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Relation between Increasing Spinal Curve and Anxiety
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 2246 – 2248
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCPCG-2011
Relation between Increasing Spinal Curve and Anxiety Abdulamir Saiiari a*, Behrouz Khodayarib, Mehdi Bostanic b
a Islamic Azad University, Abadan branch, Iran. Islamic Azad University, DarehShahr branch, Asia, Ilam. c Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, Asia, Ahvaz.
Abstract
Increasing in spinal curve called Kyphosis, in this study we investigated relation between kyphosis and anxiety. Through the untrained male students that are teaching in high school, 100 Pearson participated in this study. All of them have spinal curve between 42 to 48 degrees. For measuring kyphosis angle x-ray was used. After selecting the participants, for assess dimensions of anxiety (total anxiety, hidden anxiety, and manifest anxiety) used from Cattle's anxiety questionnaire. The rate of its validity and correlation was tested in P<0/001 level based on Pearson correlation co-efficient by statistical analysis of the acquired data. The results of this research showed that there are positive and significant relation between kyphosis angle and total anxiety(r = 0.68), Hidden anxiety(r = 0.41), and Manifest anxiety(r = 0.47). © PublishedbybyElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference © 2011 2011 Published Ltd. on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. Keywords: kyphosis; Anxiety.
1. Introduction Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur without an identifiable triggering stimulus As such, it is distinguished from fear, which is an emotional response to a perceived threat. Physical effects of anxiety may include heart palpitation, muscle weakness and tension, fatigue, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, stomach aches or headache. The body prepares to deal with a threat: blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, blood flow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited (the fight or fight response). External signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and papillary dilation. Someone who has anxiety might also experience it as a sense of dread or panic. Although panic attacks are not experienced by every person who has anxiety, they are a common symptom. Panic attacks usually come without warning, and although the fear is generally irrational, the perception of danger is very real. A person experiencing a panic attack will often feel as if he or she is about to die or pass out. Anxiety does not only consist of physical effects; there are many emotional ones as well. They include "feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability, restlessness, watching (and waiting) for signs (and occurrences) of danger, and, feeling like your mind's gone blank (Smith, Melinda, 2008). Kyphos is the convex prominence of the human spine in kyphosis, which is a condition indicated by an abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. The angle of the deviation of the axis of the human spinal column from the linear between different points is designated as the angle of kyphosis and this angle provides a measure of the curvature of the spinal column. It is known to determine the curvature of the spinal column in an indirect manner by measurement of the length of the cord of an arc and the
1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.438
Abdulamir Saiiari et al. / Procedia - Social/ and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011)Sciences 2246 – 2248 Abdulamir Saiiari, Behrouz Khodayari, Mehdi Bostani Procedia – Social and Behavioral 00 (2011) 000–000
2247
height of an arc described by a section of the spinal column on the assumption that the curvature of that section approximates to that of a circle. These measurements are expressed as a ratio, which is only meaningful by comparison with similarly derived ratios relating to other spinal columns. Motor deficiency can be considered as a main factor in the body muscles undermining. Following the mistake patterns of the body motilities, would have a negative effect on the performance of individuals’ organs. For example, excessive working of hands in front of the body and not strengthening the relevant muscles are the main factors in dorsal curve abnormalities. This complication in the body gradually causes the hands to incline to forward and leads to the abnormal curvature in the back of human. Extensor spinal muscle stretched in the kyphosis but flexor spinal muscle shorted. It has been suggested that fatigue and pain may lead to decreased levels of physical activity in many patients. The resulting deconditioned state may itself contribute to muscle abnormalities. Associated symptoms such as disturbed sleep, anxiety, depression, or irritable bowel also may have a negative impact on muscle function and level of daily activities. Occasionally displacement of spinal vertebral caused to kyphosis. The thoracic kyphosis or spinal curve is the primary curve of the vertebral column and is consisted of 12 vertebrae (Standring, S., 2005). The thoracic kyphosis angle increases with age and the increase is greater in females than males (Fon, G. T., 1980; Nishiwaki, Y., 2007). Feldenkrais at 1949 has been suggestion that psychosocial factors such as; depression, insecurity and anxiety may lead to an increased kyphosis. In recent years, many researchers have investigated the various factors that can influence body posture: mood, depression, anxiety, head and neck positions. Almost in these studies subjects were patients. But in our study subjects are healthy people. According this base the aim of present research was investigating relation between anxiety and kyphosis angle. 2. Method 2.1. Participants After surface surveying of high school male students from Iran, Abadan city by posture screen for kyphosis initial determination, 100 subjects selected as samples. 