipment allows flexible, rapid and precise movement and operators' platforms must therefore be rationally designed. The author analyses the causes of excessive fatigue due to increased work periods and output, and examines the various parts of operators' positions. The position of the operator's seat and its c o m p o n e n t parts, the arrangement of manual controls and pedals, and vibration suppression, all affect working conditions and can contribute to their improvement. Slight undarpressure in air-conditioned cabins can give protection against the weather, dust and fumes. G o o d visibility is essential.
5.4.166 (65438) Bullock, M.I., and Steinberg, M.A. A r m reach boundaries for cockpit control operation Jun, 1973, 98pp Abstr in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Report No Memo-31. Because light aircraft cockpits were designed when pilots were restrained by a lap belt only, the recent use of firm upper torso restraint has introduced a problem o f control accessibility. Therefore, a determination of the functional arm reach boundaries for the Australian male and female pilot populations has been made and certain structural anthropometric measurements have been recorded. The apparatus used, the eXperimental procedure and the various percentiles of t h u m b tip arm reach are described in this report. These data should provide information
240
for the design or modification of restraint systems and of cockpits which will allow manipulation of manual controls by all pilots while effectively restrained.
5.4.167 (65443) Hawking, F. Ergonomic aspects of crew seats in transport aircraft Aerospace Medicine 1974, 45.2, 196-203. "Aircrew Crippled by Bad Seats", ran a L o n d o n newspaper headline m 1963, and there must be many career pilots who have echoed that headline at one time or another, however exaggerated the comment may be. Is the piloting community, then, simply a group o f complaining, unfit, unreasonable men, or is there really something in this oft-repeated plea for better ergonomics in crew seat design? Evidence suggests that the incidence of low backpain amongst aircrew is abnormally high and so the question of seat design may be of particular significance. Although progress has been slow there have been some design advances recently and the future now looks more promising. The fact that commercial airlines such as BOAC, Air France, Swissair, SAS, KLM, and so on, find it necessary to carry out modifications and development work at their own cost on seats already installed in their aircraft, also points to inadequate original design.
5.4.168 (65447) Lindqvist, B. Ergonomic considerations in assembly work Chartered Mechanical Engineer. Mar, 1974, 21.3, 79-82. Designs increasingly take into account the human being who will have to operate the product. This article deals with shape and noise aspects of work concerned with the ergonomic redesign of assembly work hand tools.
5.4.169 (65451) Platts, E.A. Wheelchair design - Survey of users' views Proceedings o f the Royal Society of Medieine May 1974, 67, 4 t 4 - 4 1 6 . In the mid- 1960's, the National F u n d for Research into Crippling Diseases sponsored research by the Department of E~onomics and Cybernetics at Loughborough University of Technology, t o establish data on which to base an ergonomxcs approach to wheelchair design (Platts, 1971). This paper presents some of the results which are o f interest to
Applied Ergonomics December 1974
designers. The percentage trequencies, drawn from b o t h questionnaires, give a measure of the importance of some of the factors relevant to wheelchair design and indicate new features which would assist users. Wheelchairs have a wide range of uses in various environments, which leads inevitably to conflicting design aims. These conflicts and the economics of wheelchair production dictate that some compromises will have to be made.
Illumination 5.4.170 (65459) Cockman, A.H.. and Collins, J.B. Lighting of hospital circulation spaces which are open to bed bays. Lighting Research and Technology, 1974, 6.2~ 69-78. Surveys of lighting conditions in existing hospitals where bed bays are completely open to circulation areas and nurses' stations, or are only partially separated from them, showed an urgent need for guidance for improving lighting of the circulation areas. The problem is particularly important at night when patients, endeavouring to sleep, often have lighting eqmpment of undesirably high brightness used for corridor lighting m their field of view. Laboratory studies in a full scale mock-up of a simulated corridor and an adjoining open bed bay have resulted in the development of lighting arrangements which minimize visual discomfort or disturbance to patients in bed, while providing adequate lighting for staff to make their way down the corridor in safety especially at night. Proposals are made for lighting arrangements suitable for daytime, evening and night.
5.4.171 (65461) Illuminating Engineering Society, Committee on Institutions -- Subcommittee on Library Lighting R e c o m m e n d e d Practice of Library Lighting Journal o f the Illuminating Engineering Society Apr, 1974, 3.3. 253-281. The Illuminating Engineering Society published its first " R e c o m m e n d e d Practice of Library Lighting" in 1950. It was developed by the Library Lighting Committee, formed in 1946, following requests for a study of library lighting from the American Library Association and architects specializing in library design. This Practice is a revision of the 1950 Report and follows the accepted procedure of presenting the scientific
findings of the Society combined with practical application techniques as used in the field and evaluated through the experience of the library Subcommittee members.
