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Replacement of cool season grass hay with pelleted feeds consumed by Quarter Horse geldings Part I: Digestibility.
Abstracts / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33 (2013) 321-399
results support the theory that horse owners are becoming increasingly accustomed to seeing over-conditioned horses, and may consider this the new norm. Conversely, <2% of horses were considered thin to poor with a BCS 3, which is similar to previous results in Virginia (2%) and New York (1%). Within each breed type, horses with a BCS of 5 were used to develop an ideal weight equation using a general linear model with body measurements not affected by regional adiposity. Breed types included stock, Arabian, pony and saddle; however, an equation was not derived for saddle horses due to lack of horses with a BCS of 5. Ideal weight (kg) ¼ length (cm) * 2.8 + height (cm) * 4.2 – 611, 577, and 606 for Arabians, stock horses, and ponies, respectively (R2 ¼ 0.86). To better help horse owners recognize over-conditioned horses, a fee-based app is being developed for use on smart phones. App users will select a breed type, enter in the horse’s body length and height, and the horse’s ideal weight will be calculated. The app will also include updated body weight estimation equations for the four breed types and an indicator of likelihood of being over-conditioned. The app will be available in 2013.
Replacement of cool season grass hay with pelleted feeds consumed by Quarter Horse geldings Part I: Digestibility. M.S. Edwards 1, and M.E. Gordon 2 California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, 2 Purina Animal Nutrition, Gray Summit, MO 63039 1
Nutrient outflow and related environmental impacts from equine operations are government regulated (Swinkler, 2011). Research with livestock operations serve as models; however, unique gastrointestinal physiology and feeding practices support equine-specific research to evaluate influence of nutrient sources and feed additives on digestibility and nutrient excretion. Ten (10), individually housed QH geldings, 4.5 – 16 y, were fed 5 diets using 3 dietary components (Table 1) in a randomized block design. Periods included a 14 d diet transition, 3 d acclimation, and Table 1 Mean ( SE) apparent digestibility (aDig,%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), amylase neutral (aNDF) and sequentially determined aciddetergent (sADF) fiber by Quarter Horse geldings (n¼9) consuming a pelleted feed with additives (ADD) fed alone or in addition to orchardgrass hay (ORCH), ORCH alone, or a similar, feed without additives (CTRL) fed alone or in addition to ORCH1. aDig, % Diet2
DM
OM
aNDF
sADF
A B C D E
49.51.38a,b 51.61.35a 57.61.35c 51.11.41a 46.21.44b
54.21.21a,b 55.51.19a 61.01.19c 55.81.25a 51.71.27b
22.71.96a 35.71.92b 49.72.02c 36.62.02b 18.62.06a
13.52.43a 28.12.39b 45.52.50c 30.82.50b 9.62.55a
1
Values within columns with different superscripts differ (P<0.0001). Diet A. 100% digestible energy (DE) from CTRL, includes sulfate mineral forms (Co,Cu,Mn,Zn) and sodium selenite; Diet B. 50% DE from CTRL, 50% of DE from ORCH; Diet C. 100% of DE from ORCH; Diet D. 50% DE from ORCH, 50% DE from ADD, includes chelated Co, Cu, Mn, Zn (ZinproÒ 4-PlexÒ), organic selenium (AlltechÒ Sel-PlexÒ), yeast culture (Diamond VÒ XP), Bacillus sp. direct-fed microbials (DuPontÒ MicroSourceÒ S), and Yucca schidigera extract (DPI GlobalÒ MicroAidÒ); Diet E. 100% DE from ADD. 2
367
4 d total collection. Animals were offered 33.3 kcal DE BWkg-1 during transition and 90% of measured DE during acclimation and collection. During collection, animals were fitted with hygiene harnesses for fecal collection. Feed intake and fecal output were quantified daily. One animal was removed prior to study completion. Analysis of variance was done with mixed models and least squares means compared with Fisher’s least significant difference (P<0.05). Dry matter (DM) and ash were determined gravimetrically upon drying at 100 C and ignition at 600 C, respectively. Organic matter was the calculated difference between DM and ash. Amylase neutral (aNDF) and sequentially determined acid detergent (sADF) fiber were measured using ANKOM A200 (ANKOM, 2009). Samples were analyzed in duplicate. Mean fecal DM output was not different across diets (P>0.05). Mean apparent digestibility (aDig,%) of all measured components was greater for the hay diet than other treatments (P<0.05) (Table 1). References [1] ANKOM. Acid Detergent Fiber in Feeds Filter Bag Technique. Macedon, NY: ANKOM Technology; 2009a. [2] ANKOM. Neutral Detergent Fiber in Feeds Filter Bag Technique. Macedon, NY: ANKOM Technology; 2009b. [3] Swinker AM. 2011. Update of nutrient management regulations and the equine industry. Pp 122–131 in Proc. 9th Mid-Atlantic Nutr Conf, Timonium, MD.
