- Email: [email protected]
Research
and drug regimens. In the real world of the commercial testing laboratory, one finds little philosophic argument on the merits of in vivo vs. in vitro methods. As a practical matter, both are used routinely and extensively. For example, Litton Bionetics Inc., with headquarters in Kensington, MD, offers a broad range of biosafety evaluation tests to more than 150 industrial clients and a dozen federal agencies. Standard toxicological studies and teratology and reproduction evaluations are made by administering test substances to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs,
dogs, cats, and nonhuman primates. But Bionetics officials report that the use of batteries of shortterm in vitro tests to identify potential carcinogenic and mutagenic agents is gaining increased acceptance among their clients. The cost of testing surely gives impetus to this direction: in vivo tests may take 30 months to accomplish and cost between $500,000 and more than $1 million. In some cases, much the same information may be obtained from in vitro tests in four to six months for $20,000-$30,000. Dr. James L. Liverman, senior vice president of Bi~netics' Applied
Sciences Division, is optimistic about the future of in vitro methods. "In ten years--probably no more than a generation-only a relatively few tests will have to be performed in vivo," Liverman predicts, "and these will be limited to studies such as hormonal, teratological or behavioral studies which probably will always demand a whole animal system." The APhA policy on animal use in drug research, and its support for development of in vitro techniques is consistent with this view. -Robert f. Griffin Jr. American Pharmacy correspondent
--------------------------------------------------------------~
Iodine Intake Linked to Hypothyroidism in Babies Studies in rats and observations of humans indicate that pregnant women should watch their iodine intake. Hypothyroidism, or deficient thyroid gland function, is characterized by a slow metabolism and delayed development. This condition can be transiently induced in the fetus and perhaps the newborn by the exposure of the mother to pharmacological doses of iodine. The hypothyroidism is usually temporary and disappears after exposure stops. Iodine has been shown to easily cross the placenta of mothers given medications or substances containing large quantities of iodine. For example, in those women whoreceived an iodine-containing dye for use in fetal X-rays, six of seven newborns had temporary hypothyroidism. This finding suggest that the normal fetal thyroid is sensitive to the adverse effects of iodine on thyroid function. Betadine (povidone-iodine), an antiseptic used in hospitals, has been found to induce temporary hypothyroidism in premature in-
18
fants bathed in the solution. Hypothyroidism also may be induced in adults with underlying thyroid disease who are exposed to the chronic administration of pharmacological doses of iodine. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, supported in part by a grant from NIH's National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, studied iodide. Daily doses of 1-2 mg of iodide were administered to pregnant and nursing SpragueDawley rats, and the iodide effects on fetal and newborn thyroid function were evaluated. The researchers found that iodide administered to the pregnant and nursing mothers induces hypothyroidism in the newborn and neonatal rat which disappears by approximately 10 days of life. Evidence for hypothyroidism was obtained by an increase of the serum TSH concentration and a decrease in the serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Thyroid function returned to normal in 18-60 days despite continued iodide administration to the weanling and immature
rats. There was no effect of iodide administration on thyroid function in the mothers. The first two weeks of extrauter· ine life in the rat resemble the latter half of human pregnancy. These re· suits suggest that the chronic ad· ministration of pharmacological doses of iodide should be avoided during pregnancy in view of the possible adverse effects of the trans· placental passage of the iodide on fetal thyroid function. It may be suggested that iodide· containing medications given to women during pregnancy and nurs· ing may induce transient hypothy· roidism in the fetus and newborn. In fact, the mammary gland actively concentrates and secretes iodide into the milk. The present findings in the peri· natal rat and the occurrence of human fetal hypothyroidism fol· lowing excess quantities of iodide exposure during pregnancy strong· ly indicate that iodide should not be given to human pregnant and nurs· ing mothers.
American Pharmacy Vol. NS21, No. 6, June 1981
APhA REMI YOU OF IMPORTANT
MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS: GEICO PREFERRED PROGRAMS FOR LOW-COST AUTO AND HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE. The coupon below is special. Because APhA arranged to have GEICO PREFERRED programs available to you, you can use the coupon to request a free rate quotation from GEICO. If you qualify, you may save money on auto and home insurance. As an APhA member, you are entitled to extra consideration for advantages like these:
low-cost insurance for homeowners, renters and owners of condominiums. Your application will receive special consideration. YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE YOUR OWN COVERAGE.
