- Email: [email protected]
Reduction of Aflatoxin Effects on Quail1,2
REDUCTION OF AFLATOXIN EFFECTS ON QUAIL 1 2 H. R. WILSON, C. R. DOUGLAS, R. H. HARMS AND G. T. EDDS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication December 2, 1974)
ABSTRACT A natural occurring outbreak of aflatoxicosis was observed in Bobwhite quail chicks while on a brooding experiment. A slight reduction in effects was noted for birds which received Tylan in the water from 0-3 days and Terramycin from 0-35 days of age. No symptoms of aflatoxicosis were observed in birds which received a product (FloxAid) containing two antibiotics and eight vitamins from 0-14 days. It is postulated that the primary mode of protection was via the water soluble vitamin D content of the product with possibly some protection from vitamins A, E and K. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 923-925, 1975
water 0-14 days; Terramycin 4 at 100 g./ton of feed plus Tylan 5 at 2 g./gal. water 0-3 days). The starter diet (Table 1) was calculated to contain 28% protein, 0.70% calcium and 0.70% phosphorus. Analysis of the feed
INTRODUCTION
T
HE occurrence of aflatoxins in feedstuffs of domestic animals is quite common and the resulting problem can be serious. Many effects of aflatoxicosis have been described and these have been recently reviewed (Edds, 1973; Hamilton and Wyatt, 1974). This report concerns a case of spontaneous aflatoxicosis which occurred in Bobwhite quail chicks on experiment and the observed reduction of effects due to treatment.
TABLE 1.—Composition of starter diet
Ingredients' Yellow corn meal Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P; 32% Ca) Ground limestone (38% Ca) Animal fat Iodized salt Micro-ingredient mix2 Amprol (25%) Protein (%) Met. Energy (Kcal./Kg.) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (% total)
PROCEDURES The experiment was designed to study litter materials and feed and/or water additives for starting Bobwhite quail chicks. A total of 12 floor pens 7.43 m.2 each were used with 119 chicks per pen. All birds were debeaked at hatching. Infra-red lamps were used as brooders. The experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial using two litter materials (peanut hulls and builder's sand) and three additives (none or control; FloxAid 3 at 1.134 g./gal.
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 5700. 2. The use of tradenames does not imply endorsement or criticism of these products, or of similar products not mentioned. 3. Produced by Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J. 07065. Each 1.134 g. contains; 51,200 units procaine penicillin; 153.6 mg. streptomycin sulfate; 8,192.5 U.S.P. units vit. A; 5,120 I.C. units vit. D 3 ; 0.062 mg. vit. B, 2 ; 2.56 mg. vit. B 6 ; 4.865 mg. menadione
% 41.90 47.80 3.00 1.40 0.27 4.63 0.40 0.50 0.10 28.00 3047 0.70 0.70
'Zinc Bacitracin was added to each diet at 20 grams per ton. 2 Supplied per Kg. of diet: Vit. A, 6600 I.U.; Vit. D , , 2200 I.C.U.; Vit. E, 11 I.U. ; Menadione Dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg.; Riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; Pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; Niacin, 59.6 mg.; Choline Chloride, 998.8 mg.; Vit. B 1 2 , 22 meg.; Biotin, 0.11 mg.; Ethoxyquin, 0.125 g.; Mn, 60 mg.; Fe, 50 mg.; Cu, 6 mg.; Co, 0.198 mg; I 2 , 1.1 mg.; Zn, 60 mg.
923
sodium bisulfite; 3.6 I. U. vit. E; 0.615 mg. folic acid; 23.26 mg. choline bitartrate. 4. Produced by Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., New York, New York 10017. 5. Produced by Elanco Products Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206.
