- Email: [email protected]
Relationship between anger and primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Posters session 2 / International Journal of Psychophysiology 69 (2008) 242–275
Naloxone-induced antipanic effect on defensive behaviour and innate fear-induced antinociception of preys confronted with rattlesnakes N.C. Coimbra a, F. Calvo a, R.L. Freitas a, B. Lobao-Soares a, D.H. Elias-Filho a, I. Tracey b a Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto (SP), Brazil b Pain Imaging Neuroscience Group, FMRIB Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology of the University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom Several studies have focused on the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological substrates of the panic syndrome and phobias. Using a prey/predator paradigm the present study investigated the involvement of the opioid peptidesmediated system in the modulation of fear-induced responses. Rats (Rattus norvegicus, Rodentia, Muridae) were pretreated with an intraperitoneal administration of either physiological saline or naloxone (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg), and were then put into confrontation with a natural predator (Crotalus durissus terrificus, Reptilia, Viperidae). The aggressive encounter took place in a rectangular arena, consisting of semitransparent walls, made of acrylic (5 mm in width), with the inner face covered with light reflector film, kept in a cooled environment illuminated by a fluorescent lamp (Reptisun, 20 W). The animals' defensive behaviour (defensive attention, defensive immobility, escape behaviour, flat back approaches, startle, and neurovegetative responses, such as micturition and defecation) were recorded twice: during 15 min of exposure to the predator; and 24 h after the confrontation, while exposed to the experimental enclosure without the snake. Innate fear-induced antinociception was studied after 5-min of confrontation in independent group of rodents pretreated with physiological saline or naloxone. The non-specific blockade of opioid receptors decreased defensive attention, defensive immobility (freezing), risk assessment and startle reaction elicited in the presence of rattlesnakes, and caused impairment in the fear-induced antinociception organization. The defensive attention and the defensive immobility decreased drastically in the contextual fear-paradigm after the pretreatment with naloxone at different doses. There was a statistically significant increase in exploratory behaviour, with an intensification of crossing and rearing in the fist 10 min, and of the resting state and grooming in the following periods after naloxone pretreatment. These findings suggest an antipanic (antiaversive) effect of opioid antagonism on innate and conditioned fear. Financial support: CNPq, FAEPA, FAPESP.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.216 Effect of chronic treatment with paroxetine or alprazolam on the increase of c-Fos expression in amygdaloid complex of golden hamsters confronted with South American venomous coral snake T. Paschoalin-Maurin, N.C. Coimbra Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto (SP), Brazil The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the chronic treatment with paroxetine or alprazolam on the c-Fos expression in the amygdala of golden hamster in imminent risk of death. Male golden hamsters (n=8), weighing 100–120 g, were used. As aversive stimuli, freely moving Brazilian coral snakes (Micrurus frontalis) (n=4), weighing 100–150 g were used. Paroxetine (at 20 mg/kg), alprazolam (at 4 mg/kg) or physiological saline was intraperitoneally and randomly administered, during 21 days. The fear-induced behavior of rodents and the motor behavior of snakes were recorded during 15-min inside a polygonal arena with transparent walls, recovered with insulfilm and illuminated with a 20 W fluorescent lamp. After the agonistic encounter, the rodents were put in their cages and post 2 h, they were sacrificed and perfused. After that the encephalon were studied using immunohistochemistry to detect Fos-positive neurons in the amygdaloid complex. Data were analyzed using One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. The confront with the venomous snakes caused a clear panic-like effect in rodents expressed by increased defensive attention (alertness), risk assessment (flat-back approaching), defensive immobility (freezing), and escape reactions, followed by Fos expression in amygdaloid nuclei. The chronic treatment with paroxetine or alprazolam caused antiaversive/antipanic effect, minimizing aversion-induced behaviours and there was a decrease in Fos expression in lateral [F(2,19) = 29.65; p b 0.05],
