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Research and modeling of supervisory control behavior: Report of a workshop
Community. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Australia and New Zealand, Adelaide, South Australia, 1 - 2 December 1983, Edited by T. Shinnick and G. Hill, pp 293-308.
Information processing and transmission by man
Ergonomists often complain about the inertia that must be overcome to introduce ergonomics concepts. It is largely the case that the ergonomics model has the potential to resolve most mis-matches between people and their work. What ergonomists fail to appreciate is the need to plan a strategy of change. It is how inputs are provided to technical design, not the inputs per se which are important. This paper examines how ergonomists can be more effective in organisations. This paper discusses the broad principles which govern effective consulting and the implications for ergonomists in their role as facilitators of change. In addition, results of a survey into the beliefs of a representative sample of engineers concerning the use of ergonomics in design are presented and the use of design checklists is discussed.
Amendola, A., Reina, G., and Ciceri, F.
17.3.7 (92633) Thanh, M., and Skornik, C. (Eds) Bulletin on applied research for the protection of man at work. Vol 2, N. 1, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom. Institute National de Recherche et de Securite (INRS), Paris, 1985, 135 pp. The Bulletin comprises two parts: (1) current and future research projects, excluding research which has already been completed, and (2) the research organisations. Three indexes make for easy consultation of the Bulletin: an index of the organisations, a name index and an analytical index.
Tactile processes in man 17.3.8 (93029) Noblet, A., Ridelaire, H., and Sylin, G. Equipment for the study of operating processes in Braille reading. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1985, 17.1, 107-113. The device described in this paper measures the spatial co-ordinates of the fingers of blind readers decoding texts written in braille. A lightemitting diode is fixed on to each of the two reading fingers, and a television camera with a MOS pickup device delivers a signal from which is extracted the information required to deduce the vertical and horizontal co-ordinates of the fingers. The results of these measurements appear as eight-digit binary numbers available for real-time computer data processing.
1'7.3.9 (92685) Modelling of man-machine dynamic interaction in incident control. Paper presented at the International 1984 Athens Summer Conference 'Modelling and Simulation', Athens, Greece, 27-29 June 1984. Commission of the European Communities Paper No E 31507 ORA: abstr in Euro Abstracts, Section 1. The paper describes recent developments achieved in modelling human operators interacting with time evolving systems. The case study is derived from an application to nuclear power reactors, but the methodology is quite general. This is based on the DYLAM (Dynamic Logical Analytical Methodology) approach for modelling systems in failed and transient conditions. DYLAM, extensively described elsewhere, differs from normally used reliability analysis techniques (such as Fault Trees, Event Trees) since it associates the physics of the process with the failure mode analysis. In this way, while simulating incident occurrences by introducing the possible component failure events, all relevant physical quantities (such as pressure, temperature, flow) are calculated during the transient time. As the operator surveys instruments which monitor such physical quantities, his diagnostic and subsequent interventions depend on the evolution of the plant process, and can be modelled only by dynamic techniques such as that proposed in the paper. The results show that DYLAM modelling and simulation technique is able to incorporate any sophisticated model for approaching the complex diagnosis-intervention-recovery loop characteristic of the man-machine interaction. As an example, together with a decision logic based on alarms and assigned procedures, a continuous decisional process by using fuzzy-set theory has been introduced. 17.3.10 (92693)
Sheridan, T.B., and Hennessy, R.T. (Eds) Research and modeling of supervisory control behavior: Report of a workshop. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1984, 71 pp. The role of the human operator is expanding to include supervisory control of otherwise automated systems. Methods for performing research on supervisory control of these modern complex systems are identified. Techniques for enhanced communication
between researchers and designers are reviewed. Recommendations for future study have been prepared. 17.3.11 (92722) Krueger, G.P., Armstrong, R.N., and Cisco, R.R. Aviator performance in week-long extended flight operations in a helicopter simulator. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1985, 17.1, 68-74. Psychological, physiological and biochemical correlates of aviator crew performance, stress and fatigue were measured in a week-long flight schedule in a helicopter simulator. Three two-man crews of rotary wing aviators performed 14 h of precision instrument flight on each of four successive days and 10 h on the 5th day. Missions involved repetitions of 2 h standardised day and night flight profiles that were occasionally interrupted by simulated emergencies. Aviator performance measures included meeting assigned airspeeds, altitudes, headings, turn rates and navigation requirements. Pilots slept 4 h each night. Baseline data were collected prior to, and recovery data after, the extended flight schedule. Pilots maintained simulator flight parameters to within acceptable tolerances of assigned headings, airspeeds and altitudes, even into the morning of the 4th day of the schedule. However, cognitive and judgemental errors were made. Even though flight surgeons deemed them unsafe to fly by the 3rd night, pilots continued to fly well to the w5thday.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 17.3.12 (92762)
Hedberg, G., and Niemi, K. The working environment of tank truck drivers. An ergonomic and ergometric study (Tankbilsforares Arbetsmiljo. En Ergonomisk och Arbetsfysiologisk Studie). (In Swedish.) National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen), Stockholm, Arbete och Halsa 1984:25, 1984, 75 pp. The present report describes an ergonomic and ergometric investigation of tank truck drivers engaged in the distribution of petroleum products. Twenty-two drivers were studied in the laboratory and during work in order to identify and measure high physical loads. Pulse recordings showed that the work is moderately strenuous. Dragging the hose from the tank truck to the filler pipe was most strenuous. There
Applied Ergonomics September1986
237
Information processing and transmission by man
Ergonomists often complain about the inertia that must be overcome to introduce ergonomics concepts. It is largely the case that the ergonomics model has the potential to resolve most mis-matches between people and their work. What ergonomists fail to appreciate is the need to plan a strategy of change. It is how inputs are provided to technical design, not the inputs per se which are important. This paper examines how ergonomists can be more effective in organisations. This paper discusses the broad principles which govern effective consulting and the implications for ergonomists in their role as facilitators of change. In addition, results of a survey into the beliefs of a representative sample of engineers concerning the use of ergonomics in design are presented and the use of design checklists is discussed.