924
RESEARCH NOTES 120 T
12
16
20
24
DAYS OF EXPERIMENT Fio. 1. Accumulated mortality of Bobwhite quail brooded on peanut hulls (open symbols) or builder's sand (solid symbols) with no additives (cont.), FloxAid in the water (Flox.) or Terramycin in the feed plus Tylan in the water (T. + T.). Each value represents the average of two pens of 119 chicks each. showed the presence of aflatoxin B, (20 to 200 p.p.b.), 28% protein, 0.85% calcium and 0.70% phosphorus. RESULTS Very high mortality was observed during the first three days in those birds started on builder's sand (Fig. 1). Upon necropsy large quantities of sand were found in the crop and other parts of the digestive system. A slight sparing effect was obtained from both the FloxAid and Terramycin-Tylan treatments. On the eleventh day of the experiment a sharp increase in mortality was noted (Fig. 1). The birds in affected pens were observed to have an unsteady gait, apparent leg weakness or paralysis and primary wing feathers turned outward. Necropsy showed
liver changes typical of aflatoxicosis and a rachitic condition of the bones. A slight preventative effect was noted from the Terramycin-Tylan treatment; however, those birds on FloxAid showed no symptoms of aflatoxicosis or increased mortality. The mode of protection by FloxAid was not determined. The antibiotic content probably had some protective effect as was the case with the Terramycin-Tylan treatment and previous studies with broad spectrum antibiotics (Smith et al., 1971). It is speculated, however, that the major effect was due to the water soluble vitamin D 3 content. Previous work has shown that aflatoxicosis results in decreased plasma levels of carotenoids (Tung and Hamilton, 1973), vitamin A (Hamilton and Wyatt, 1974), calcium, protein, cholesterol and triglycerides (Garlich et
RESEARCH
al, 1973). Dietary deficiencies of riboflavin and vitamin D 3 increase the sensitivity of birds to af latoxins while a thiamine deficiency has a protective effect (Hamilton et al., 1974), which was attributed to increased fatty acid oxidation. In addition, aflatoxicosis causes a fatty liver condition (Hamilton and Garlich, 1971) but an increase in dietary lipids decreases mortality from aflatoxins (Smith et al., 1971). Damage to the liver cells may result in decreased availability of bile salts and thus affect lipid and vitamin absorption. Dietary supplementation with choline, inositol, vitamin B 1 2 , vitamin E and vitamin K has no beneficial effect in chickens (Hamilton and Garlich, 1972; Hamilton et al., 1974) but a slight effect in some cases with Coturnix quail (Knake et al, 1973). Therefore, since anatoxin seems to specifically affect lipid metabolism and some of the lipid soluble vitamins, especially D, it is postulated that the water soluble form of D 3 is able to by-pass this effect. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge technical assistance of Dr. J. N. Hanley, Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, Dade City, FL.
925
NOTES
REFERENCES Edds, G. T., 1973. Acute aflatoxicosis: A review. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 162: 304-309. Garlich, J. D., H.-T. Tung and P. B. Hamilton, 1973. The effects of short term feeding of aflatoxin on egg production and some plasma constituents of the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 52: 2206-2211. Hamilton, P. B., and J. D. Garlich, 1971. Aflatoxin as a possible cause of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 50: 800-804. Hamilton, P. B., and J. D. Garlich, 1972. Failure of vitamin supplementation to alter the fatty liver syndrome caused by aflatoxin. Poultry Sci. 51: 688-692. Hamilton, P. B., H.-T. Tung, R. D. Wyatt and W. C. Donaldson, 1974. Interaction of dietary aflatoxin with some vitamin deficiencies. Poultry Sci. 53: 871-877. Hamilton, P. B., and R. D. Wyatt, 1974. The importance of mycotoxins to the feed industry. Proc. Dist. Feed Res. Coun. 29: 24-28. Knake, R. P., C. S. Rao and C. W. Deyoe, 1973. Effects of feeding diets containing aflatoxin and added vitamins to coturnix quail. Poultry Sci. 52: 2050. Smith, J. W., C. H. Hill and P. B. Hamilton, 1971. The effect of dietary modifications on aflatoxicosis in the broiler chicken. Poultry Sci. 50: 768-774. Tung, H.-T., and P. B. Hamilton, 1973. Decreased plasma carotenoid during aflatoxicosis. Poultry Sci. 52: 80-83.