269
basolateral [F(2,246) = 51.08; p b 0.05], basomedial [F(2,198) = 28.68; p b 0.05], medial [F(2,194) =23.176; p b 0.05], and central [F(2,144) = 16.83; p b 0.05] amygdaloid nuclei. These data suggest the involvement of the amygdaloid complex in the organization of panic-like behavior and that the lateral, basolateral, basomedial and central amygdaloid nuclei are putative sites of action of antipanic drugs. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPESP and FAEPA.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.217 Minor topographic changes in cortical oscillations between resting wakefulness, visual and auditory attention L.F.H. Basile a, M.Y. Alvarenga b, J.F. Pereira b, M.D. Lozano c Division of Neurosurgery of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Metodista, Brazil b University of Sao Paulo, Neurosurgery Division, Sao Paulo, Brazil c Psychophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Metodista, Brazil
a
Whereas it is clear that evoked or task-induced oscillations account for a small fraction of total or absolute electrical power, their topography vary considerably with the modality of stimulation. Those stimulus-related components of oscillatory activity are mainly manifested in the theta and delta bands. Attention-related oscillations, on their turn, manifested as slow potentials and induced beta bands, are highly individual-specific in their complex topography and appear to vary less with respect to task conditions (Basile et al., 2007). We have systematically analyzed the scalp and cortical topography of generators of EEG oscillations, on a case-by-case basis, and in each frequency band, during relaxed resting, and engagement in visual or auditory attention tasks. We recorded 128-channel EEG in 22 individuals, and modeled the sources of corrected latency averages in each frequency band by Lp=1.2 norm minimization constrained by individual magnetic resonance images. We confirmed that pre-stimulus baseline activity is virtually identical to both resting and task-engagement, by visual inspection, in all but the lowest frequency bands. The possible task-exclusive components related to attention appear do differ to a much smaller extent than the stimulus-related activity, on the basis of visual inspection. We present a few attempts to quantify the topographic differences between conditions, within individuals, aiming at substantiating what is relatively clear by visual inspection and at verifying whether differences are systematic across subjects or may also represent idiosyncratic patterns. As quantitative methods we include topographic deviation indexes, spatial correlation analysis and descriptive statistics based on z-score transformation of cortical current distributions. Results are discussed with respect to implications to concepts of cortical function, in particular the psychophysiology of attention as opposed to senseperception.
References Basile, L.F., Anghinah, R., Ribeiro, P., Ramos, R.T., Piedade, R., Ballester, G., Brunetti, E.P., 2007. Interindividual variability in EEG correlates of attention and limits of functional mapping. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 65 (3), 238–251.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.218 Relationship between anger and primary spontaneous pneumothorax S.-H. Lee a, S. Lee b, B. Kim a Pochon CHA University Bundang CHA Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Seongnam, South Korea b Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
a
Objective: Anger is related to many psychosomatic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, pain disorder, etc. Anger is regarded as the risk factor of coronary heart disease. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is frequent and still problematic disease but the cause or pathophysiology of PSP remains unclear. This study was intended to examine whether anger could be the psychosocial factor associated with PSP. Methods: we administered anger expression scale, stress response inventory (SRI), coping scale, beck depression inventory(BDI), global assessment of recent stress(GARS) to 102 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 77 patients with recent minor trauma as control. Results: PSP group showed significantly higher scores of anger in (p = 0.00), anger out (p = 0.02), anger total (p = 0.00) compared with those of control group.