2.1.1. Measurements 1. X ray, in this research we use X ray for finding exact kyphosis angle. 2. Cattle's anxiety questionnaire was used to assess total anxiety, hidden anxiety, and manifest anxiety in Subjects. The questionnaire which consists of 40 triple choice questions has been a tested repeatedly and has always had a reliability of above 70 % (Ganji, H. 2001). In this study, Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire measured 0.86. 2.1.1.1. Procedure In this study, the researcher seeks to find a link between anxieties with kyphosis angle in high school male students. These samples are suffering from angle kyphosis between 42-48 degrees. So after survey angle of kyphosis by X ray used Cattle's anxiety questionnaire. 3. Results Research findings demonstrated that there are positive and significant relation between kyphosis angle and total anxiety (r = 0.68). (See table 1). Table 1. Correlation ratio and coefficient of determination in kyphosis with Total anxiety Variables Correlation ratio coefficient of Sig level determination Total anxiety Kyphosis angle
0.68
0.38
P<0.001
Also there are significant relations between kyphosis angle and components anxiety (hidden anxiety and Manifest anxiety). For more information see table 2. 2
2248
Saiiari et al. / Procedia and –Behavioral 30 (2011) 2246 2248 000–000 Abdulamir Saiiari,Abdulamir Behrouz Khodayari, Mehdi Bostani- /Social Procedia Social andSciences Behavioral Sciences 00 –(2011)
Table 2. Correlation ratio and coefficient of determination in kyphosis with anxiety components Variables Correlation ratio coefficient of Sig level determination Hidden anxiety Kyphosis angle Manifest anxiety Kyphosis angle
0.41
0.21
P<0.001
0.47
0.26
P<0.001
4. Discussion and Conclusion The statistical findings in the current research indicate that there is a significant, positive correlation between anxiety and kyphosis (r=0.68). These findings are consonant with Baumgratmer (2004), Gold (1996), Lonstein (1998). Research findings, but are inconstant with Yasrobi (1999) research findings. As the anxiety in a common sense is considered as a physical, behavioral and mental response to the mental stress, so the thoughts which originated in inverting the body sensations, are resulted from misunderstanding of these sensations. The origin of these thoughts is that people imagine that they have a serious problem with their body. These disastrous thoughts play an important role in increasing anxiety and in result incline the body signs. Anxieties and moods will affect individuals’ muscular movements and also their body posture. The prominent signs in those who are suffering from moderate anxiety are forward shoulder, diminished physical activity, sleepy and seclusion. As researches indicate, the lack of complete reflection resulted in spinal defects, often occur during rapid growth (maturity) and when there are some kinds of mental weakness and feeling uncertainty. So, these characteristics could increase the dorsal arch area (kyphosis). According to the studies being done in the present research ,these results are obtained; there is a significant correlation between kyphosis deformity and anxiety, and due to the positive effects of physical activity and exercises on mental health, and also the interaction between the mental and physical aspect of our body and their mutual influences on each other, and finally with use of the previous research findings, it could be mentioned that the sport exercise and physical activities specially corrective training might be considered to be as a suitable scientific style to prevent and treating physical weakness and some upper limbs deformity. Acknowledgements This article extracts from research project in titled: Study of the Relationship between Kyphosis, Anxiety, Depression and Aggression of High School Boy Students in Abadan and khoramshahr cities that financial supported by the Islamic Azad University, Abadan branch. References Ganji, H (2001). Personality evaluation. Tehran; Salavan Publications. (Chapter 4). Standring, S (2005).Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Fon, G. T., Pitt, M. J., Thies, A. C (1980). Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 134(5):979-983. Nishiwaki, Y., and et al (2007). Association of Thoracic Kyphosis with Subjective Poor Health, Functional Activity and Blood Pressure in the Community-Dwelling Elderly. Environmental Health and Preventative Medicine, 12:246-250. Feldenkrais, M (1949). Body and mature behaviour: A study of anxiety, sex, gravitation and learning. New York: International University Press Incorporated (Chapter 3). Melinda, Smith (2009). Anxiety attacks and disorders: Guide to the signs, symptoms, and treatment options. Retrieved , March 3, from Help guide. Baumgratmer, A., Sucher, N (2004). Physical activity and posture influence on TSH a Tyriod harmonies and depression during sleep deprivation. Psychiatry research. 34: 213 – 215. Gold, D (1996). The clinical impact of vertebral fractures: Quality of life in women with osteoporosis.Bone, 18 (3), supplement 1: S185-S189. Lonstein, J., Simmons, D., Stern, J (1998). Functions of the Caudal Periaqueductal Gray in Lactating Rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112; 6:1502-1518. Yasrobi, M. A (1999). Relation between kyphosis with mental aspects in male physical education students at Tehran and Mashad universities. a Master's Thesis of physical education and sports science, Degree in The post Graduate School of Tehran University, 1999. 3
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCPCG-2011
Relation between Increasing Spinal Curve and Anxiety Abdulamir Saiiari a*, Behrouz Khodayarib, Mehdi Bostanic b
a Islamic Azad University, Abadan branch, Iran. Islamic Azad University, DarehShahr branch, Asia, Ilam. c Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, Asia, Ahvaz.
