- Email: [email protected]
Research Note: Nutritive Value of Poultry By-Product Meal.
Research Note: Nutritive Value of Poultry By-Product Meal. 3. Incorporation into Practical Diets' R. R. ESCALONA P. and G. M. PESTI2 Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication July 24, 1985)
1987 Poultry Science 66:1067-1070 INTRODUCTION
Poultry by-product meal (PBPM) is the product produced from the clean parts of the carcasses of slaughtered poultry. By wet or dry rendering and removal of most of its oil, a meal is produced for animal feeding (Association of American Feed Control Officials, 1983). In common practice, PBPM often includes hatchery wastes, birds found dead on arrival at the processing plant, and perhaps dead breeders. Recently, the material called dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge (a high fat product) has been incorporated into PBPM by some companies as a means of disposing of it. The few papers on the feeding of PBPM attest to the success of the rendering industry in producing a good, universally accepted, product. Although PBPM from broilers has the potential of supplying 3 to 4% of the feed for subsequent lots of broilers, its feeding value has not been studied to the extent that would seem to be warranted. It was established in the middle 1950s that PBPM is a valuable ingredient in broiler diets, with growth-promoting properties similar to those of fish meal (Romoser, 1955; Fuller, 1956; Gerry, 1956; Wiseman etal, 1958). The factor(s) in PBPM responsible for growth pro-
1
Supported by State and Hatch funds allocated to the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations of the University of Georgia. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed.
motion have not been identified. The objective of these studies was to determine if samples of PBPM with dissimilar compositions would support similar performances when incorporated into practical diets on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis. Performance of the experimental diets was compared to an all-plant-based control diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Day-old male broiler chicks from a commercial hatchery were used in two experiments. Chicks were housed in temperature-controlled battery brooders with raised wire floors and constant illumination. Diets in mash form and water were supplied ad libitum. Mortality was recorded daily and feed consumption data were adjusted to account for any deaths on a chick-day basis. Poultry by-product meals were obtained from two plants in the Southeastern United States. They have previously been described with respect to metabolizable energy (ME) content and protein quality (Pesti et al., 1986; Escalona P. et al., 1986). Samples Number 5 and 7 were from Plant B (continuous flow). Number 5 was obtained on Monday morning (broiler waste only); Number 7 was obtained on Friday afternoon (broiler and hatchery wastes and dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge). Sample Number 8 was obtained from a plant with batch processing of broiler waste only (no hatchery waste or DAF sludge). Therefore samples Number 5 and 8 met
1067
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to investigate the value of poultry by-product meal (PBPM) when incorporated into practical diets at low levels (5 to 10%). Samples from one plant, a Monday morning sample (fresh broiler waste) and a Friday afternoon sample (broiler and hatchery waste and dissolved air flotation sludge) were compared to a sample from another plant (fresh broiler waste). When the samples were incorporated at the 5% level into isocaloric, isonitrogenous corn-soy meal-based practical diets, no differences in 20-day gain or feed efficiency could be detected between the samples or in comparison with the effects of feeding an all-plant-based control diet in two experiments. Chick growth and feed efficiency were significantly depressed when PBPM was incorporated into the diet at the 10% level. (Key words: poultry by-product meal, body weight gain, feed efficiency, dietary levels, broilers)
63.01 22.67 10.00 1.85 .65 .99 .25 .05 .05 .20 .04 .24 3.2 23.0 1.00 .50 .60 1.20 .93
58.59 29.96 5.00 3.53 .66 1.49 .25 .05 .05 .20 .22
3.2 23.0 1.00 .50 .59 1.24 .93
5.19 .67 1.98 .25 .05 .05 .21
.21
3.2 23.0 1.00 .50 .58 1.31 .93
54.23 37.17
(%)
Poultry by-produ
Provides .1 mg selenium/kg diet as sodium selenite.
"Based on National Research Council (1984) ingredient composition tables.
3
Provides [(ppm) diet] Mn, 60; Zn, 50; Fe, 30; Cu, 5:1, 1.05 ;Ca, 75 (min), 90 (max).