Amendola, A., Reina, G., and Ciceri, F.
17.3.7 (92633) Thanh, M., and Skornik, C. (Eds) Bulletin on applied research for the protection of man at work. Vol 2, N. 1, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom. Institute National de Recherche et de Securite (INRS), Paris, 1985, 135 pp. The Bulletin comprises two parts: (1) current and future research projects, excluding research which has already been completed, and (2) the research organisations. Three indexes make for easy consultation of the Bulletin: an index of the organisations, a name index and an analytical index.
Tactile processes in man 17.3.8 (93029) Noblet, A., Ridelaire, H., and Sylin, G. Equipment for the study of operating processes in Braille reading. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1985, 17.1, 107-113. The device described in this paper measures the spatial co-ordinates of the fingers of blind readers decoding texts written in braille. A lightemitting diode is fixed on to each of the two reading fingers, and a television camera with a MOS pickup device delivers a signal from which is extracted the information required to deduce the vertical and horizontal co-ordinates of the fingers. The results of these measurements appear as eight-digit binary numbers available for real-time computer data processing.
1'7.3.9 (92685) Modelling of man-machine dynamic interaction in incident control. Paper presented at the International 1984 Athens Summer Conference 'Modelling and Simulation', Athens, Greece, 27-29 June 1984. Commission of the European Communities Paper No E 31507 ORA: abstr in Euro Abstracts, Section 1. The paper describes recent developments achieved in modelling human operators interacting with time evolving systems. The case study is derived from an application to nuclear power reactors, but the methodology is quite general. This is based on the DYLAM (Dynamic Logical Analytical Methodology) approach for modelling systems in failed and transient conditions. DYLAM, extensively described elsewhere, differs from normally used reliability analysis techniques (such as Fault Trees, Event Trees) since it associates the physics of the process with the failure mode analysis. In this way, while simulating incident occurrences by introducing the possible component failure events, all relevant physical quantities (such as pressure, temperature, flow) are calculated during the transient time. As the operator surveys instruments which monitor such physical quantities, his diagnostic and subsequent interventions depend on the evolution of the plant process, and can be modelled only by dynamic techniques such as that proposed in the paper. The results show that DYLAM modelling and simulation technique is able to incorporate any sophisticated model for approaching the complex diagnosis-intervention-recovery loop characteristic of the man-machine interaction. As an example, together with a decision logic based on alarms and assigned procedures, a continuous decisional process by using fuzzy-set theory has been introduced. 17.3.10 (92693)
Sheridan, T.B., and Hennessy, R.T. (Eds) Research and modeling of supervisory control behavior: Report of a workshop. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1984, 71 pp. The role of the human operator is expanding to include supervisory control of otherwise automated systems. Methods for performing research on supervisory control of these modern complex systems are identified. Techniques for enhanced communication
between researchers and designers are reviewed. Recommendations for future study have been prepared. 17.3.11 (92722) Krueger, G.P., Armstrong, R.N., and Cisco, R.R. Aviator performance in week-long extended flight operations in a helicopter simulator. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 1985, 17.1, 68-74. Psychological, physiological and biochemical correlates of aviator crew performance, stress and fatigue were measured in a week-long flight schedule in a helicopter simulator. Three two-man crews of rotary wing aviators performed 14 h of precision instrument flight on each of four successive days and 10 h on the 5th day. Missions involved repetitions of 2 h standardised day and night flight profiles that were occasionally interrupted by simulated emergencies. Aviator performance measures included meeting assigned airspeeds, altitudes, headings, turn rates and navigation requirements. Pilots slept 4 h each night. Baseline data were collected prior to, and recovery data after, the extended flight schedule. Pilots maintained simulator flight parameters to within acceptable tolerances of assigned headings, airspeeds and altitudes, even into the morning of the 4th day of the schedule. However, cognitive and judgemental errors were made. Even though flight surgeons deemed them unsafe to fly by the 3rd night, pilots continued to fly well to the w5thday.
Physiology, anthropometry and biomechanics 17.3.12 (92762)
Hedberg, G., and Niemi, K. The working environment of tank truck drivers. An ergonomic and ergometric study (Tankbilsforares Arbetsmiljo. En Ergonomisk och Arbetsfysiologisk Studie). (In Swedish.) National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen), Stockholm, Arbete och Halsa 1984:25, 1984, 75 pp. The present report describes an ergonomic and ergometric investigation of tank truck drivers engaged in the distribution of petroleum products. Twenty-two drivers were studied in the laboratory and during work in order to identify and measure high physical loads. Pulse recordings showed that the work is moderately strenuous. Dragging the hose from the tank truck to the filler pipe was most strenuous. There
Applied Ergonomics September1986
237