Abstract
Increasing in spinal curve called Kyphosis, in this study we investigated relation between kyphosis and anxiety. Through the untrained male students that are teaching in high school, 100 Pearson participated in this study. All of them have spinal curve between 42 to 48 degrees. For measuring kyphosis angle x-ray was used. After selecting the participants, for assess dimensions of anxiety (total anxiety, hidden anxiety, and manifest anxiety) used from Cattle's anxiety questionnaire. The rate of its validity and correlation was tested in P<0/001 level based on Pearson correlation co-efficient by statistical analysis of the acquired data. The results of this research showed that there are positive and significant relation between kyphosis angle and total anxiety(r = 0.68), Hidden anxiety(r = 0.41), and Manifest anxiety(r = 0.47). © PublishedbybyElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference © 2011 2011 Published Ltd. on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. Keywords: kyphosis; Anxiety.
1. Introduction Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur without an identifiable triggering stimulus As such, it is distinguished from fear, which is an emotional response to a perceived threat. Physical effects of anxiety may include heart palpitation, muscle weakness and tension, fatigue, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, stomach aches or headache. The body prepares to deal with a threat: blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, blood flow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited (the fight or fight response). External signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and papillary dilation. Someone who has anxiety might also experience it as a sense of dread or panic. Although panic attacks are not experienced by every person who has anxiety, they are a common symptom. Panic attacks usually come without warning, and although the fear is generally irrational, the perception of danger is very real. A person experiencing a panic attack will often feel as if he or she is about to die or pass out. Anxiety does not only consist of physical effects; there are many emotional ones as well. They include "feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability, restlessness, watching (and waiting) for signs (and occurrences) of danger, and, feeling like your mind's gone blank (Smith, Melinda, 2008). Kyphos is the convex prominence of the human spine in kyphosis, which is a condition indicated by an abnormally increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. The angle of the deviation of the axis of the human spinal column from the linear between different points is designated as the angle of kyphosis and this angle provides a measure of the curvature of the spinal column. It is known to determine the curvature of the spinal column in an indirect manner by measurement of the length of the cord of an arc and the
1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.438
Abdulamir Saiiari et al. / Procedia - Social/ and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011)Sciences 2246 – 2248 Abdulamir Saiiari, Behrouz Khodayari, Mehdi Bostani Procedia – Social and Behavioral 00 (2011) 000–000
2247
height of an arc described by a section of the spinal column on the assumption that the curvature of that section approximates to that of a circle. These measurements are expressed as a ratio, which is only meaningful by comparison with similarly derived ratios relating to other spinal columns. Motor deficiency can be considered as a main factor in the body muscles undermining. Following the mistake patterns of the body motilities, would have a negative effect on the performance of individuals’ organs. For example, excessive working of hands in front of the body and not strengthening the relevant muscles are the main factors in dorsal curve abnormalities. This complication in the body gradually causes the hands to incline to forward and leads to the abnormal curvature in the back of human. Extensor spinal muscle stretched in the kyphosis but flexor spinal muscle shorted. It has been suggested that fatigue and pain may lead to decreased levels of physical activity in many patients. The resulting deconditioned state may itself contribute to muscle abnormalities. Associated symptoms such as disturbed sleep, anxiety, depression, or irritable bowel also may have a negative impact on muscle function and level of daily activities. Occasionally displacement of spinal vertebral caused to kyphosis. The thoracic kyphosis or spinal curve is the primary curve of the vertebral column and is consisted of 12 vertebrae (Standring, S., 2005). The thoracic kyphosis angle increases with age and the increase is greater in females than males (Fon, G. T., 1980; Nishiwaki, Y., 2007). Feldenkrais at 1949 has been suggestion that psychosocial factors such as; depression, insecurity and anxiety may lead to an increased kyphosis. In recent years, many researchers have investigated the various factors that can influence body posture: mood, depression, anxiety, head and neck positions. Almost in these studies subjects were patients. But in our study subjects are healthy people. According this base the aim of present research was investigating relation between anxiety and kyphosis angle. 2. Method 2.1. Participants After surface surveying of high school male students from Iran, Abadan city by posture screen for kyphosis initial determination, 100 subjects selected as samples. 