The coverages GEICO offers vary by state, but you have many options in putting together your car and home insurance packages, both in the amounts and kinds of protection. You also get a wide choice of convenient payment plans. GEICO auto insurance is not available in New Jersey and Massachusetts. Homeowner insurance is not available in New Jersey and Mississippi.
LOW RATES FOR QUALIFIED DRIVERS.
GEICO PREFERRED insures those members of preferred groups-like APhA - whose driving records are better than average. Better drivers cost GEICO less. And these savings result in low rates. GUARANTEED ONE-YEAR RATE ON YOUR AUTO POLICY AS WRITTEN.
Many auto insurance companies now offer only 6month auto policies. But as long as you don't change the conditions of your policy, GEICO PREFERRED rates are guaranteed to remain the same for a full year-so you don't risk having your rate increased after just 6 months. LOW-COST HOME INSURANCE, TOO.
Just check the appropriate box at the bottom of the coupon, and you will also receive free information on
YOU GET GEICO PREFERRED TREATMENT.
All APhA member inquiries receive prompt, preferential service by a GEICO PREFERRED Insurance Counselor. FOR FREE RATE QUOTATION CALL COLLECT (301) 986-3344
Your APhA membership entitles you to special consideration for low-cost auto and home insurance. Good drivers, find out how much you may save. For free rate quotation, call (301) 986-3344 collect. Or mail this coupon. No obligation. No salesman will call.
1------------------------------------------------------l THIS RATE REQUEST FORM IS BROUGHT TO YOU BYAPhAFORYOUR BENEFIT. Send to: GEl CO PREFERRED, GEICO Plaza, Washington, D.C. 20076.
Na~'-------------------------------------------------Address...__________________________________________ Apt. City______~---------------------State,_____ _ __ Employer
=- - - - -
Year & Make
_ ZiP•--- - - --
::: Yrs.______________
Govt. or Military Grade
Have you previously been insured with GEICO?
0 Yes
0 No
Car
= l : City
State
Car
=2: City
State_______________________
Car
= 3: City__________________________ State_______________________ current insurance co._______________ Month I Year Current Policy Expires_________ Driver M or Marital Yrs. Training F Relation Age Status Occupation lie. Yes No
Ust all drivers
SELF
Model (Nova, Granada, etc.)
•
Body type: • 2/ 4dr.sdn, hardtop, sta. wag
location of car if different from address above:
Na~ of
If student away at school, how many miles to school? _ _ miles. CAR I CAR 2 CAR 3
Accidents Violations License in Past in Past Suspen 5 Years• 3 Years" si n'' =I =2 =3 Yes No Yes No Yes No %of Use of Cars
··-
t-
No. of cylinders
•
Est. Annual Mileage
•
Days per week driven to work or parking area
•
One way driving • distance Is car used in business (except • to / from job)? If " yes" explain•-------------~---
*For accidents, violations, or license suspension, give dates and complete details, including cost of damages, on a separate sheet. ;
• .
· ,;
.
Check for Information on 0 Homeowners/Renters/Condominium Insurance.
GEico;d"'Affiiiates. eorp;..t; "H~-;;;.;;-er-;Wa;.lngto-;;,D.c.-2oo16----------------- ------
'!
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~
After you're hospitalized, it~ too late to start worrying about how you'll pay your bills No one knows better than you how hospital costs have skyrocketed in the last few years. And even if you have regular hospitalization insurance, it's probably not designed to pay a// your bills. Now, the additional help you may need is available. Your American Pharmaceutical Association-sponsored Hospital Money plan provides the big-benefit protection you may need to help back up your regular hospitalization insurance.
Generous daily benefits for you, plus family benefits Your APhA-sponsored Hospital Money plan provides big daily benefits. And you can add daily benefits for your spouse and for your unmarried, dependent children.
Provides benefits from the first day in hospital Benefits are provided from the first day of covered hospitalization for as long as hospitalization lasts, up to 365 days-one full Underwritten by: Continental Casualty Company, Chicago, Illinois, one of the CNA insurance companies. Administered by: Pharmacists Insurance Trust 2215 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington , D.C. 20037
year. In addition, your Hospital Money plan benefits are paid directly to you to use as you see fit. Or, you may assign them to your doctor or hospital.
Guaranteed acceptance As an American Pharmaceutical Association member, you and your family are guaranteed acceptance.
Economical group rates Your association-sponsored Hospital Money plan is economical because it's group coverage. The mass purchasing power of your association and the many economies of standardized administration help keep your premium down.