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Posters session 2 / International Journal of Psychophysiology 69 (2008) 242–275
PSP group was also significantly higher in all subscale scores of SRI, GARS total and total sum of BDI. Scores of confrontation, distancing, self controlling, escape avoidance, planful problem solving, positive reappraisal subscale in coping scale were higher in PSP group than in control group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that low BMI, anger total and depression could be the risk factors of PSP. Conclusion: This result shows anger can be related to PSP. Therefore, we suggest that anger can play a role in pathophysiology of PSP.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.219
Discussion: This study confirmed that the medial prefrontal and the anterior cingulate cortices are associated with processing sadness in the AUD subjects. This finding replicated the study outcome by Beauregard et al. (1998), which examined neural correlates of sadness in subjects with emotional issues, i.e. depressed patients. The medial prefrontal cortex and the cingulate gyrus are known to be associated with the conscious experience of emotions and the regulation of emotion expression (Reiman, 1997). Conclusion: Therefore, we assume that abnormal frontal and cingulate activities may result in impaired emotional processes or emotion regulation during the state of sadness in the AUD subjects.
The usefulness of CANTAB for assessing cognitive functions in elderly C. Kim a, S.H. Lee b, S.W. Lee c, S.H. Yun d Deparment of Neurology, Han Family Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea b Department of Neurology, Daegu Kyung-Sang Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea c Department of Neurology, Hyogyeong G Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea d Department of Neurology, Daegu City Siji Geriatric Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
a
We used a computerized neuropsychological testing, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), with conventional neuropsychological tests in elderly. The aims of present study were to find out its usefulness in a diagnosis of dementia and to compare it with the conventional neuropsychological assessments. We recruited 17 dementia patients who were diagnosed as Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia for dementia group and 52 healthy persons who were suitable for our criteria for control group. Four CANTAB subtests were used to assess their cognitive functions along with the conventional Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery which including the Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Test (RCFT) to assess visual memory. The four CANTAB subtests were Big/Little Circle (BLC), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM), and Spatial Span (SSP). The results showed that only the PAL task was impaired in dementia group and other three subtests results were not different between two groups. The mean adjusted total errors in PAL task were higher in dementia group (126.12) than in control group (51.38), which was statistically significant (pb 0.01). We also compared the correlations of CANTAB subtests with RCFT parameters (immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition score). Again, the results showed that only the PAL task was correlated with all three parameters (r=−0.59, −0.60, −0.59, respectively).CANTAB was useful for the cognitive assessment in elderly. PAL task can be used to assess visual memory which correlated well with RCFT parameters and it is a valuable tool for diagnosing dementia.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.220 Brain activation in the state of sadness in alcohol use disorders M.S. Park a, S.J. Sohn b, S.H. Kim c, I.K. Yu d, J.H. Sohn a Department of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea b Department of Social Work, University of Texas, Austin, USA c US Army Substance Abuse Program, South Korea d Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea
a
Objective: Alcoholics have been shown to be deficient in emotional processes (Salloum, 2007). The purpose of this study was to investigate the neural substrates associated with sadness processing among subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Alcohol abusers with the AUD (n = 12) and demographically similar non-abusers (n = 10) participated in this study. An audio-visual film clip to induce a feeling of sadness was selected from a Korean movie through a pilot study. The film clip had one block with its length of 90 s. Participants were scanned under a sadness provoking condition. Imaging was performed on an ISOL Forte 3.0 T Scanner. Single-shot EPI fMRI scans (TR/TE 3000/30 ms, Flip Angle 80, FOV 24 ⁎ 24 cm, Matrix Size 64 ⁎ 64) were acquired. Results: During the sadness condition, there were significant activations in the bilateral medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, insula, and temporal regions in the AUD group (Fig. 1a). Significant activations were observed in the right inferior frontal and the left temporal gyri in the control group (Fig. 1b). In the AUD group when compared to the control, the bilateral medial prefrontal, cerebellum and the right anterior cingulate regions were significantly more activated. However, the right inferior frontal and the middle temporal gyri were more activated in the control group than the AUD group.
Fig. 1. Brain activation areas during sadness. (a) AUD group. (b) Control group.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant partly from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (No. M10644000031-06N4400-03110) & Korean Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (No. 10023927-2005-32).