2.1.1. Measurements 1. X ray, in this research we use X ray for finding exact kyphosis angle. 2. Cattle's anxiety questionnaire was used to assess total anxiety, hidden anxiety, and manifest anxiety in Subjects. The questionnaire which consists of 40 triple choice questions has been a tested repeatedly and has always had a reliability of above 70 % (Ganji, H. 2001). In this study, Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire measured 0.86. 2.1.1.1. Procedure In this study, the researcher seeks to find a link between anxieties with kyphosis angle in high school male students. These samples are suffering from angle kyphosis between 42-48 degrees. So after survey angle of kyphosis by X ray used Cattle's anxiety questionnaire. 3. Results Research findings demonstrated that there are positive and significant relation between kyphosis angle and total anxiety (r = 0.68). (See table 1). Table 1. Correlation ratio and coefficient of determination in kyphosis with Total anxiety Variables Correlation ratio coefficient of Sig level determination Total anxiety Kyphosis angle
0.68
0.38
P<0.001
Also there are significant relations between kyphosis angle and components anxiety (hidden anxiety and Manifest anxiety). For more information see table 2. 2
2248
Saiiari et al. / Procedia and –Behavioral 30 (2011) 2246 2248 000–000 Abdulamir Saiiari,Abdulamir Behrouz Khodayari, Mehdi Bostani- /Social Procedia Social andSciences Behavioral Sciences 00 –(2011)
Table 2. Correlation ratio and coefficient of determination in kyphosis with anxiety components Variables Correlation ratio coefficient of Sig level determination Hidden anxiety Kyphosis angle Manifest anxiety Kyphosis angle
0.41
0.21
P<0.001
0.47
0.26
P<0.001
4. Discussion and Conclusion The statistical findings in the current research indicate that there is a significant, positive correlation between anxiety and kyphosis (r=0.68). These findings are consonant with Baumgratmer (2004), Gold (1996), Lonstein (1998). Research findings, but are inconstant with Yasrobi (1999) research findings. As the anxiety in a common sense is considered as a physical, behavioral and mental response to the mental stress, so the thoughts which originated in inverting the body sensations, are resulted from misunderstanding of these sensations. The origin of these thoughts is that people imagine that they have a serious problem with their body. These disastrous thoughts play an important role in increasing anxiety and in result incline the body signs. Anxieties and moods will affect individuals’ muscular movements and also their body posture. The prominent signs in those who are suffering from moderate anxiety are forward shoulder, diminished physical activity, sleepy and seclusion. As researches indicate, the lack of complete reflection resulted in spinal defects, often occur during rapid growth (maturity) and when there are some kinds of mental weakness and feeling uncertainty. So, these characteristics could increase the dorsal arch area (kyphosis). According to the studies being done in the present research ,these results are obtained; there is a significant correlation between kyphosis deformity and anxiety, and due to the positive effects of physical activity and exercises on mental health, and also the interaction between the mental and physical aspect of our body and their mutual influences on each other, and finally with use of the previous research findings, it could be mentioned that the sport exercise and physical activities specially corrective training might be considered to be as a suitable scientific style to prevent and treating physical weakness and some upper limbs deformity. Acknowledgements This article extracts from research project in titled: Study of the Relationship between Kyphosis, Anxiety, Depression and Aggression of High School Boy Students in Abadan and khoramshahr cities that financial supported by the Islamic Azad University, Abadan branch. References Ganji, H (2001). Personality evaluation. Tehran; Salavan Publications. (Chapter 4). Standring, S (2005).Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Fon, G. T., Pitt, M. J., Thies, A. C (1980). Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects. AJR Am J Roentgenol 134(5):979-983. Nishiwaki, Y., and et al (2007). Association of Thoracic Kyphosis with Subjective Poor Health, Functional Activity and Blood Pressure in the Community-Dwelling Elderly. Environmental Health and Preventative Medicine, 12:246-250. Feldenkrais, M (1949). Body and mature behaviour: A study of anxiety, sex, gravitation and learning. New York: International University Press Incorporated (Chapter 3). Melinda, Smith (2009). Anxiety attacks and disorders: Guide to the signs, symptoms, and treatment options. Retrieved , March 3, from Help guide. Baumgratmer, A., Sucher, N (2004). Physical activity and posture influence on TSH a Tyriod harmonies and depression during sleep deprivation. Psychiatry research. 34: 213 – 215. Gold, D (1996). The clinical impact of vertebral fractures: Quality of life in women with osteoporosis.Bone, 18 (3), supplement 1: S185-S189. Lonstein, J., Simmons, D., Stern, J (1998). Functions of the Caudal Periaqueductal Gray in Lactating Rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112; 6:1502-1518. Yasrobi, M. A (1999). Relation between kyphosis with mental aspects in male physical education students at Tehran and Mashad universities. a Master's Thesis of physical education and sports science, Degree in The post Graduate School of Tehran University, 1999. 3