Replacement of cool season grass hay with pelleted feeds consumed by Quarter Horse geldings Part II: Impact on stockpiled manure characteristics. M.S. Edwards 1, and M.E. Gordon 2 1 California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, 2 Purina Animal Nutrition, Gray Summit, MO 63039 Nutrient outflow and related environmental impacts from equine operations are government regulated (Swinkler, 2011). Research with livestock operations serve as a model; however, unique gastrointestinal physiology and feeding practices support equine-specific research to evaluate influence of nutrient source and feed additives on nutrient excretion. Ten individually housed geldings, 4.5– 16 y, were fed 5 diets using 3 dietary components (Table 1) in a randomized block design. Isoenergetic quantities per BWkg were offered. Feed intake and fecal output were quantified. Daily fecal samples (5 kg) were collected from each animal fitted with a hygiene harness and added to a 364 L container the last 4 d of each 21 d period. Stockpiled fecal temperature was logged every 10 min for 21 d. After 21 d, 2 vertical cores of the composted material were taken. Total fecal spore counts were determined and Microsource Bacillus spore counts were based on colony morphology. Stockpiled feces were measured for % moisture, organic matter (OM), total N, ammonia N, P, and K (Thompson, 2001; Table 1). One animal was removed prior to study completion. ANOVA with mixed models was used and least squares means compared with Fisher’s LSD (P<0.05). MicroSourceÒ S spores (cfu/g) were greatest in feces from animals consuming diet E (P<0.001). Stockpiled fecal temperatures increased over time (P<0.0001); diet or diet*day were not significant (P>0.05).
results support the theory that horse owners are becoming increasingly accustomed to seeing over-conditioned horses, and may consider this the new norm. Conversely, <2% of horses were considered thin to poor with a BCS 3, which is similar to previous results in Virginia (2%) and New York (1%). Within each breed type, horses with a BCS of 5 were used to develop an ideal weight equation using a general linear model with body measurements not affected by regional adiposity. Breed types included stock, Arabian, pony and saddle; however, an equation was not derived for saddle horses due to lack of horses with a BCS of 5. Ideal weight (kg) ¼ length (cm) * 2.8 + height (cm) * 4.2 – 611, 577, and 606 for Arabians, stock horses, and ponies, respectively (R2 ¼ 0.86). To better help horse owners recognize over-conditioned horses, a fee-based app is being developed for use on smart phones. App users will select a breed type, enter in the horse’s body length and height, and the horse’s ideal weight will be calculated. The app will also include updated body weight estimation equations for the four breed types and an indicator of likelihood of being over-conditioned. The app will be available in 2013.
