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Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Ions From Aqueous Solution By Using Two Type of Husks
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
ICESD 2013: January 19-20, Dubai, UAE
Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Ions From Aqueous Solution By Using Two Type of Husks. Kailash P. Patela , S.K.Tankkb, Kalpesh M. Patelc and Parimal Pateld a,b,c,d
Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat -395 007, Gujarat, India.
Abstract The ability of rice (Oryza sativa) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) husk to remove zinc and cadmium from aqueous solution has been investigated. Several parameters that can affect metals uptake such as pH and metal concentration were described. It has been found that the percentage of adsorption for both cadmium and zinc decrease with the increase in metal ions concentration and increase with the increase in pH (in acidic range). Characterization of pigeon pea and rice husks has revealed that it is excellent material for treating wastewaters containing low concentration of metal ions.
2013The Published Elsevier Selection ©©2013 Authors. by Published byB.V. Elsevier B.V. and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Selection andBiological peer review&under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society Chemical, Environmental Engineering Society Keywords d : Zinc;Cadmium; Removal; Husk; Adsorption.
1. Introduction Heavy metal ions such as zinc, cadmium, copper etc. are considered as hazardous to the environment due to their toxicity even at low concentration [1, 2]. Cadmium is potentially hazardous because of its high toxicity and mobility in soil [3]. Although zinc is considered as an essential element for life but it is toxic at higher concentration. Several processes have been proposed for the removal of toxic metal ions from polluted water. These include chemical oxidation-reduction, precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, electro deposition and filtration. However, technical or economical constraints restrict wide application of such process. In this regard, biosorption or biological metal removal has distinct advantage over conventional methods. These
Corresponding author.. E-mail address: [email protected]
2212-6708 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.025
142
Kailash P. Patel et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
techniques are non-polluting and low cost. Low cost biological originated and agriculture by products have been recommended as cheap sorbents for the removal of toxic metal. Examples of these sorbents are several aquatic plants [4,5,6], seaweeds, molds, yeast, several plant husk [7], waste tea leaves [8], exhausted coffee [9]. In the present work, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) husk and Rice (Oryza sativa) husk is used as sorbents, which is low cost and available in plenty in a subtropical country like India. 2. Materials and methods The husk was collected from a legume seed splitting mill at Dharampur, (Dist:-Valsad, State:-Gujara, India). The husks were thoroughly washed with water to remover adhering dirt and soluble components. The washed husk was then oven-dried at 85±10 ºC until the weight became constant. The washed dried materials were crushed and used for experiments. The stock solution (100 ppm) of zinc sulphate and cadmium nitrate prepared in the laboratory and diluted different concentration using distilled water and each 100 ml; 1 gm of husk was added and agitated in a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for 20 min. The adsorbate and the adsorbent were separated using Whatman no.1 filter paper. The concentrations of Zinc and Cadmium were measured in remain solution at IIT, SAIF, BombayIndia and percentage of absorbance were calculated. 3. Results and Discussion The distribution of nutrients in the seed coat of pigeon pea is as follows: crude protein-5.6%, ether extractives -0.3%, crude fibre- 3.19%, ash- 3.5% and carbohydrate-58.7% [10, 11]. Rice husk, a byproduct of rice, is readily available in great abundance in India. The cell walls of rice husk consist mainly of cellulose, silica, lignin, carbohydrates and having a lots of hydroxyl groups in their structures [2]. The biosorption of zinc and cadmium was dependent on the pH of solution and concentrations of metal in the solution. Maximum adsorption of zinc and cadmium was seen at 4 pH and it was decrease with increase in pH. It can be seen from figure 1 and 2, when the pH of solution was changed from 4 to 6, the husks showed favorable absorption in the pH 4. The pH of solutions has been identified as one of the most important parameters governing adsorption on different adsorbents [3].
