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Relations between psychopathy factors, substance use disorders, and treatment readiness among adults in inpatient substance use treatment
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e118–e201
reported every drunk or binge drinking (risky drinkers) and the remaining 43% reported drinking without any episode of being drunk or binge drinking (light drinkers). More risky drinkers were male (p < 0.05). Comparing to light drinkers, more non-drinkers and risky drinkers reported experiencing dating psychological abuse than light drinkers (p < 0.05) and spent less time on media in English (including TV, Internet, radio, newspaper or magazine or smart phone) as a measure of exposure to Western culture (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Even though Chinese student risky drinking behaviors are not as common as in the U.S., non-drinkers and risky drinkers were more likely to experience dating psychological abuse than light drinkers. Potential risk factors or mechanisms for such abuse need to be further explored in non-drinkers and risky drinkers. Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.412 Effects of extended release tramadol on cigarette smoking during opioid withdrawal Michelle R. Lofwall 1,3,2 , Shanna Babalonis 1,3 , Luke Bennett 4 , Paul A. Nuzzo 3 , Sharon L. Walsh 1,3,2 1 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine (UK COM), Lexington, KY, United States 2 Psychiatry, UK COM, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, UK COM, Lexington, KY, United States 4 Anesthesiology, UK COM, Lexington, KY, United States
Aims: ER tramadol has a metabolite (M1) with modest opioid agonist activity and is under investigation as a treatment for opioid withdrawal. Opioid agonists have been shown to increase cigarette (cig) smoking. The aim was to evaluate the effects of ER tramadol on cig smoking during opioid withdrawal. Methods: This is a secondary analysis from an inpatient, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eligibility criteria included: 18–55 years old, short-acting prescription opioid use >20 of the last 30 days, meeting DSM-IV criteria for current opioid dependence, and daily cig smoking. The day after admission, subjects were randomly assigned to oral placebo or ER tramadol (200 or 600 mg daily) for 7 days and allowed to smoke their preferred brand of cigs ad lib. Breakthrough withdrawal medications were available for all subjects. Outcomes collected daily were: (1) subject and nursing report of number of cigs smoked, (2) number and weight of smoked cig butts, and (3) the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU). Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score and maximum total doses of withdrawal medications/day (proxy for opioid withdrawal severity) were employed as covariates. Results: Subjects (n = 11–12/group) smoked a mean of 21.1 cigs/day prior to admission. No group smoked more than this during admission. Cig butts showed a Group × Time [F(2.080); p = 0.02] interaction whereby the 600 mg group had more butts collected than the placebo group on days 1–3. There were no other significant Group effects in time course or peak maximum value analyses. FTND was a significant covariate (p < 0.05) for number of cigs smoked and butts collected and peak QSU Factor 1 (smoking for positive reinforcement) score.
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Conclusions: ER tramadol has few effects on smoking during opioid withdrawal. Limitations include inpatient setting and lack of positive opioid agonist control condition. Financial support: NIDA R01 DA027068 (MRL), T32 DA007304 and NCRR and NCATS UL1RR033173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.413 Relations between psychopathy factors, substance use disorders, and treatment readiness among adults in inpatient substance use treatment K. Long 1 , L. MacPherson 1 , E. Verona 2 , C.W. Lejuez 1 1 Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States 2 Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States
Aims: Psychopathy refers to a maladaptive personality profile comprised of interpersonal/affective (Factor 1 traits and Coldheartedness) and behavioral characteristics (Factor 2 traits). Research supports a relationship between psychopathy and substance use, but individual factors are not often examined. In the present study, we hypothesized that interpersonal and affective traits would be related to less treatment motivation while behavioral traits would be related to more dependence and drug-related problems among adults in residential treatment. Methods: Participants were 81 adults in residential substance use treatment. At treatment entry, using the SCID-IV, participants were interviewed regarding cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and alcohol use in the past year, as well as symptoms of substance dependence. Self-report measures included measures of psychopathy, readiness/motivation for treatment, and a measure of drinking/drug related problems. Results: We examined the relationships between psychopathy factors (Factor 1/Fearless Dominance, Factor 2/Impulsive Antisociality, and Factor 3/Coldheartedness) and drug use related outcomes. Factor 1 traits were inversely associated with cocaine use (r = −.35, p < .01) and dependence (r = −.25, p < .05), motivation/readiness for treatment (r = −.28, p < .05), and problems associated with use (r = −.26, p < .05). In contrast, Factor 2 traits were positively associated with marijuana use (r = .37, p < .01) and problems associated with use (r = .37, p < .01). Coldheartedness was positively associated with marijuana dependence (r = .26, p < .05) but negatively related to self-reported drinking/drug use problems (r = −.31, p < .01). Conclusions: Generally, interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy (Factor 1 traits and Coldheartedness) were negatively related to use, dependence, drug-related problems, and treatment readiness. In contrast, the behavioral features of psychopathy (Factor 2 traits) were positively related to these outcomes. Financial support: NIDA R01 DA19405; NIDA T32 DA028855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.414
