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Relative visual performance: a basis for application
ABSTRACTS
The designers were manifestly taskoriented and impatient with extraneous material. They depended heavily on the pictorial examples, often to the exclusion of the accompanying text. The authors conclude that dependency on guidelines should be minimized, and that guidelines should be developed primarily to complement toolkits and interactive examples, focusing on information intrinsically unavailable through those vehicles.
Human characteristics 23.65 (126314) Cohn, T E and Lasley, D J
‘Wallpaper illusion: cause of disorientation and falls on escalators’ Perception Vol 19 No 5 (1990) pp 573-580 (11 refs) The wallpaper illusion, first described over a century ago, can occur when a person with normal binocular vision views a pattern that is periodic in the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Escalator treads present such a pattern. Evidence is presented favouring the view that disorientation experienced by escalator riders is caused by this illusion. Possibly some of the estimated 60 000 escalator falls occurring in the USA each year are linked to it.
man-machine system simulation’ Automatica Vol26 No 6 (1990) pp 1025-1034 (30 refs) In this paper, a model of plant operator behaviour is proposed in the context of an architecture for simulating humanmachine interaction. In such a model, the cognitive processes leading to decisions as well as the execution of strategies are simulated in detail for the study of the management of a plant in incidental conditions. The model foresees the representation of two cognitive levels of reasoning and decision-making, high-level decision-making namely (HLDM), which allows one to exploit the operator’s knowledge by continuously recognizing situations and by supervisory and control building and low-level decisionstrategies, making (LLDM), which is supported by the working and conscious memory dynamics, when the operator implements a preprogrammed response or a planned strategy in order to satisfy a clearly defined intention. The details of the formalisms and methodologies implemented in the model are described and possible applications in the fields of design and safety of complex plants are discussed.
(14 refs) Superior situational awareness, an extraordinary awareness of the total flight environment and aerial combat situation, is a significant contributor to success in aerial engagement. Review of over 1000 published sources has led to the formulation of situational awareness as being principally in the cognitive domain. Superior awareness involves exceptional sensitivity to performancecritical cues in the operational environment, an exceptional capacity to anticipate changes in system states and operational conditions, and the ability to act on those changes in a proactive mode. Three important constructs are described: (1) automatic information processing; (2) near-threshold processing; and (3) skilled memory. In combination, they constitute a pilot attribute which uniquely facilitates the full armamentarium of skills and abilities of the superior tactical pilot.
Rea, M S and Ouellette, M J
‘Relative visual performance: a basis for application’ Light Res Technol Vol 23 No 3 (1991) pp 135-144 (49 refs) Visual performance is defined in terms of the speed and accuracy of processing visual information. To evaluate illuminated tasks in terms of visual performance, it is necessary to have a valid that relates computational model measurable, salient aspects of the visual environment (eg, target contrast) to measurable human responses (eg, visual response time). A model of visual performance should be independent of the influence of non-visual factors as they influence speed and accuracy. It is also important to have practical application tools that can measure the salient aspects of the visual environment and compute (predict) visual performance for real tasks. This paper describes the basis for a visual performance model and how it can be applied using a computer-imaging device.
23.6.9 (126381) Goldberg,
J H and Ellis, J D
‘Human factors evaluation of high volume visual inspection’ in Visions. 23.6.7 (127121) Cacciabue, P C, Mancini, G and Bersini, U ‘A model of operator behaviour for
426
Volume 1 (1991) pp 776780
Three methods of performing highvolume surface mount device (SMD) visual inspection were compared to determine the best method and to provide a baseline for future task changes. Twenty-one company inspectors from three shifts each received a batch of nearly 25 000 parts. The task was self-paced, requiring l-3 h. Each defective 3.2 X 6 X 1.2 mm part in this controlled batch could contain one of several possible defects; the parts were coded with ultraviolet ink. Inspection methods were either a random part layout on the workstation, or one of two organized part layouts. Slight, nonsignificant advantages were noted for the organized methods, and for the night shift. Using signal-detection theory, inspectors’ ds were 0.6-3.2, with betas of 0.2-3.7. Overall problems were noted in distinguishing marginal parts from truly defective parts. Recommendations included further training on defect attributes and investigation of alternative methods for part layout during inspection. 23.6.10 (127223) Bagnara, S, Di Martino, C, Lisanti, B, Mancini, G and Rizzo, A
23.6.8 (126371) 23.6.6 (126327) Hartman, B 0 and Secrist, G E ‘Situational awareness is more than exceptional vision’ Aviat Space Environ Med Vol 62 No 11 (1991) pp 1084-1089
California, (13 refs)
Proc Human Factors Society 35th Meeting Francisco, Annual San
California, 2-6 September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica,
‘A human error taxonomy based on cognitive engineering and on social and occupational psychology’ Paper presented at the Conference on ProbAssessment abilistic Safety and Beverly Hills, 4-7 Management, February 1991. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Paper No. EN 35602 ORA (1991) 4 pp (0 refs) ‘The report is the result of a study recently performed to develop a systematic approach for the collection and classification of data on human errors in industrial plants. As a first step, the definition of human error was studied; the analysis of existing human error taxonomies then followed. A new was developed, approach which recognized the importance of the rapporteur biases in human error data coding, which was concerned with modelling and dynamics of the recovery path from malfunctions, and which acknowledged that socio-technical and socio-organizational parameters have to be taken into account. The architecture of a database in which to organize the various information was developed and a prototype version of the database was set up. This database constitutes also an internal industrial management procedure, which enables an audit to be performed on socio-organizational factors whenever a ‘human-system’ mismatch takes place.