Absorbance in percentage
70 60 50
pH 4-zinc
40
pH 5- zinc
30
pH 6- zinc
20
pH 4- cadmium pH 5- cadmium
10
pH 6-cadmium
0 10 ppm
50 ppm Concentration of zinc and cadmium
100 ppm
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Kailash P. Patel et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
Fig. 1. Absorbance of zinc and cadmium by rice husk
The cell walls of husk consist mainly of cellulose, silica, lignin, carbohydrates and having a lot of hydroxyl groups in their structures. The exchange properties of the husks are due to the presence of their various functional groups. Metal species (M (II) = Cd+2 or Zn+2) remain present in de-ionized water in the forms of M+2, M(OH)+ and M(OH)2 . Up to a pH 4, the solubility of the M(OH)2 is appreciable and therefore, the M+2 is the main absorbate species in the solution [7]. With the increase of the pH value, the solubility of M(OH)2 decreases and at the pH 6, the solubility of M(OH)2 is very less thus the absorption is less. During the experiment it became evident that absorption of cadmium was more than zinc in both husks. The percentage of zinc and cadmium ions adsorbed at different pH decreased with increasing metal concentration in the solution. The adsorption of metal ions depends on solution pH, which influences electrostatic binding of ions to corresponding metal groups [13].
Absorbance in percentage
80 70 60 pH 4-zinc
50
pH 5- zinc
40
pH 6- zinc
30
pH 4- cadmium
20
pH 5- cadmium
10
pH 6-cadmium
0 10 ppm
50 ppm
100 ppm
Concentration of zinc and cadmium
Fig. 2. Absorbance of zinc and cadmium by pigeon pea husk
4. Conclusion In this work two common types of husks were studied for removing zinc and cadmium from aqueous solutions. Plants husk was generally capable of removing metal ions from solution. The efficiency of the removal process depended on the types of husk used, concentrations of metal in the solution and pH of solution. The pigeon pea husk was most efficient for removing zinc and cadmium then rice husk. Increase in concentration of metal decreases the percentage of absorbance. These adsorbed heavy metal ions can be easily desorbed and the biomass be incinerated for final disposal. This biosorbent is of low cost; its utility can be economical and can be viewed as a part of a feasible waste management strategy.
144
Kailash P. Patel et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
References [1] Minceva, M., Markovska, L. and Meshko, V. Removal of Zn+2, Cd+2 and Pb+2 from binary aqueous solution by natural zeolite and granulated activated carbon. Jr Chem Chem Eng 2007; 26: 125-134. [2] Sen TK, Sarzali MV. Removal of cadmium metal ion from its aqueous solution by aluminum oxide: a kinetic and equilibrium study. Jr Chem Eng 2008; 142: 256-262. [3] Mohammad M, Maitra S, Ahmad N, Bustam A, Sen TK, Dutta K. Meatl ion removal from aqueous solution using physic seed hull. Jr Hazardous Materials 2010; 79: 363-372. [4] David TW, Than W, Sein T. Lead removal from industrial waters by water hyacinth. Au Jr Tech 2003; 6: 187-192. [5] Uysal Y, Taner F. Bioremoval of cadmium by Lemna minor in different aquatic conditions. Clean- Soil Water and Air 2010; 38: 370-377. [6] Vlyssides A, Barampouti EM, Mai S. Heavy metal removal from water resources using the aquatic plant Apium nodiflorum. Jr Soil Sci and Plant Analy 2005; 36:1075-1081. [7] Iqbal M, Saeed A. Removal of heavy metals from contaminated water by petiolar felt-sheath of palm. Environ Technol 2002; 23: 1091- 1098. [8] Chaudhari S, Tare V. Analysis and evaluation of heavy metal uptake and release by insoluble starch-xanthate in aqueous environment. Jr Environ Biol 1996; 24: 204-209. [9] Akinala MO, Ekiyoyo TA. Accumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium in some plants cultivated along the bank of river Ribila at Odo-nla area of ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria. Jr Environ Biol 2006; 27: 597-599. [10] s Morton JF. The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) - A high protein tropical bush legume. Hortscience 1976; 11: 11-19. [11] Shalini HD, Singh S, Sikka KC. Distribution of nutrients in the anatomical parts of common Indian pulses. Cer Chem 1986;45:12-19. [12] Munaf E, Zein R. The use of Rice husk for removal of toxic metals from waste water. Envino Tech 1996; 18:359-362. [13] Ahalya N, Kanamadi RD, Ramchandra TV. Cr (VI) and Fe (III) removal using Cajanus cajan husk. Jr Environ Biol 2007; 28: 765-769.
APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
ICESD 2013: January 19-20, Dubai, UAE
Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Ions From Aqueous Solution By Using Two Type of Husks. Kailash P. Patela , S.K.Tankkb, Kalpesh M. Patelc and Parimal Pateld a,b,c,d
Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat -395 007, Gujarat, India.
Abstract The ability of rice (Oryza sativa) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) husk to remove zinc and cadmium from aqueous solution has been investigated. Several parameters that can affect metals uptake such as pH and metal concentration were described. It has been found that the percentage of adsorption for both cadmium and zinc decrease with the increase in metal ions concentration and increase with the increase in pH (in acidic range). Characterization of pigeon pea and rice husks has revealed that it is excellent material for treating wastewaters containing low concentration of metal ions.
2013The Published Elsevier Selection ©©2013 Authors. by Published byB.V. Elsevier B.V. and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Selection andBiological peer review&under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society Chemical, Environmental Engineering Society Keywords d : Zinc;Cadmium; Removal; Husk; Adsorption.
1. Introduction Heavy metal ions such as zinc, cadmium, copper etc. are considered as hazardous to the environment due to their toxicity even at low concentration [1, 2]. Cadmium is potentially hazardous because of its high toxicity and mobility in soil [3]. Although zinc is considered as an essential element for life but it is toxic at higher concentration. Several processes have been proposed for the removal of toxic metal ions from polluted water. These include chemical oxidation-reduction, precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, electro deposition and filtration. However, technical or economical constraints restrict wide application of such process. In this regard, biosorption or biological metal removal has distinct advantage over conventional methods. These
Corresponding author.. E-mail address: [email protected]
2212-6708 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.025
142
Kailash P. Patel et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
techniques are non-polluting and low cost. Low cost biological originated and agriculture by products have been recommended as cheap sorbents for the removal of toxic metal. Examples of these sorbents are several aquatic plants [4,5,6], seaweeds, molds, yeast, several plant husk [7], waste tea leaves [8], exhausted coffee [9]. In the present work, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) husk and Rice (Oryza sativa) husk is used as sorbents, which is low cost and available in plenty in a subtropical country like India. 2. Materials and methods The husk was collected from a legume seed splitting mill at Dharampur, (Dist:-Valsad, State:-Gujara, India). The husks were thoroughly washed with water to remover adhering dirt and soluble components. The washed husk was then oven-dried at 85±10 ºC until the weight became constant. The washed dried materials were crushed and used for experiments. The stock solution (100 ppm) of zinc sulphate and cadmium nitrate prepared in the laboratory and diluted different concentration using distilled water and each 100 ml; 1 gm of husk was added and agitated in a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for 20 min. The adsorbate and the adsorbent were separated using Whatman no.1 filter paper. The concentrations of Zinc and Cadmium were measured in remain solution at IIT, SAIF, BombayIndia and percentage of absorbance were calculated. 3. Results and Discussion The distribution of nutrients in the seed coat of pigeon pea is as follows: crude protein-5.6%, ether extractives -0.3%, crude fibre- 3.19%, ash- 3.5% and carbohydrate-58.7% [10, 11]. Rice husk, a byproduct of rice, is readily available in great abundance in India. The cell walls of rice husk consist mainly of cellulose, silica, lignin, carbohydrates and having a lots of hydroxyl groups in their structures [2]. The biosorption of zinc and cadmium was dependent on the pH of solution and concentrations of metal in the solution. Maximum adsorption of zinc and cadmium was seen at 4 pH and it was decrease with increase in pH. It can be seen from figure 1 and 2, when the pH of solution was changed from 4 to 6, the husks showed favorable absorption in the pH 4. The pH of solutions has been identified as one of the most important parameters governing adsorption on different adsorbents [3].