Replacement of cool season grass hay with pelleted feeds consumed by Quarter Horse geldings Part I: Digestibility. M.S. Edwards 1, and M.E. Gordon 2 California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, 2 Purina Animal Nutrition, Gray Summit, MO 63039 1
Nutrient outflow and related environmental impacts from equine operations are government regulated (Swinkler, 2011). Research with livestock operations serve as models; however, unique gastrointestinal physiology and feeding practices support equine-specific research to evaluate influence of nutrient sources and feed additives on digestibility and nutrient excretion. Ten (10), individually housed QH geldings, 4.5 – 16 y, were fed 5 diets using 3 dietary components (Table 1) in a randomized block design. Periods included a 14 d diet transition, 3 d acclimation, and Table 1 Mean ( SE) apparent digestibility (aDig,%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), amylase neutral (aNDF) and sequentially determined aciddetergent (sADF) fiber by Quarter Horse geldings (n¼9) consuming a pelleted feed with additives (ADD) fed alone or in addition to orchardgrass hay (ORCH), ORCH alone, or a similar, feed without additives (CTRL) fed alone or in addition to ORCH1. aDig, % Diet2
DM
OM
aNDF
sADF
A B C D E
49.51.38a,b 51.61.35a 57.61.35c 51.11.41a 46.21.44b
54.21.21a,b 55.51.19a 61.01.19c 55.81.25a 51.71.27b
22.71.96a 35.71.92b 49.72.02c 36.62.02b 18.62.06a
13.52.43a 28.12.39b 45.52.50c 30.82.50b 9.62.55a
1
Values within columns with different superscripts differ (P<0.0001). Diet A. 100% digestible energy (DE) from CTRL, includes sulfate mineral forms (Co,Cu,Mn,Zn) and sodium selenite; Diet B. 50% DE from CTRL, 50% of DE from ORCH; Diet C. 100% of DE from ORCH; Diet D. 50% DE from ORCH, 50% DE from ADD, includes chelated Co, Cu, Mn, Zn (ZinproÒ 4-PlexÒ), organic selenium (AlltechÒ Sel-PlexÒ), yeast culture (Diamond VÒ XP), Bacillus sp. direct-fed microbials (DuPontÒ MicroSourceÒ S), and Yucca schidigera extract (DPI GlobalÒ MicroAidÒ); Diet E. 100% DE from ADD. 2
367
4 d total collection. Animals were offered 33.3 kcal DE BWkg-1 during transition and 90% of measured DE during acclimation and collection. During collection, animals were fitted with hygiene harnesses for fecal collection. Feed intake and fecal output were quantified daily. One animal was removed prior to study completion. Analysis of variance was done with mixed models and least squares means compared with Fisher’s least significant difference (P<0.05). Dry matter (DM) and ash were determined gravimetrically upon drying at 100 C and ignition at 600 C, respectively. Organic matter was the calculated difference between DM and ash. Amylase neutral (aNDF) and sequentially determined acid detergent (sADF) fiber were measured using ANKOM A200 (ANKOM, 2009). Samples were analyzed in duplicate. Mean fecal DM output was not different across diets (P>0.05). Mean apparent digestibility (aDig,%) of all measured components was greater for the hay diet than other treatments (P<0.05) (Table 1). References [1] ANKOM. Acid Detergent Fiber in Feeds Filter Bag Technique. Macedon, NY: ANKOM Technology; 2009a. [2] ANKOM. Neutral Detergent Fiber in Feeds Filter Bag Technique. Macedon, NY: ANKOM Technology; 2009b. [3] Swinker AM. 2011. Update of nutrient management regulations and the equine industry. Pp 122–131 in Proc. 9th Mid-Atlantic Nutr Conf, Timonium, MD.
Replacement of cool season grass hay with pelleted feeds consumed by Quarter Horse geldings Part II: Impact on stockpiled manure characteristics. M.S. Edwards 1, and M.E. Gordon 2 1 California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, 2 Purina Animal Nutrition, Gray Summit, MO 63039 Nutrient outflow and related environmental impacts from equine operations are government regulated (Swinkler, 2011). Research with livestock operations serve as a model; however, unique gastrointestinal physiology and feeding practices support equine-specific research to evaluate influence of nutrient source and feed additives on nutrient excretion. Ten individually housed geldings, 4.5– 16 y, were fed 5 diets using 3 dietary components (Table 1) in a randomized block design. Isoenergetic quantities per BWkg were offered. Feed intake and fecal output were quantified. Daily fecal samples (5 kg) were collected from each animal fitted with a hygiene harness and added to a 364 L container the last 4 d of each 21 d period. Stockpiled fecal temperature was logged every 10 min for 21 d. After 21 d, 2 vertical cores of the composted material were taken. Total fecal spore counts were determined and Microsource Bacillus spore counts were based on colony morphology. Stockpiled feces were measured for % moisture, organic matter (OM), total N, ammonia N, P, and K (Thompson, 2001; Table 1). One animal was removed prior to study completion. ANOVA with mixed models was used and least squares means compared with Fisher’s LSD (P<0.05). MicroSourceÒ S spores (cfu/g) were greatest in feces from animals consuming diet E (P<0.001). Stockpiled fecal temperatures increased over time (P<0.0001); diet or diet*day were not significant (P>0.05).