'Provides (per kg diet): vitamin A, 5,500 IU; vitamin D 3 , 1,100 ICU; vitamin E, 11 IU; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; Ca pa 220 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , 6.6 Mg; vitamin B6, 2.2 mg; menadione, 1.1 mg (as MSBC); folic acid, .55 mg; d-biotin, .11 mg; t quin, 125 mg.
Corn grain Soybean meal Poultry by-product meal Poultry oil Limestone ground Phosphate, defluorinated Vitamin premix 1 Mineral premix 2 Selenium premix 3 DL-Methionine L-Lysine Salt Composition by calculation 4 Metabolizable energy, kcal/g Protein, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % (nonphytate) Methionine (Met) Lysine Met + Cystine
Ingredients
Plant-based control
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets used in Experiments 1 a
loaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
RESEARCH NOTE
the definition of PBPM (Association of American Feed Control Officials, 1983), but Number 7 did not. However, Number 7 was sold commercially as PBPM. The three samples of PBPM were incorporated at 5 or 10% levels in isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, corn and soybean meal-based diets according to determined protein (62.25, 54.00, and 62.19%, respectively) and ME contents (3.76, 2.83, and 3.23 kcal/g dry matter, respectively) as shown in Table 1. Each test diet was fed to 8 pens of 10 male chicks each for 20 days. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and orthogonal comparisons were calculated using the general linear model procedures described in the SAS User's Guide (Statistical Analysis System Institute, Inc., 1982).
1069
basal and the other diets in gain and feed efficiency (P=.07 and .78, respectively) or between the basal and the PBPM diets at the 5% level (P= .21 and .99) (Table 2).A comparison between chicks fed the PBPM at the 5 and 10% levels showed highly significant differences in gain (P= .001); however, no significant differences in feed efficiency (P = . 11) were detected. DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Experiment 1. No significant differences (p= .98) between chicks fed the basal and the other diets were detected. Chicks fed the diet with 5% PBPM-No. 5 had significantly different gains (P= .03) than those fed 10% (Table 2). Experiment 2. Orthogonal comparisons indicated no significant differences between the
TABLE 2. Influence of three poultry by-product meals (PBPM) fed at three levels in isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, corn, and soybean meal-based diets on the gain and feed efficiency of male broiler chicks (Experiments 1 and 2) PBPM sample no.
0% Gain
1
Efficiency
Basal 5 7 8
490 t 7
Basal 5 7
520 + 5
Gain
Efficiency
Gain
Efficiency
(g)
(g)
(g)
Experiment 1
10%
5% 2
724 ± 6 500 ± 6
724 ± 4
480 ± 5 493 ± 8 489 ± 6
712 ± 5 723 ± 5 723 ± 10
518 + 4 519 ±5
757 ± 4 759 ± 13
506 ± 4 494 ± 7
737 ± 4 748 + 14
Experiment 2
Orthogonal comparisons (significance probabilities) Basal versus others Basal versus 5% PBPM 5 versus 10% PBPM PBPM No. 5 versus PBPM no. 7
747 ± 7
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Gain
Efficiency
Gain
Efficiency
.984 .300 .031
.565 .971 .166
.070 .208 .001 .309
.784 .985 .110 .511
1
Grams/20 days.