Applied
Ergonomics
The designers were manifestly taskoriented and impatient with extraneous material. They depended heavily on the pictorial examples, often to the exclusion of the accompanying text. The authors conclude that dependency on guidelines should be minimized, and that guidelines should be developed primarily to complement toolkits and interactive examples, focusing on information intrinsically unavailable through those vehicles.
Human characteristics 23.65 (126314) Cohn, T E and Lasley, D J
‘Wallpaper illusion: cause of disorientation and falls on escalators’ Perception Vol 19 No 5 (1990) pp 573-580 (11 refs) The wallpaper illusion, first described over a century ago, can occur when a person with normal binocular vision views a pattern that is periodic in the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Escalator treads present such a pattern. Evidence is presented favouring the view that disorientation experienced by escalator riders is caused by this illusion. Possibly some of the estimated 60 000 escalator falls occurring in the USA each year are linked to it.
man-machine system simulation’ Automatica Vol26 No 6 (1990) pp 1025-1034 (30 refs) In this paper, a model of plant operator behaviour is proposed in the context of an architecture for simulating humanmachine interaction. In such a model, the cognitive processes leading to decisions as well as the execution of strategies are simulated in detail for the study of the management of a plant in incidental conditions. The model foresees the representation of two cognitive levels of reasoning and decision-making, high-level decision-making namely (HLDM), which allows one to exploit the operator’s knowledge by continuously recognizing situations and by supervisory and control building and low-level decisionstrategies, making (LLDM), which is supported by the working and conscious memory dynamics, when the operator implements a preprogrammed response or a planned strategy in order to satisfy a clearly defined intention. The details of the formalisms and methodologies implemented in the model are described and possible applications in the fields of design and safety of complex plants are discussed.
(14 refs) Superior situational awareness, an extraordinary awareness of the total flight environment and aerial combat situation, is a significant contributor to success in aerial engagement. Review of over 1000 published sources has led to the formulation of situational awareness as being principally in the cognitive domain. Superior awareness involves exceptional sensitivity to performancecritical cues in the operational environment, an exceptional capacity to anticipate changes in system states and operational conditions, and the ability to act on those changes in a proactive mode. Three important constructs are described: (1) automatic information processing; (2) near-threshold processing; and (3) skilled memory. In combination, they constitute a pilot attribute which uniquely facilitates the full armamentarium of skills and abilities of the superior tactical pilot.
Rea, M S and Ouellette, M J
‘Relative visual performance: a basis for application’ Light Res Technol Vol 23 No 3 (1991) pp 135-144 (49 refs) Visual performance is defined in terms of the speed and accuracy of processing visual information. To evaluate illuminated tasks in terms of visual performance, it is necessary to have a valid that relates computational model measurable, salient aspects of the visual environment (eg, target contrast) to measurable human responses (eg, visual response time). A model of visual performance should be independent of the influence of non-visual factors as they influence speed and accuracy. It is also important to have practical application tools that can measure the salient aspects of the visual environment and compute (predict) visual performance for real tasks. This paper describes the basis for a visual performance model and how it can be applied using a computer-imaging device.
23.6.9 (126381) Goldberg,
J H and Ellis, J D
‘Human factors evaluation of high volume visual inspection’ in Visions. 23.6.7 (127121) Cacciabue, P C, Mancini, G and Bersini, U ‘A model of operator behaviour for
426
Volume 1 (1991) pp 776780
Three methods of performing highvolume surface mount device (SMD) visual inspection were compared to determine the best method and to provide a baseline for future task changes. Twenty-one company inspectors from three shifts each received a batch of nearly 25 000 parts. The task was self-paced, requiring l-3 h. Each defective 3.2 X 6 X 1.2 mm part in this controlled batch could contain one of several possible defects; the parts were coded with ultraviolet ink. Inspection methods were either a random part layout on the workstation, or one of two organized part layouts. Slight, nonsignificant advantages were noted for the organized methods, and for the night shift. Using signal-detection theory, inspectors’ ds were 0.6-3.2, with betas of 0.2-3.7. Overall problems were noted in distinguishing marginal parts from truly defective parts. Recommendations included further training on defect attributes and investigation of alternative methods for part layout during inspection. 23.6.10 (127223) Bagnara, S, Di Martino, C, Lisanti, B, Mancini, G and Rizzo, A
23.6.8 (126371) 23.6.6 (126327) Hartman, B 0 and Secrist, G E ‘Situational awareness is more than exceptional vision’ Aviat Space Environ Med Vol 62 No 11 (1991) pp 1084-1089
California, (13 refs)
Proc Human Factors Society 35th Meeting Francisco, Annual San
California, 2-6 September 1991. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica,
‘A human error taxonomy based on cognitive engineering and on social and occupational psychology’ Paper presented at the Conference on ProbAssessment abilistic Safety and Beverly Hills, 4-7 Management, February 1991. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Paper No. EN 35602 ORA (1991) 4 pp (0 refs) ‘The report is the result of a study recently performed to develop a systematic approach for the collection and classification of data on human errors in industrial plants. As a first step, the definition of human error was studied; the analysis of existing human error taxonomies then followed. A new was developed, approach which recognized the importance of the rapporteur biases in human error data coding, which was concerned with modelling and dynamics of the recovery path from malfunctions, and which acknowledged that socio-technical and socio-organizational parameters have to be taken into account. The architecture of a database in which to organize the various information was developed and a prototype version of the database was set up. This database constitutes also an internal industrial management procedure, which enables an audit to be performed on socio-organizational factors whenever a ‘human-system’ mismatch takes place.
Applied
Ergonomics