reported every drunk or binge drinking (risky drinkers) and the remaining 43% reported drinking without any episode of being drunk or binge drinking (light drinkers). More risky drinkers were male (p < 0.05). Comparing to light drinkers, more non-drinkers and risky drinkers reported experiencing dating psychological abuse than light drinkers (p < 0.05) and spent less time on media in English (including TV, Internet, radio, newspaper or magazine or smart phone) as a measure of exposure to Western culture (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Even though Chinese student risky drinking behaviors are not as common as in the U.S., non-drinkers and risky drinkers were more likely to experience dating psychological abuse than light drinkers. Potential risk factors or mechanisms for such abuse need to be further explored in non-drinkers and risky drinkers. Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.412 Effects of extended release tramadol on cigarette smoking during opioid withdrawal Michelle R. Lofwall 1,3,2 , Shanna Babalonis 1,3 , Luke Bennett 4 , Paul A. Nuzzo 3 , Sharon L. Walsh 1,3,2 1 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine (UK COM), Lexington, KY, United States 2 Psychiatry, UK COM, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, UK COM, Lexington, KY, United States 4 Anesthesiology, UK COM, Lexington, KY, United States
Aims: ER tramadol has a metabolite (M1) with modest opioid agonist activity and is under investigation as a treatment for opioid withdrawal. Opioid agonists have been shown to increase cigarette (cig) smoking. The aim was to evaluate the effects of ER tramadol on cig smoking during opioid withdrawal. Methods: This is a secondary analysis from an inpatient, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eligibility criteria included: 18–55 years old, short-acting prescription opioid use >20 of the last 30 days, meeting DSM-IV criteria for current opioid dependence, and daily cig smoking. The day after admission, subjects were randomly assigned to oral placebo or ER tramadol (200 or 600 mg daily) for 7 days and allowed to smoke their preferred brand of cigs ad lib. Breakthrough withdrawal medications were available for all subjects. Outcomes collected daily were: (1) subject and nursing report of number of cigs smoked, (2) number and weight of smoked cig butts, and (3) the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU). Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score and maximum total doses of withdrawal medications/day (proxy for opioid withdrawal severity) were employed as covariates. Results: Subjects (n = 11–12/group) smoked a mean of 21.1 cigs/day prior to admission. No group smoked more than this during admission. Cig butts showed a Group × Time [F(2.080); p = 0.02] interaction whereby the 600 mg group had more butts collected than the placebo group on days 1–3. There were no other significant Group effects in time course or peak maximum value analyses. FTND was a significant covariate (p < 0.05) for number of cigs smoked and butts collected and peak QSU Factor 1 (smoking for positive reinforcement) score.
e183
Conclusions: ER tramadol has few effects on smoking during opioid withdrawal. Limitations include inpatient setting and lack of positive opioid agonist control condition. Financial support: NIDA R01 DA027068 (MRL), T32 DA007304 and NCRR and NCATS UL1RR033173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.413 Relations between psychopathy factors, substance use disorders, and treatment readiness among adults in inpatient substance use treatment K. Long 1 , L. MacPherson 1 , E. Verona 2 , C.W. Lejuez 1 1 Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States 2 Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States
Aims: Psychopathy refers to a maladaptive personality profile comprised of interpersonal/affective (Factor 1 traits and Coldheartedness) and behavioral characteristics (Factor 2 traits). Research supports a relationship between psychopathy and substance use, but individual factors are not often examined. In the present study, we hypothesized that interpersonal and affective traits would be related to less treatment motivation while behavioral traits would be related to more dependence and drug-related problems among adults in residential treatment. Methods: Participants were 81 adults in residential substance use treatment. At treatment entry, using the SCID-IV, participants were interviewed regarding cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and alcohol use in the past year, as well as symptoms of substance dependence. Self-report measures included measures of psychopathy, readiness/motivation for treatment, and a measure of drinking/drug related problems. Results: We examined the relationships between psychopathy factors (Factor 1/Fearless Dominance, Factor 2/Impulsive Antisociality, and Factor 3/Coldheartedness) and drug use related outcomes. Factor 1 traits were inversely associated with cocaine use (r = −.35, p < .01) and dependence (r = −.25, p < .05), motivation/readiness for treatment (r = −.28, p < .05), and problems associated with use (r = −.26, p < .05). In contrast, Factor 2 traits were positively associated with marijuana use (r = .37, p < .01) and problems associated with use (r = .37, p < .01). Coldheartedness was positively associated with marijuana dependence (r = .26, p < .05) but negatively related to self-reported drinking/drug use problems (r = −.31, p < .01). Conclusions: Generally, interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy (Factor 1 traits and Coldheartedness) were negatively related to use, dependence, drug-related problems, and treatment readiness. In contrast, the behavioral features of psychopathy (Factor 2 traits) were positively related to these outcomes. Financial support: NIDA R01 DA19405; NIDA T32 DA028855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.414