2
Feed efficiency = gain/consumption X 1,000.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
Earlier studies with purified diets showed that PBPM sample No. 5 was capable of supporting better growth than were the other samples when fed as the sole source of protein (Escalona P. et al., 1986). These results were not confirmed in Experiment 1 or 2 here when substitution was made into practical diets and the PBPM supplied only a small portion of the protein (Table 2). Results of these studies showed that chicks fed 5% PBPM had comparable performance to those fed the animal protein-free control diet (Table 2). However, Romoser (1955), Fuller (1956), Gerry (1956), and Wiseman et al. (1958) reported better results when chicks were fed PBPM supplements compared to chicks fed control diets. Any number of factors may con-
1070
ESCALONA P. AND PESTI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Supported by state and Hatch funds allocated to the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations of the University of Georgia. The authors gratefully acknowledge L. O. Faust for her able technical assistance. REFERENCES Association of American Feed Control Officials, 1983. Official publication, Assoc. Am. Feed Control Off., Inc., Charleston, WV. Bhargava, K. K., and J. B. O'Neil, 1975. Composition and utilization of poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 54:15111518. Escalona, P. R. R., G. M. Pesti, and P. D. Vaughters, 1986. The nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 2. Comparisons of methods of determining protein quality. Poultry Sci. 65:2268-2280. Fuller, H. L., 1956. The value of poultry by-products as sources of protein and unidentified growth factors in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 35:1143. (Abstr.) Gerry, R. W., 1956. The use of poultry by-products in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 35:1144. (Abstr.) National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. I. Nutrient requirements of poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Pesti, G. M., L. O. Faust, H. L. Fuller, N. M. Dale, and F. H. Benoff, 1986. Nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 1. Metabolizable energy. Poultry Sci. 65:2258-2267. Romoser, G. L., 1955. Studies on feather meal, poultry by-product meal and methionine in broiler rations. Feedstuffs27(18):48-50. SAS Institute, Inc., 1982. SAS User's Guide: Basics. 1982 ed. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. Wiseman, E. L., C. E. Holmes, and R. W. Engel, 1958. Utilization of poultry by-products in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 37:834-838.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
tribute to these differences in results. In addition to variation in composition and processing of the different protein sources tested, other conditions in the studies were different. Neither isonitrogenous nor isocaloric diets were fed in the early studies. In the present study, experimental diets were both isonitrogenous and isocaloric and eight replicates per treatment were used to make small differences easier to detect. Bhargava and O'Neil (1975) observed equal or significantly superior results in a series of experiments with chicks fed a poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal combination when compared with feeding an animal proteinfree control diet. Differences between their results and those obtained in this study where only PBPM was fed could have resulted from differences in the composition of the poultry meals used in the respective basal diets. Also in the study of Bhargava and O'Neil wheat-soybean meal diets were fed in contrast to corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in this research (Table 1). Amino acid in the wheat-soybean diets may be complemented by those in PBPM, resulting in improved growth. No such improvement in growth was noted in these studies. Therefore differences in amino acid composition of the poultry meals or basal diets may have influenced the results. The PBPM appears to have no value in excess of its nutrient composition when fed at 5% of a corn and soybean meal-based diet. However, inclusion of 10% PBPM causes a slight growth depression, detracting greatly from its value.
1987 Poultry Science 66:1067-1070 INTRODUCTION
Poultry by-product meal (PBPM) is the product produced from the clean parts of the carcasses of slaughtered poultry. By wet or dry rendering and removal of most of its oil, a meal is produced for animal feeding (Association of American Feed Control Officials, 1983). In common practice, PBPM often includes hatchery wastes, birds found dead on arrival at the processing plant, and perhaps dead breeders. Recently, the material called dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge (a high fat product) has been incorporated into PBPM by some companies as a means of disposing of it. The few papers on the feeding of PBPM attest to the success of the rendering industry in producing a good, universally accepted, product. Although PBPM from broilers has the potential of supplying 3 to 4% of the feed for subsequent lots of broilers, its feeding value has not been studied to the extent that would seem to be warranted. It was established in the middle 1950s that PBPM is a valuable ingredient in broiler diets, with growth-promoting properties similar to those of fish meal (Romoser, 1955; Fuller, 1956; Gerry, 1956; Wiseman etal, 1958). The factor(s) in PBPM responsible for growth pro-
1
Supported by State and Hatch funds allocated to the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations of the University of Georgia. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed.
