- Email: [email protected]
Research on grinding forces of a bionic engineered grinding wheel
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Manufacturing Processes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/manpro
Research on grinding forces of a bionic engineered grinding wheel a,
a
b
Haiyue Yu *, Weilun Zhang , Yushan Lyu , Jun Wang a b c
T
c
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, PR China
A R T I C LE I N FO
A B S T R A C T
Keywords: grinding force bionic dynamic cutting points grinding fluid phyllotaxis
Higher grinding forces have harmful impact on service life of grinding wheel and surface integrity of workpiece. Large supply of cutting fluid is often used to lower grinding force by improving lubrication condition, but it will cause various environmental threats. In this paper, an engineered grinding wheel (EGW) bio-inspired by phyllotaxis was developed to lower grinding forces with eco-friendly process, and the characteristic of the bionic EGW about grinding forces was studied. After conducting the contrast experiments of grinding forces generated by some EGWs and Non-EGW for the workpiece of titanium alloy, the results were obtained: the bionic EGW could obtain lower grinding forces because of its higher utilization of grinding fluid and bigger density of dynamic cutting points (DCP); The grinding forces of bionic EGW was negative correlation with phyllotactic coefficient. This research will supply new theoretic foundation for the development of high-efficiency and green grinding.
Introduction Grinding is one of the most common precision machining method because of its low cost, high machining efficiency and good finish quality [1]. Higher grinding force is a negative factors which will affect the grinding performance including the wear of grinding wheel, workpiece surface quality, and deformation of process system [2–4]. In order to reduce grinding forces, the traditional method of pouring liquid is always used to improve the lubricating property. However, the traditional method not only has lower efficiency, but also could cause various environmental threats, operator hazards and waste of resources [5]. Based on related researches, three kind of green methods to reduce grinding force are summarized: ① Improving the property of grinding fluid; ② Grinding with assisted methods; ③ Changing the structure of a grinding wheel. Improving the property of grinding fluid is a direct way to lower grinding forces. H. Esmaeili et al. [6] used the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) as coolant-lubricant medium to lower 37.95% grinding force than that in dry grinding when ceramic matrix composites were ground. S. Paul et al. [7] developed the nanofluid with MoS2 nanoparticles which can improve the lubrication function of grinding fluid and lower grinding force of WC-Co. J. Elanchezhian et al. [8] conducted Ti-6Al-4 V alloy grinding experiments under cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen, in which the tangential force and normal force were
⁎
reduced by 27% and 38% than that in wet grinding. In order to increase lubricating property maximumly, J. Zhang et al.[9] combined the methods of MQL, nanofluid and cryogenic cooling organically to decrease grinding forces. Grinding with assisted methods to reduce grinding forces always introduce other energy field to improve grinding condition. X. Yu et al. [10] obtained lower grinding force than that in common wet grinding by using the method of electrochemical grinding (ECG), in which electrochemical energy was introduced. J. Y. Shen et al. [11] found that grinding forces will be reduced in ultrasonic assisted grinding (UAG), which contribute to the self-sharpening property of grits enhanced by ultrasonic energy. S. S. Li et al. [12] introduced the methods of ECG and UAG together to grinding Ti-6Al-4 V and obtained lower grinding forces more than 50%. P. H. Lee et al. [13] reduced grinding force with electrostatic lubrication (ESL) technology which can help more grinding fluid flow into grinding zone by electric energy. Laser-assisted grinding (LAG) also can obtain lower grinding force because of local lower yield strength on workpiece caused by optical energy, which is especially suitable for the processing of hard and brittle materials [14]. Changing the structure of a grinding wheel is another way to reduce grinding forces. X. Fan et al. [15] found that the average grinding forces will be reduced by using segmental wheels due to the size effect. T. Nguyen et al. [16] changed the matrix of segmental wheels to place the nozzle inside the grinding wheel, which can effectively reduce grinding
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Yu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.10.031 Received 30 July 2019; Received in revised form 9 October 2019; Accepted 27 October 2019 1526-6125/ © 2019 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
forces by radial coolant supply. Through dressing, smaller scale of structure on grinding wheel can be obtained than segmental wheels. A. Zahedi et al. [17] changed the surface topography of grinding wheel on the micron scale using picosecond laser. This kind of structured grinding wheel can reduce grinding forces up to 60%. Another structured grinding wheel named engineered grinding wheel (EGW) whose abrasive grains are arranged in pre-defined patterns, which also can reduce grinding forces effectively [18]. J. Yin et al. [19] manufactured one kind of engineered grinding wheel with positive rake angle of grains which was supposed to lower grinding forces. Some key issues in grinding can be solved by bionics ingeniously and effectively [20]. Moreover, bionics can improve the green property and achieve environment friendly result [21]. Therefore, bionic method was used to lower grinding forces in this paper. The arranging grains of engineered grinding was design bio-inspired by phyllotaxis, which is evolved by leaves of plants. In order to compare, serval other kinds of EGWs with the same grain density were manufactured. The experiments of grinding forces were conducted to validate the superiority and investigate the characteristic of the bionic EGW.