References Salloum, J.B., et al., 2007. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experiment Research 31 (9), 1490–1504. Beauregard, et al., 1998. NeuroReport 9, 3253–3258. Reiman, E.M., 1997. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58 (suppl 16), 4–12.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.221
Naloxone-induced antipanic effect on defensive behaviour and innate fear-induced antinociception of preys confronted with rattlesnakes N.C. Coimbra a, F. Calvo a, R.L. Freitas a, B. Lobao-Soares a, D.H. Elias-Filho a, I. Tracey b a Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto (SP), Brazil b Pain Imaging Neuroscience Group, FMRIB Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology of the University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom Several studies have focused on the neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological substrates of the panic syndrome and phobias. Using a prey/predator paradigm the present study investigated the involvement of the opioid peptidesmediated system in the modulation of fear-induced responses. Rats (Rattus norvegicus, Rodentia, Muridae) were pretreated with an intraperitoneal administration of either physiological saline or naloxone (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg), and were then put into confrontation with a natural predator (Crotalus durissus terrificus, Reptilia, Viperidae). The aggressive encounter took place in a rectangular arena, consisting of semitransparent walls, made of acrylic (5 mm in width), with the inner face covered with light reflector film, kept in a cooled environment illuminated by a fluorescent lamp (Reptisun, 20 W). The animals' defensive behaviour (defensive attention, defensive immobility, escape behaviour, flat back approaches, startle, and neurovegetative responses, such as micturition and defecation) were recorded twice: during 15 min of exposure to the predator; and 24 h after the confrontation, while exposed to the experimental enclosure without the snake. Innate fear-induced antinociception was studied after 5-min of confrontation in independent group of rodents pretreated with physiological saline or naloxone. The non-specific blockade of opioid receptors decreased defensive attention, defensive immobility (freezing), risk assessment and startle reaction elicited in the presence of rattlesnakes, and caused impairment in the fear-induced antinociception organization. The defensive attention and the defensive immobility decreased drastically in the contextual fear-paradigm after the pretreatment with naloxone at different doses. There was a statistically significant increase in exploratory behaviour, with an intensification of crossing and rearing in the fist 10 min, and of the resting state and grooming in the following periods after naloxone pretreatment. These findings suggest an antipanic (antiaversive) effect of opioid antagonism on innate and conditioned fear. Financial support: CNPq, FAEPA, FAPESP.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.216 Effect of chronic treatment with paroxetine or alprazolam on the increase of c-Fos expression in amygdaloid complex of golden hamsters confronted with South American venomous coral snake T. Paschoalin-Maurin, N.C. Coimbra Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirao Preto (SP), Brazil The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the chronic treatment with paroxetine or alprazolam on the c-Fos expression in the amygdala of golden hamster in imminent risk of death. Male golden hamsters (n=8), weighing 100–120 g, were used. As aversive stimuli, freely moving Brazilian coral snakes (Micrurus frontalis) (n=4), weighing 100–150 g were used. Paroxetine (at 20 mg/kg), alprazolam (at 4 mg/kg) or physiological saline was intraperitoneally and randomly administered, during 21 days. The fear-induced behavior of rodents and the motor behavior of snakes were recorded during 15-min inside a polygonal arena with transparent walls, recovered with insulfilm and illuminated with a 20 W fluorescent lamp. After the agonistic encounter, the rodents were put in their cages and post 2 h, they were sacrificed and perfused. After that the encephalon were studied using immunohistochemistry to detect Fos-positive neurons in the amygdaloid complex. Data were analyzed using One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. The confront with the venomous snakes caused a clear panic-like effect in rodents expressed by increased defensive attention (alertness), risk assessment (flat-back approaching), defensive immobility (freezing), and escape reactions, followed by Fos expression in amygdaloid nuclei. The chronic treatment with paroxetine or alprazolam caused antiaversive/antipanic effect, minimizing aversion-induced behaviours and there was a decrease in Fos expression in lateral [F(2,19) = 29.65; p b 0.05],
269