motion have not been identified. The objective of these studies was to determine if samples of PBPM with dissimilar compositions would support similar performances when incorporated into practical diets on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis. Performance of the experimental diets was compared to an all-plant-based control diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Day-old male broiler chicks from a commercial hatchery were used in two experiments. Chicks were housed in temperature-controlled battery brooders with raised wire floors and constant illumination. Diets in mash form and water were supplied ad libitum. Mortality was recorded daily and feed consumption data were adjusted to account for any deaths on a chick-day basis. Poultry by-product meals were obtained from two plants in the Southeastern United States. They have previously been described with respect to metabolizable energy (ME) content and protein quality (Pesti et al., 1986; Escalona P. et al., 1986). Samples Number 5 and 7 were from Plant B (continuous flow). Number 5 was obtained on Monday morning (broiler waste only); Number 7 was obtained on Friday afternoon (broiler and hatchery wastes and dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge). Sample Number 8 was obtained from a plant with batch processing of broiler waste only (no hatchery waste or DAF sludge). Therefore samples Number 5 and 8 met
1067
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to investigate the value of poultry by-product meal (PBPM) when incorporated into practical diets at low levels (5 to 10%). Samples from one plant, a Monday morning sample (fresh broiler waste) and a Friday afternoon sample (broiler and hatchery waste and dissolved air flotation sludge) were compared to a sample from another plant (fresh broiler waste). When the samples were incorporated at the 5% level into isocaloric, isonitrogenous corn-soy meal-based practical diets, no differences in 20-day gain or feed efficiency could be detected between the samples or in comparison with the effects of feeding an all-plant-based control diet in two experiments. Chick growth and feed efficiency were significantly depressed when PBPM was incorporated into the diet at the 10% level. (Key words: poultry by-product meal, body weight gain, feed efficiency, dietary levels, broilers)
63.01 22.67 10.00 1.85 .65 .99 .25 .05 .05 .20 .04 .24 3.2 23.0 1.00 .50 .60 1.20 .93
58.59 29.96 5.00 3.53 .66 1.49 .25 .05 .05 .20 .22
3.2 23.0 1.00 .50 .59 1.24 .93
5.19 .67 1.98 .25 .05 .05 .21
.21
3.2 23.0 1.00 .50 .58 1.31 .93
54.23 37.17
(%)
Poultry by-produ
Provides .1 mg selenium/kg diet as sodium selenite.
"Based on National Research Council (1984) ingredient composition tables.
3
Provides [(ppm) diet] Mn, 60; Zn, 50; Fe, 30; Cu, 5:1, 1.05 ;Ca, 75 (min), 90 (max).
'Provides (per kg diet): vitamin A, 5,500 IU; vitamin D 3 , 1,100 ICU; vitamin E, 11 IU; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; Ca pa 220 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , 6.6 Mg; vitamin B6, 2.2 mg; menadione, 1.1 mg (as MSBC); folic acid, .55 mg; d-biotin, .11 mg; t quin, 125 mg.
Corn grain Soybean meal Poultry by-product meal Poultry oil Limestone ground Phosphate, defluorinated Vitamin premix 1 Mineral premix 2 Selenium premix 3 DL-Methionine L-Lysine Salt Composition by calculation 4 Metabolizable energy, kcal/g Protein, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % (nonphytate) Methionine (Met) Lysine Met + Cystine
Ingredients
Plant-based control
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets used in Experiments 1 a
loaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
RESEARCH NOTE
the definition of PBPM (Association of American Feed Control Officials, 1983), but Number 7 did not. However, Number 7 was sold commercially as PBPM. The three samples of PBPM were incorporated at 5 or 10% levels in isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, corn and soybean meal-based diets according to determined protein (62.25, 54.00, and 62.19%, respectively) and ME contents (3.76, 2.83, and 3.23 kcal/g dry matter, respectively) as shown in Table 1. Each test diet was fed to 8 pens of 10 male chicks each for 20 days. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and orthogonal comparisons were calculated using the general linear model procedures described in the SAS User's Guide (Statistical Analysis System Institute, Inc., 1982).
1069
basal and the other diets in gain and feed efficiency (P=.07 and .78, respectively) or between the basal and the PBPM diets at the 5% level (P= .21 and .99) (Table 2).A comparison between chicks fed the PBPM at the 5 and 10% levels showed highly significant differences in gain (P= .001); however, no significant differences in feed efficiency (P = . 11) were detected. DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Experiment 1. No significant differences (p= .98) between chicks fed the basal and the other diets were detected. Chicks fed the diet with 5% PBPM-No. 5 had significantly different gains (P= .03) than those fed 10% (Table 2). Experiment 2. Orthogonal comparisons indicated no significant differences between the
TABLE 2. Influence of three poultry by-product meals (PBPM) fed at three levels in isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, corn, and soybean meal-based diets on the gain and feed efficiency of male broiler chicks (Experiments 1 and 2) PBPM sample no.