Send for all the facts Make sure you and your family have all the coverage you need against today's skyhigh hospital bills. To get all the details, including benefits, individual terminations, exclusions, and the economical group rates, simply mail postage-paid reply card. TOLL FREE
(800) 424-5164 Continental Casualty Company INSURANCE FROM
CNA
dogs, cats, and nonhuman primates. But Bionetics officials report that the use of batteries of shortterm in vitro tests to identify potential carcinogenic and mutagenic agents is gaining increased acceptance among their clients. The cost of testing surely gives impetus to this direction: in vivo tests may take 30 months to accomplish and cost between $500,000 and more than $1 million. In some cases, much the same information may be obtained from in vitro tests in four to six months for $20,000-$30,000. Dr. James L. Liverman, senior vice president of Bi~netics' Applied
Sciences Division, is optimistic about the future of in vitro methods. "In ten years--probably no more than a generation-only a relatively few tests will have to be performed in vivo," Liverman predicts, "and these will be limited to studies such as hormonal, teratological or behavioral studies which probably will always demand a whole animal system." The APhA policy on animal use in drug research, and its support for development of in vitro techniques is consistent with this view. -Robert f. Griffin Jr. American Pharmacy correspondent
--------------------------------------------------------------~
Iodine Intake Linked to Hypothyroidism in Babies Studies in rats and observations of humans indicate that pregnant women should watch their iodine intake. Hypothyroidism, or deficient thyroid gland function, is characterized by a slow metabolism and delayed development. This condition can be transiently induced in the fetus and perhaps the newborn by the exposure of the mother to pharmacological doses of iodine. The hypothyroidism is usually temporary and disappears after exposure stops. Iodine has been shown to easily cross the placenta of mothers given medications or substances containing large quantities of iodine. For example, in those women whoreceived an iodine-containing dye for use in fetal X-rays, six of seven newborns had temporary hypothyroidism. This finding suggest that the normal fetal thyroid is sensitive to the adverse effects of iodine on thyroid function. Betadine (povidone-iodine), an antiseptic used in hospitals, has been found to induce temporary hypothyroidism in premature in-
18
fants bathed in the solution. Hypothyroidism also may be induced in adults with underlying thyroid disease who are exposed to the chronic administration of pharmacological doses of iodine. Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, supported in part by a grant from NIH's National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, studied iodide. Daily doses of 1-2 mg of iodide were administered to pregnant and nursing SpragueDawley rats, and the iodide effects on fetal and newborn thyroid function were evaluated. The researchers found that iodide administered to the pregnant and nursing mothers induces hypothyroidism in the newborn and neonatal rat which disappears by approximately 10 days of life. Evidence for hypothyroidism was obtained by an increase of the serum TSH concentration and a decrease in the serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Thyroid function returned to normal in 18-60 days despite continued iodide administration to the weanling and immature
rats. There was no effect of iodide administration on thyroid function in the mothers. The first two weeks of extrauter· ine life in the rat resemble the latter half of human pregnancy. These re· suits suggest that the chronic ad· ministration of pharmacological doses of iodide should be avoided during pregnancy in view of the possible adverse effects of the trans· placental passage of the iodide on fetal thyroid function. It may be suggested that iodide· containing medications given to women during pregnancy and nurs· ing may induce transient hypothy· roidism in the fetus and newborn. In fact, the mammary gland actively concentrates and secretes iodide into the milk. The present findings in the peri· natal rat and the occurrence of human fetal hypothyroidism fol· lowing excess quantities of iodide exposure during pregnancy strong· ly indicate that iodide should not be given to human pregnant and nurs· ing mothers.
American Pharmacy Vol. NS21, No. 6, June 1981
APhA REMI YOU OF IMPORTANT
MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS: GEICO PREFERRED PROGRAMS FOR LOW-COST AUTO AND HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE. The coupon below is special. Because APhA arranged to have GEICO PREFERRED programs available to you, you can use the coupon to request a free rate quotation from GEICO. If you qualify, you may save money on auto and home insurance. As an APhA member, you are entitled to extra consideration for advantages like these:
low-cost insurance for homeowners, renters and owners of condominiums. Your application will receive special consideration. YOU CAN CUSTOMIZE YOUR OWN COVERAGE.
The coverages GEICO offers vary by state, but you have many options in putting together your car and home insurance packages, both in the amounts and kinds of protection. You also get a wide choice of convenient payment plans. GEICO auto insurance is not available in New Jersey and Massachusetts. Homeowner insurance is not available in New Jersey and Mississippi.
LOW RATES FOR QUALIFIED DRIVERS.
