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Reporting Visual Acuities
12.
13.
14.
15.
photoreceptor and bipolar cells in vivo. J Autoimmun 1998;11(5):523–533. Maeda T, Maeda A, Maruyama I, et al. Mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death in cancer-associated retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42(3):705– 712. Magrys A, Anekonda T, Ren G, Adamus G. The role of anti-alpha-enolase autoantibodies in pathogenicity of autoimmune-mediated retinopathy. J Clin Immunol 2007;27(2): 181–192. Ren G, Adamus G. Cellular targets of anti-alpha-enolase autoantibodies of patients with autoimmune retinopathy. J Autoimmun 2004;23(2):161–167. Adamus G, Machnicki M, Seigel GM. Apoptotic retinal cell death induced by autoantibodies of cancer associated
16.
17. 18. 19.
20.
retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38(2): 283–291. Adamus G. Autoantibody-induced apoptosis as a possible mechanism of autoimmune retinopathy. Autoimmun Rev 2003;2(2):63– 69. Young RW. The renewal of rod and cone outer segments in the rhesus monkey. J Cell Biol 1971;49(2):303–318. Young RW. Visual cells and the concept of renewal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1976;15(9):700 –725. Guy J, Aptsiauri N. Treatment of paraneoplastic visual loss with intravenous immunoglobulin: report of 3 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117(4):471– 477. Ferreyra HA, Jayasundera T, Khan NW, He S, Lu Y, Heckenlively JR. Management of autoimmune retinopathies with immunosuppression. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(4):390–397.
REPORTING VISUAL ACUITIES The AJO encourages authors to report the visual acuity in the manuscript using the same nomenclature that was used in gathering the data provided they were recorded in one of the methods listed here. This table of equivalent visual acuities is provided to the readers as an aid to interpret visual acuity findings in familiar units.
Table of Equivalent Visual Acuity Measurements Snellen Visual Acuities 4 Meters
6 Meters
20 Feet
Decimal Fraction
LogMAR
4/40 4/32 4/25 4/20 4/16 4/12.6 4/10 4/8 4/6.3 4/5 4/4 4/3.2 4/2.5 4/2
6/60 6/48 6/38 6/30 6/24 6/20 6/15 6/12 6/10 6/7.5 6/6 6/5 6/3.75 6/3
20/200 20/160 20/125 20/100 20/80 20/63 20/50 20/40 20/32 20/25 20/20 20/16 20/12.5 20/10
0.10 0.125 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.60 2.00
⫹1.0 ⫹0.9 ⫹0.8 ⫹0.7 ⫹0.6 ⫹0.5 ⫹0.4 ⫹0.3 ⫹0.2 ⫹0.1 0.0 ⫺0.1 ⫺0.2 ⫺0.3
From Ferris FL III, Kassoff A, Bresnick GH, Bailey I. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94:91–96.
756
AMERICAN JOURNAL
OF
OPHTHALMOLOGY
APRIL
2012
13.
14.
15.
photoreceptor and bipolar cells in vivo. J Autoimmun 1998;11(5):523–533. Maeda T, Maeda A, Maruyama I, et al. Mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death in cancer-associated retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42(3):705– 712. Magrys A, Anekonda T, Ren G, Adamus G. The role of anti-alpha-enolase autoantibodies in pathogenicity of autoimmune-mediated retinopathy. J Clin Immunol 2007;27(2): 181–192. Ren G, Adamus G. Cellular targets of anti-alpha-enolase autoantibodies of patients with autoimmune retinopathy. J Autoimmun 2004;23(2):161–167. Adamus G, Machnicki M, Seigel GM. Apoptotic retinal cell death induced by autoantibodies of cancer associated
16.
17. 18. 19.
20.
retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38(2): 283–291. Adamus G. Autoantibody-induced apoptosis as a possible mechanism of autoimmune retinopathy. Autoimmun Rev 2003;2(2):63– 69. Young RW. The renewal of rod and cone outer segments in the rhesus monkey. J Cell Biol 1971;49(2):303–318. Young RW. Visual cells and the concept of renewal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1976;15(9):700 –725. Guy J, Aptsiauri N. Treatment of paraneoplastic visual loss with intravenous immunoglobulin: report of 3 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117(4):471– 477. Ferreyra HA, Jayasundera T, Khan NW, He S, Lu Y, Heckenlively JR. Management of autoimmune retinopathies with immunosuppression. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(4):390–397.
REPORTING VISUAL ACUITIES The AJO encourages authors to report the visual acuity in the manuscript using the same nomenclature that was used in gathering the data provided they were recorded in one of the methods listed here. This table of equivalent visual acuities is provided to the readers as an aid to interpret visual acuity findings in familiar units.
Table of Equivalent Visual Acuity Measurements Snellen Visual Acuities 4 Meters
6 Meters
20 Feet
Decimal Fraction
LogMAR
4/40 4/32 4/25 4/20 4/16 4/12.6 4/10 4/8 4/6.3 4/5 4/4 4/3.2 4/2.5 4/2
6/60 6/48 6/38 6/30 6/24 6/20 6/15 6/12 6/10 6/7.5 6/6 6/5 6/3.75 6/3
20/200 20/160 20/125 20/100 20/80 20/63 20/50 20/40 20/32 20/25 20/20 20/16 20/12.5 20/10
0.10 0.125 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.80 1.00 1.25 1.60 2.00
⫹1.0 ⫹0.9 ⫹0.8 ⫹0.7 ⫹0.6 ⫹0.5 ⫹0.4 ⫹0.3 ⫹0.2 ⫹0.1 0.0 ⫺0.1 ⫺0.2 ⫺0.3
From Ferris FL III, Kassoff A, Bresnick GH, Bailey I. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94:91–96.
756
AMERICAN JOURNAL
OF
OPHTHALMOLOGY
APRIL
2012