Absorbance in percentage
70 60 50
pH 4-zinc
40
pH 5- zinc
30
pH 6- zinc
20
pH 4- cadmium pH 5- cadmium
10
pH 6-cadmium
0 10 ppm
50 ppm Concentration of zinc and cadmium
100 ppm
143
Kailash P. Patel et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
Fig. 1. Absorbance of zinc and cadmium by rice husk
The cell walls of husk consist mainly of cellulose, silica, lignin, carbohydrates and having a lot of hydroxyl groups in their structures. The exchange properties of the husks are due to the presence of their various functional groups. Metal species (M (II) = Cd+2 or Zn+2) remain present in de-ionized water in the forms of M+2, M(OH)+ and M(OH)2 . Up to a pH 4, the solubility of the M(OH)2 is appreciable and therefore, the M+2 is the main absorbate species in the solution [7]. With the increase of the pH value, the solubility of M(OH)2 decreases and at the pH 6, the solubility of M(OH)2 is very less thus the absorption is less. During the experiment it became evident that absorption of cadmium was more than zinc in both husks. The percentage of zinc and cadmium ions adsorbed at different pH decreased with increasing metal concentration in the solution. The adsorption of metal ions depends on solution pH, which influences electrostatic binding of ions to corresponding metal groups [13].
Absorbance in percentage
80 70 60 pH 4-zinc
50
pH 5- zinc
40
pH 6- zinc
30
pH 4- cadmium
20
pH 5- cadmium
10
pH 6-cadmium
0 10 ppm
50 ppm
100 ppm
Concentration of zinc and cadmium
Fig. 2. Absorbance of zinc and cadmium by pigeon pea husk
4. Conclusion In this work two common types of husks were studied for removing zinc and cadmium from aqueous solutions. Plants husk was generally capable of removing metal ions from solution. The efficiency of the removal process depended on the types of husk used, concentrations of metal in the solution and pH of solution. The pigeon pea husk was most efficient for removing zinc and cadmium then rice husk. Increase in concentration of metal decreases the percentage of absorbance. These adsorbed heavy metal ions can be easily desorbed and the biomass be incinerated for final disposal. This biosorbent is of low cost; its utility can be economical and can be viewed as a part of a feasible waste management strategy.
144
Kailash P. Patel et al. / APCBEE Procedia 5 (2013) 141 – 144
References [1] Minceva, M., Markovska, L. and Meshko, V. Removal of Zn+2, Cd+2 and Pb+2 from binary aqueous solution by natural zeolite and granulated activated carbon. Jr Chem Chem Eng 2007; 26: 125-134. [2] Sen TK, Sarzali MV. Removal of cadmium metal ion from its aqueous solution by aluminum oxide: a kinetic and equilibrium study. Jr Chem Eng 2008; 142: 256-262. [3] Mohammad M, Maitra S, Ahmad N, Bustam A, Sen TK, Dutta K. Meatl ion removal from aqueous solution using physic seed hull. Jr Hazardous Materials 2010; 79: 363-372. [4] David TW, Than W, Sein T. Lead removal from industrial waters by water hyacinth. Au Jr Tech 2003; 6: 187-192. [5] Uysal Y, Taner F. Bioremoval of cadmium by Lemna minor in different aquatic conditions. Clean- Soil Water and Air 2010; 38: 370-377. [6] Vlyssides A, Barampouti EM, Mai S. Heavy metal removal from water resources using the aquatic plant Apium nodiflorum. Jr Soil Sci and Plant Analy 2005; 36:1075-1081. [7] Iqbal M, Saeed A. Removal of heavy metals from contaminated water by petiolar felt-sheath of palm. Environ Technol 2002; 23: 1091- 1098. [8] Chaudhari S, Tare V. Analysis and evaluation of heavy metal uptake and release by insoluble starch-xanthate in aqueous environment. Jr Environ Biol 1996; 24: 204-209. [9] Akinala MO, Ekiyoyo TA. Accumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium in some plants cultivated along the bank of river Ribila at Odo-nla area of ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria. Jr Environ Biol 2006; 27: 597-599. [10] s Morton JF. The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) - A high protein tropical bush legume. Hortscience 1976; 11: 11-19. [11] Shalini HD, Singh S, Sikka KC. Distribution of nutrients in the anatomical parts of common Indian pulses. Cer Chem 1986;45:12-19. [12] Munaf E, Zein R. The use of Rice husk for removal of toxic metals from waste water. Envino Tech 1996; 18:359-362. [13] Ahalya N, Kanamadi RD, Ramchandra TV. Cr (VI) and Fe (III) removal using Cajanus cajan husk. Jr Environ Biol 2007; 28: 765-769.