GEICO PREFERRED insures those members of preferred groups-like APhA - whose driving records are better than average. Better drivers cost GEICO less. And these savings result in low rates. GUARANTEED ONE-YEAR RATE ON YOUR AUTO POLICY AS WRITTEN.
Many auto insurance companies now offer only 6month auto policies. But as long as you don't change the conditions of your policy, GEICO PREFERRED rates are guaranteed to remain the same for a full year-so you don't risk having your rate increased after just 6 months. LOW-COST HOME INSURANCE, TOO.
Just check the appropriate box at the bottom of the coupon, and you will also receive free information on
YOU GET GEICO PREFERRED TREATMENT.
All APhA member inquiries receive prompt, preferential service by a GEICO PREFERRED Insurance Counselor. FOR FREE RATE QUOTATION CALL COLLECT (301) 986-3344
Your APhA membership entitles you to special consideration for low-cost auto and home insurance. Good drivers, find out how much you may save. For free rate quotation, call (301) 986-3344 collect. Or mail this coupon. No obligation. No salesman will call.
1------------------------------------------------------l THIS RATE REQUEST FORM IS BROUGHT TO YOU BYAPhAFORYOUR BENEFIT. Send to: GEl CO PREFERRED, GEICO Plaza, Washington, D.C. 20076.
Na~'-------------------------------------------------Address...__________________________________________ Apt. City______~---------------------State,_____ _ __ Employer
=- - - - -
Year & Make
_ ZiP•--- - - --
::: Yrs.______________
Govt. or Military Grade
Have you previously been insured with GEICO?
0 Yes
0 No
Car
= l : City
State
Car
=2: City
State_______________________
Car
= 3: City__________________________ State_______________________ current insurance co._______________ Month I Year Current Policy Expires_________ Driver M or Marital Yrs. Training F Relation Age Status Occupation lie. Yes No
Ust all drivers
SELF
Model (Nova, Granada, etc.)
•
Body type: • 2/ 4dr.sdn, hardtop, sta. wag
location of car if different from address above:
Na~ of
If student away at school, how many miles to school? _ _ miles. CAR I CAR 2 CAR 3
Accidents Violations License in Past in Past Suspen 5 Years• 3 Years" si n'' =I =2 =3 Yes No Yes No Yes No %of Use of Cars
··-
t-
No. of cylinders
•
Est. Annual Mileage
•
Days per week driven to work or parking area
•
One way driving • distance Is car used in business (except • to / from job)? If " yes" explain•-------------~---
*For accidents, violations, or license suspension, give dates and complete details, including cost of damages, on a separate sheet. ;
• .
· ,;
.
Check for Information on 0 Homeowners/Renters/Condominium Insurance.
GEico;d"'Affiiiates. eorp;..t; "H~-;;;.;;-er-;Wa;.lngto-;;,D.c.-2oo16----------------- ------
'!
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~
After you're hospitalized, it~ too late to start worrying about how you'll pay your bills No one knows better than you how hospital costs have skyrocketed in the last few years. And even if you have regular hospitalization insurance, it's probably not designed to pay a// your bills. Now, the additional help you may need is available. Your American Pharmaceutical Association-sponsored Hospital Money plan provides the big-benefit protection you may need to help back up your regular hospitalization insurance.
Generous daily benefits for you, plus family benefits Your APhA-sponsored Hospital Money plan provides big daily benefits. And you can add daily benefits for your spouse and for your unmarried, dependent children.
Provides benefits from the first day in hospital Benefits are provided from the first day of covered hospitalization for as long as hospitalization lasts, up to 365 days-one full Underwritten by: Continental Casualty Company, Chicago, Illinois, one of the CNA insurance companies. Administered by: Pharmacists Insurance Trust 2215 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington , D.C. 20037
year. In addition, your Hospital Money plan benefits are paid directly to you to use as you see fit. Or, you may assign them to your doctor or hospital.
Guaranteed acceptance As an American Pharmaceutical Association member, you and your family are guaranteed acceptance.
Economical group rates Your association-sponsored Hospital Money plan is economical because it's group coverage. The mass purchasing power of your association and the many economies of standardized administration help keep your premium down.
Send for all the facts Make sure you and your family have all the coverage you need against today's skyhigh hospital bills. To get all the details, including benefits, individual terminations, exclusions, and the economical group rates, simply mail postage-paid reply card. TOLL FREE
(800) 424-5164 Continental Casualty Company INSURANCE FROM
CNA