basolateral [F(2,246) = 51.08; p b 0.05], basomedial [F(2,198) = 28.68; p b 0.05], medial [F(2,194) =23.176; p b 0.05], and central [F(2,144) = 16.83; p b 0.05] amygdaloid nuclei. These data suggest the involvement of the amygdaloid complex in the organization of panic-like behavior and that the lateral, basolateral, basomedial and central amygdaloid nuclei are putative sites of action of antipanic drugs. This work was supported by CNPq, FAPESP and FAEPA.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.217 Minor topographic changes in cortical oscillations between resting wakefulness, visual and auditory attention L.F.H. Basile a, M.Y. Alvarenga b, J.F. Pereira b, M.D. Lozano c Division of Neurosurgery of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Metodista, Brazil b University of Sao Paulo, Neurosurgery Division, Sao Paulo, Brazil c Psychophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Metodista, Brazil
a
Whereas it is clear that evoked or task-induced oscillations account for a small fraction of total or absolute electrical power, their topography vary considerably with the modality of stimulation. Those stimulus-related components of oscillatory activity are mainly manifested in the theta and delta bands. Attention-related oscillations, on their turn, manifested as slow potentials and induced beta bands, are highly individual-specific in their complex topography and appear to vary less with respect to task conditions (Basile et al., 2007). We have systematically analyzed the scalp and cortical topography of generators of EEG oscillations, on a case-by-case basis, and in each frequency band, during relaxed resting, and engagement in visual or auditory attention tasks. We recorded 128-channel EEG in 22 individuals, and modeled the sources of corrected latency averages in each frequency band by Lp=1.2 norm minimization constrained by individual magnetic resonance images. We confirmed that pre-stimulus baseline activity is virtually identical to both resting and task-engagement, by visual inspection, in all but the lowest frequency bands. The possible task-exclusive components related to attention appear do differ to a much smaller extent than the stimulus-related activity, on the basis of visual inspection. We present a few attempts to quantify the topographic differences between conditions, within individuals, aiming at substantiating what is relatively clear by visual inspection and at verifying whether differences are systematic across subjects or may also represent idiosyncratic patterns. As quantitative methods we include topographic deviation indexes, spatial correlation analysis and descriptive statistics based on z-score transformation of cortical current distributions. Results are discussed with respect to implications to concepts of cortical function, in particular the psychophysiology of attention as opposed to senseperception.
References Basile, L.F., Anghinah, R., Ribeiro, P., Ramos, R.T., Piedade, R., Ballester, G., Brunetti, E.P., 2007. Interindividual variability in EEG correlates of attention and limits of functional mapping. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 65 (3), 238–251.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.218 Relationship between anger and primary spontaneous pneumothorax S.-H. Lee a, S. Lee b, B. Kim a Pochon CHA University Bundang CHA Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Seongnam, South Korea b Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea
a
Objective: Anger is related to many psychosomatic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, pain disorder, etc. Anger is regarded as the risk factor of coronary heart disease. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is frequent and still problematic disease but the cause or pathophysiology of PSP remains unclear. This study was intended to examine whether anger could be the psychosocial factor associated with PSP. Methods: we administered anger expression scale, stress response inventory (SRI), coping scale, beck depression inventory(BDI), global assessment of recent stress(GARS) to 102 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 77 patients with recent minor trauma as control. Results: PSP group showed significantly higher scores of anger in (p = 0.00), anger out (p = 0.02), anger total (p = 0.00) compared with those of control group.
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Posters session 2 / International Journal of Psychophysiology 69 (2008) 242–275
PSP group was also significantly higher in all subscale scores of SRI, GARS total and total sum of BDI. Scores of confrontation, distancing, self controlling, escape avoidance, planful problem solving, positive reappraisal subscale in coping scale were higher in PSP group than in control group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that low BMI, anger total and depression could be the risk factors of PSP. Conclusion: This result shows anger can be related to PSP. Therefore, we suggest that anger can play a role in pathophysiology of PSP.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.219
Discussion: This study confirmed that the medial prefrontal and the anterior cingulate cortices are associated with processing sadness in the AUD subjects. This finding replicated the study outcome by Beauregard et al. (1998), which examined neural correlates of sadness in subjects with emotional issues, i.e. depressed patients. The medial prefrontal cortex and the cingulate gyrus are known to be associated with the conscious experience of emotions and the regulation of emotion expression (Reiman, 1997). Conclusion: Therefore, we assume that abnormal frontal and cingulate activities may result in impaired emotional processes or emotion regulation during the state of sadness in the AUD subjects.