LACK OF RESPONSE TO SUPPLEMENTAL TIN, VANADIUM, CHROMIUM AND NICKEL WHEN ADDED TO A PURIFIED CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACID DIET FOR CHICKS D. H. BAKER AND B. A. MOLITORIS
Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 (Received for publication December 6, 1974)
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to ascertain if supplementing a completely purified diet with tin, vanadium, chromium and nickel would enhance chick performance between hatching and 27-days posthatching. No effects on rate and efficiency of gain or on feather development were noted. A level of 350 p.p.m. magnesium, all in inorganic form, was found adequate for chick growth during this period. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 925-927,
W
E have previously reported difficulty in maintaining excellent growth with purified crystalline amino acid diets fed over an extended period of time (Graber and
1975
Baker, 1973). Unpublished results with an antiacid compound as well as with varied levels of sodium and potassium buffers have shown no improvement in performance. Also,
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication December 2, 1974)
ABSTRACT A natural occurring outbreak of aflatoxicosis was observed in Bobwhite quail chicks while on a brooding experiment. A slight reduction in effects was noted for birds which received Tylan in the water from 0-3 days and Terramycin from 0-35 days of age. No symptoms of aflatoxicosis were observed in birds which received a product (FloxAid) containing two antibiotics and eight vitamins from 0-14 days. It is postulated that the primary mode of protection was via the water soluble vitamin D content of the product with possibly some protection from vitamins A, E and K. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 923-925, 1975
water 0-14 days; Terramycin 4 at 100 g./ton of feed plus Tylan 5 at 2 g./gal. water 0-3 days). The starter diet (Table 1) was calculated to contain 28% protein, 0.70% calcium and 0.70% phosphorus. Analysis of the feed
INTRODUCTION
T
HE occurrence of aflatoxins in feedstuffs of domestic animals is quite common and the resulting problem can be serious. Many effects of aflatoxicosis have been described and these have been recently reviewed (Edds, 1973; Hamilton and Wyatt, 1974). This report concerns a case of spontaneous aflatoxicosis which occurred in Bobwhite quail chicks on experiment and the observed reduction of effects due to treatment.
TABLE 1.—Composition of starter diet
Ingredients' Yellow corn meal Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P; 32% Ca) Ground limestone (38% Ca) Animal fat Iodized salt Micro-ingredient mix2 Amprol (25%) Protein (%) Met. Energy (Kcal./Kg.) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (% total)
PROCEDURES The experiment was designed to study litter materials and feed and/or water additives for starting Bobwhite quail chicks. A total of 12 floor pens 7.43 m.2 each were used with 119 chicks per pen. All birds were debeaked at hatching. Infra-red lamps were used as brooders. The experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial using two litter materials (peanut hulls and builder's sand) and three additives (none or control; FloxAid 3 at 1.134 g./gal.
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 5700. 2. The use of tradenames does not imply endorsement or criticism of these products, or of similar products not mentioned. 3. Produced by Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J. 07065. Each 1.134 g. contains; 51,200 units procaine penicillin; 153.6 mg. streptomycin sulfate; 8,192.5 U.S.P. units vit. A; 5,120 I.C. units vit. D 3 ; 0.062 mg. vit. B, 2 ; 2.56 mg. vit. B 6 ; 4.865 mg. menadione
% 41.90 47.80 3.00 1.40 0.27 4.63 0.40 0.50 0.10 28.00 3047 0.70 0.70
'Zinc Bacitracin was added to each diet at 20 grams per ton. 2 Supplied per Kg. of diet: Vit. A, 6600 I.U.; Vit. D , , 2200 I.C.U.; Vit. E, 11 I.U. ; Menadione Dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg.; Riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; Pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; Niacin, 59.6 mg.; Choline Chloride, 998.8 mg.; Vit. B 1 2 , 22 meg.; Biotin, 0.11 mg.; Ethoxyquin, 0.125 g.; Mn, 60 mg.; Fe, 50 mg.; Cu, 6 mg.; Co, 0.198 mg; I 2 , 1.1 mg.; Zn, 60 mg.
923
sodium bisulfite; 3.6 I. U. vit. E; 0.615 mg. folic acid; 23.26 mg. choline bitartrate. 4. Produced by Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., New York, New York 10017. 5. Produced by Elanco Products Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206.