5.4.172 (65471) Heglin, H.J. Navships display illumination design guide 2113. Section II : Human Factors. Jul. 1973, 253 pp Abstr in:Government Reports Announcements (Report No AD-770 478/6GA) Human Factors guidelines are provided - supported by research data, tables, graphs, and charts - for general reference by designers concerned with display illumination. Consideration is given to trade-offs between ambient illumination, local illumination for design areas, and selfemanating and projected displays. Sample specification materials are included.
Noise 5.4.173 (64960)
Huebon, W.B. Practical solutions to foundry noise problems British Foundryman, Mar 1972, 65.3, 8 5 - 8 9 Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1486-1973) After describing briefly the problem of increased foundry noise in the last 25 years, the author considers equipment and operations giving rise to noise and appropriate methods of noise control in the foundry departments (excluding the patternshop), ie, core room, metal melting, moulding and cast handling and cleaning rooms. The occurrence and methods of controlling other sources of foundry noise due to ventilation and dust collection equipment and the increaed use of self-contained hydraulic systems are also indicated.
5.4.174 (65481) Noweir, M.H., EI-Dakhakhny, A.A., and Valic, F. Exposure to noise in the textile industry of the UAR American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Nov-Dec, 1968, 29.6, 541-546. Abstr in: Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 2021-1969) Noise levels were determined in eight weaving departments of a 40 year old textile plant and in other departments (spinning, washing and bleaching, and printing).
Systematic studies of cutting tools have resulted in the formulation of general rules for the selection of an acoustically and technologically optimal grinding angle. The noise level reduction attainable is around lO dB (A).
Levels as high as 103 dBA and an average of 98 dB, for the region 1200-4800 Hz, were encountered. Noise levels were higher in the departments where the looms operated at comparatively high speed. Audiometric findings indicate that average permanent hearing loss increases enormously due to exposure to noise, reaching sometimes 60 dB among workers with more than ten years' exposure. A control programme is described, consisting mainly of the installation of sound-absorbing material in the weaving departments and the use of ear protectors.
Vibration 5.4.177 (65518)
Kakosy, T., and Szepes, L. Effects of vibration exposure on the localisation of Raynaud's Phenemenon in chain saw operators. WorkEnvironment-Health 1973, 10.3, 134-139 Abstr in: CIS Abstracts (CIS 74-703).
5.4.175 (65505)
Crocker, M.J. Noise and vibration control engineering. Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, USA. 1972 594pp Abstr in CIS Abstracts (CIS 74-384) Proceedings of the Purdue Noise Control Conference held at Purdue University, (Lafayette, USA) on 14- 16 July, 1971. The conference consisted of nine sessions, five of which are of special interest to industrial hygienists and design engineers: machinery noise (eight papers): industrial noise criteria and control (seven papers); vibration control and biodynamics (eight papers); noise and vibration control (nine papers); noise in buildings (ten papers). The papers are reproduced in full, and the volume is supplemented by an extensive bibliography listing all the references given in the papers.
Analysis of the distribution of Raynaud's phenomenon due to vibration in four occupations exposed to local vibration (chain saw operators, pneumatic hammer operators, tool grinders, stone cutters) with regard to complaints and objective cold provocation tests. Of the 485 workers examined, 158 had Raynaud's phenomenon. The s y m p t o m s and signs in pneumatic hammer operators and tool grinders were distributed symmetrically; the radial side of the hand was most affected. In chain saw operators, Raynaud's p h e n o m e n o n appeared mainly on the ulnar side of the hand. It appears that finger lesions due to vibration vary within each occupation; the most asymmetric distribution was found in stone cutters. The acceleration (in m/s 2 ) was measured in chain saw operators at different points of the back handle; it was highest on the most affected fingers.
Thermal conditions 5.4.176 (65507) Gruhl, S. Studies on Primary Noise Reduction on Mechanical Power Presses by Use of Taper-Ground Cutting Tools (Untersuchungen zur Primaren Larmminderung an Mechanischen Pressen bei Einsatz Schrag Angeschliffener Schneidwerkzeuge. (In German.) lnformationen fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitshygiene, 1972 8.4, 112-117. CIS Abstracts (CIS 74-380).
5.4.178 (68988)
Fanger, P.O. Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice British Journal o f lndustrial Medicine, 1973, 3 0 , 3 1 3 - 3 2 4
The noise levels to which press operators are exposed at their workstations are to a large extent determined by the cutting impact that occurs when stock is sheared off from the workpiece. It is possible to reduce this cutting impact by the use of taper-ground cutting tools.
A review is given of existing knowledge regarding the conditions for thermal comfort. Both physiological and environmental comfort conditions are discussed. Comfort criteria are shown diagrammatically, and their application is illustrated by numerous practical examples. Furthermore, the effect on the comfort conditions of age, adaptation, sex, seasonal and circadian rhythm, and unilateral heating or cooling of the b o d y is discussed. The term 'climate m o n o t o n y ' is considered. A method is recommended for the evaluation of the quality of thermal environments in practice.
Applied Ergonomics December 1974
241