The usefulness of CANTAB for assessing cognitive functions in elderly C. Kim a, S.H. Lee b, S.W. Lee c, S.H. Yun d Deparment of Neurology, Han Family Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea b Department of Neurology, Daegu Kyung-Sang Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea c Department of Neurology, Hyogyeong G Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea d Department of Neurology, Daegu City Siji Geriatric Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
a
We used a computerized neuropsychological testing, the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), with conventional neuropsychological tests in elderly. The aims of present study were to find out its usefulness in a diagnosis of dementia and to compare it with the conventional neuropsychological assessments. We recruited 17 dementia patients who were diagnosed as Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia for dementia group and 52 healthy persons who were suitable for our criteria for control group. Four CANTAB subtests were used to assess their cognitive functions along with the conventional Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery which including the Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Test (RCFT) to assess visual memory. The four CANTAB subtests were Big/Little Circle (BLC), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM), and Spatial Span (SSP). The results showed that only the PAL task was impaired in dementia group and other three subtests results were not different between two groups. The mean adjusted total errors in PAL task were higher in dementia group (126.12) than in control group (51.38), which was statistically significant (pb 0.01). We also compared the correlations of CANTAB subtests with RCFT parameters (immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition score). Again, the results showed that only the PAL task was correlated with all three parameters (r=−0.59, −0.60, −0.59, respectively).CANTAB was useful for the cognitive assessment in elderly. PAL task can be used to assess visual memory which correlated well with RCFT parameters and it is a valuable tool for diagnosing dementia.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.220 Brain activation in the state of sadness in alcohol use disorders M.S. Park a, S.J. Sohn b, S.H. Kim c, I.K. Yu d, J.H. Sohn a Department of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea b Department of Social Work, University of Texas, Austin, USA c US Army Substance Abuse Program, South Korea d Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea
a
Objective: Alcoholics have been shown to be deficient in emotional processes (Salloum, 2007). The purpose of this study was to investigate the neural substrates associated with sadness processing among subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Alcohol abusers with the AUD (n = 12) and demographically similar non-abusers (n = 10) participated in this study. An audio-visual film clip to induce a feeling of sadness was selected from a Korean movie through a pilot study. The film clip had one block with its length of 90 s. Participants were scanned under a sadness provoking condition. Imaging was performed on an ISOL Forte 3.0 T Scanner. Single-shot EPI fMRI scans (TR/TE 3000/30 ms, Flip Angle 80, FOV 24 ⁎ 24 cm, Matrix Size 64 ⁎ 64) were acquired. Results: During the sadness condition, there were significant activations in the bilateral medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, insula, and temporal regions in the AUD group (Fig. 1a). Significant activations were observed in the right inferior frontal and the left temporal gyri in the control group (Fig. 1b). In the AUD group when compared to the control, the bilateral medial prefrontal, cerebellum and the right anterior cingulate regions were significantly more activated. However, the right inferior frontal and the middle temporal gyri were more activated in the control group than the AUD group.
Fig. 1. Brain activation areas during sadness. (a) AUD group. (b) Control group.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant partly from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (No. M10644000031-06N4400-03110) & Korean Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (No. 10023927-2005-32).
References Salloum, J.B., et al., 2007. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experiment Research 31 (9), 1490–1504. Beauregard, et al., 1998. NeuroReport 9, 3253–3258. Reiman, E.M., 1997. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58 (suppl 16), 4–12.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.221