0% Gain
1
Efficiency
Basal 5 7 8
490 t 7
Basal 5 7
520 + 5
Gain
Efficiency
Gain
Efficiency
(g)
(g)
(g)
Experiment 1
10%
5% 2
724 ± 6 500 ± 6
724 ± 4
480 ± 5 493 ± 8 489 ± 6
712 ± 5 723 ± 5 723 ± 10
518 + 4 519 ±5
757 ± 4 759 ± 13
506 ± 4 494 ± 7
737 ± 4 748 + 14
Experiment 2
Orthogonal comparisons (significance probabilities) Basal versus others Basal versus 5% PBPM 5 versus 10% PBPM PBPM No. 5 versus PBPM no. 7
747 ± 7
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Gain
Efficiency
Gain
Efficiency
.984 .300 .031
.565 .971 .166
.070 .208 .001 .309
.784 .985 .110 .511
1
Grams/20 days.
2
Feed efficiency = gain/consumption X 1,000.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
Earlier studies with purified diets showed that PBPM sample No. 5 was capable of supporting better growth than were the other samples when fed as the sole source of protein (Escalona P. et al., 1986). These results were not confirmed in Experiment 1 or 2 here when substitution was made into practical diets and the PBPM supplied only a small portion of the protein (Table 2). Results of these studies showed that chicks fed 5% PBPM had comparable performance to those fed the animal protein-free control diet (Table 2). However, Romoser (1955), Fuller (1956), Gerry (1956), and Wiseman et al. (1958) reported better results when chicks were fed PBPM supplements compared to chicks fed control diets. Any number of factors may con-
1070
ESCALONA P. AND PESTI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Supported by state and Hatch funds allocated to the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations of the University of Georgia. The authors gratefully acknowledge L. O. Faust for her able technical assistance. REFERENCES Association of American Feed Control Officials, 1983. Official publication, Assoc. Am. Feed Control Off., Inc., Charleston, WV. Bhargava, K. K., and J. B. O'Neil, 1975. Composition and utilization of poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 54:15111518. Escalona, P. R. R., G. M. Pesti, and P. D. Vaughters, 1986. The nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 2. Comparisons of methods of determining protein quality. Poultry Sci. 65:2268-2280. Fuller, H. L., 1956. The value of poultry by-products as sources of protein and unidentified growth factors in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 35:1143. (Abstr.) Gerry, R. W., 1956. The use of poultry by-products in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 35:1144. (Abstr.) National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. I. Nutrient requirements of poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Pesti, G. M., L. O. Faust, H. L. Fuller, N. M. Dale, and F. H. Benoff, 1986. Nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 1. Metabolizable energy. Poultry Sci. 65:2258-2267. Romoser, G. L., 1955. Studies on feather meal, poultry by-product meal and methionine in broiler rations. Feedstuffs27(18):48-50. SAS Institute, Inc., 1982. SAS User's Guide: Basics. 1982 ed. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC. Wiseman, E. L., C. E. Holmes, and R. W. Engel, 1958. Utilization of poultry by-products in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 37:834-838.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on June 12, 2015
tribute to these differences in results. In addition to variation in composition and processing of the different protein sources tested, other conditions in the studies were different. Neither isonitrogenous nor isocaloric diets were fed in the early studies. In the present study, experimental diets were both isonitrogenous and isocaloric and eight replicates per treatment were used to make small differences easier to detect. Bhargava and O'Neil (1975) observed equal or significantly superior results in a series of experiments with chicks fed a poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal combination when compared with feeding an animal proteinfree control diet. Differences between their results and those obtained in this study where only PBPM was fed could have resulted from differences in the composition of the poultry meals used in the respective basal diets. Also in the study of Bhargava and O'Neil wheat-soybean meal diets were fed in contrast to corn-soybean meal-based diets fed in this research (Table 1). Amino acid in the wheat-soybean diets may be complemented by those in PBPM, resulting in improved growth. No such improvement in growth was noted in these studies. Therefore differences in amino acid composition of the poultry meals or basal diets may have influenced the results. The PBPM appears to have no value in excess of its nutrient composition when fed at 5% of a corn and soybean meal-based diet. However, inclusion of 10% PBPM causes a slight growth depression, detracting greatly from its value.