924
RESEARCH NOTES 120 T
12
16
20
24
DAYS OF EXPERIMENT Fio. 1. Accumulated mortality of Bobwhite quail brooded on peanut hulls (open symbols) or builder's sand (solid symbols) with no additives (cont.), FloxAid in the water (Flox.) or Terramycin in the feed plus Tylan in the water (T. + T.). Each value represents the average of two pens of 119 chicks each. showed the presence of aflatoxin B, (20 to 200 p.p.b.), 28% protein, 0.85% calcium and 0.70% phosphorus. RESULTS Very high mortality was observed during the first three days in those birds started on builder's sand (Fig. 1). Upon necropsy large quantities of sand were found in the crop and other parts of the digestive system. A slight sparing effect was obtained from both the FloxAid and Terramycin-Tylan treatments. On the eleventh day of the experiment a sharp increase in mortality was noted (Fig. 1). The birds in affected pens were observed to have an unsteady gait, apparent leg weakness or paralysis and primary wing feathers turned outward. Necropsy showed
liver changes typical of aflatoxicosis and a rachitic condition of the bones. A slight preventative effect was noted from the Terramycin-Tylan treatment; however, those birds on FloxAid showed no symptoms of aflatoxicosis or increased mortality. The mode of protection by FloxAid was not determined. The antibiotic content probably had some protective effect as was the case with the Terramycin-Tylan treatment and previous studies with broad spectrum antibiotics (Smith et al., 1971). It is speculated, however, that the major effect was due to the water soluble vitamin D 3 content. Previous work has shown that aflatoxicosis results in decreased plasma levels of carotenoids (Tung and Hamilton, 1973), vitamin A (Hamilton and Wyatt, 1974), calcium, protein, cholesterol and triglycerides (Garlich et
RESEARCH
al, 1973). Dietary deficiencies of riboflavin and vitamin D 3 increase the sensitivity of birds to af latoxins while a thiamine deficiency has a protective effect (Hamilton et al., 1974), which was attributed to increased fatty acid oxidation. In addition, aflatoxicosis causes a fatty liver condition (Hamilton and Garlich, 1971) but an increase in dietary lipids decreases mortality from aflatoxins (Smith et al., 1971). Damage to the liver cells may result in decreased availability of bile salts and thus affect lipid and vitamin absorption. Dietary supplementation with choline, inositol, vitamin B 1 2 , vitamin E and vitamin K has no beneficial effect in chickens (Hamilton and Garlich, 1972; Hamilton et al., 1974) but a slight effect in some cases with Coturnix quail (Knake et al, 1973). Therefore, since anatoxin seems to specifically affect lipid metabolism and some of the lipid soluble vitamins, especially D, it is postulated that the water soluble form of D 3 is able to by-pass this effect. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge technical assistance of Dr. J. N. Hanley, Poultry Diagnostic Laboratory, Dade City, FL.
925
NOTES
REFERENCES Edds, G. T., 1973. Acute aflatoxicosis: A review. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 162: 304-309. Garlich, J. D., H.-T. Tung and P. B. Hamilton, 1973. The effects of short term feeding of aflatoxin on egg production and some plasma constituents of the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 52: 2206-2211. Hamilton, P. B., and J. D. Garlich, 1971. Aflatoxin as a possible cause of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 50: 800-804. Hamilton, P. B., and J. D. Garlich, 1972. Failure of vitamin supplementation to alter the fatty liver syndrome caused by aflatoxin. Poultry Sci. 51: 688-692. Hamilton, P. B., H.-T. Tung, R. D. Wyatt and W. C. Donaldson, 1974. Interaction of dietary aflatoxin with some vitamin deficiencies. Poultry Sci. 53: 871-877. Hamilton, P. B., and R. D. Wyatt, 1974. The importance of mycotoxins to the feed industry. Proc. Dist. Feed Res. Coun. 29: 24-28. Knake, R. P., C. S. Rao and C. W. Deyoe, 1973. Effects of feeding diets containing aflatoxin and added vitamins to coturnix quail. Poultry Sci. 52: 2050. Smith, J. W., C. H. Hill and P. B. Hamilton, 1971. The effect of dietary modifications on aflatoxicosis in the broiler chicken. Poultry Sci. 50: 768-774. Tung, H.-T., and P. B. Hamilton, 1973. Decreased plasma carotenoid during aflatoxicosis. Poultry Sci. 52: 80-83.
LACK OF RESPONSE TO SUPPLEMENTAL TIN, VANADIUM, CHROMIUM AND NICKEL WHEN ADDED TO A PURIFIED CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACID DIET FOR CHICKS D. H. BAKER AND B. A. MOLITORIS
Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 (Received for publication December 6, 1974)
ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to ascertain if supplementing a completely purified diet with tin, vanadium, chromium and nickel would enhance chick performance between hatching and 27-days posthatching. No effects on rate and efficiency of gain or on feather development were noted. A level of 350 p.p.m. magnesium, all in inorganic form, was found adequate for chick growth during this period. POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 925-927,
W
E have previously reported difficulty in maintaining excellent growth with purified crystalline amino acid diets fed over an extended period of time (Graber and
1975
Baker, 1973). Unpublished results with an antiacid compound as well as with varied levels of sodium and potassium buffers have shown no improvement in performance. Also,