⎧r = R ϕ=n×α ⎨ ⎩z = n × h
(1)
(2) Manufacturing of bionic EGW The bionic EGW is manufactured by the combined application of the photoetching technology and electroplating technology. Nine key steps are operated which is shown in Fig. 2. To verify the hypothesis that the bionic EGW will have lower grinding forces, the grinding experiments were designed and conducted. Our previous research proved that lower surface roughness of workpiece can been generated by this kind of bionic EGW [25]. However, lower surface roughness of workpiece with higher grinding force is meaningless. Therefore, the grinding forces of this kind of bionic EGW will be studied below. Experiment settings Eight grinding wheels with 40/50# CBN grains were manufactured based on Fig. 1, whose parameters are shown in Table 1. It's worth noting that the grinding wheel with random grains (Non-EGW) was designed with the help of uniform distribution function to ensure the uniform distribution of grains as much as possible and optimized to avoid overlapping of grains’ locations. The grains’ pattern of general EGW is shown in Fig. 3. Higher cutting forces of titanium alloys are often generated due to the characteristics of the grinding method and the material properties of workpiece[27], which will affect the grinding performance negatively including increasing the wear of grinding tools, reduce processing quality of workpiece, and producing deformation of processing system [28,29]. Therefore, the titanium alloys material TC4 was chosen as the workpiece to test bionic EGWs. The machine tool is DMU50 and the dynamometer of KISTLER is the measuring tool for the grinding forces in up-surface grinding experiments. The parameters of grinding process in experiments are described by Table 2. Three times experiments were conducted for each group of parameters and the mean value of measuring results was used to discuss.
Materials and Methods Bionic EGW (1) The bionic prototype Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of leaves, whose sketch map of cylindrical spiral model is shown in Fig. 1 [22]. Phyllotactic coefficient (h) is the constant distance between successive leaves numbered in Fig. 1. Ri is the radius of number leaf i in the cylindrical spiral model. Divergence angle (α) named golden ratio is equal to 2π⋅τ 2 , in which 5 −1 τ = 2 [23]. This kind of golden divergence angle makes phyllotaxis conform to the Fibonacci numbers [24]. Therefore, golden divergence angle is the core of phyllotaxis, by which every leaf will be active to absorb sunlight as far as possible. In addition, phyllotaxis has special hydrodynamic characteristics which can help fluid flow through the gaps between the leaves. There are two main ways to reduce grinding force: enhancing lubrication and reducing occurrence of sliding rubbing. As shown above, if the EGW was designed considering the phyllotaxis, the hydrodynamic characteristics of phyllotaxis may help more grinding fluid flow into grinding zone to enhance lubrication. The golden arrangement of phyllotaxis may make more grains into dynamic cutting points to promote the cutting function and thus reduce occurrence of sliding rubbing. According to the preliminary analysis, introducing the phyllotaxis into the design of bionic EGW is feasible. The bionic mathematics model can be given in Eq. (1) based on Fig. 1 and the shape of grinding wheel. Where: r, φ and z are the cylindrical coordinates, R is the radius of cylindrical grinding wheel, n is the number of grains on cylindrical, α and h is the parameters obtained by phyllotaxis.
Results and discussion The measuring results about the grinding forces of grinding wheels with the same grain density are shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the grinding forces of the EGWs are lower than that of the Non-EGW, which proved the advantage of the EGWs, although the NonEGW 8 is designed by the help of the uniform distribution function. The active grains acting as DCP of Non-EGW is lower than that of EGWs [30], which will increase the proportion of ploughing forces and sliding rubbing forces and decrease the proportion of cutting forces generated by grains in grinding. The ploughing force or sliding rubbing force is larger than the cutting force relatively in the same process of grinding. Therefore, the total forces of grinding force generated by Non-EGW 8 is larger. Moreover, the regular gapes between grains on the EGWs could help the grinding fluid flow into contact area between the grinding wheel and the workpiece to enhance the lubricating condition. It can be seen as another reason that EGWs have lower grinding forces than that of the grinding wheel with random grains. The grinding forces generated by the bionic grinding wheel were the lowest among the EGWs. It can be understood by the quantitative analysis of DCP density. The DCP density can be calculated from the Eq. (2) modelled by our previous work [31]. k
b
y
Nd = ∑0 ∫c P (Z ; Y ) × (1 − ∫0 f (y ) dy ) dY S Fig. 1. The sketch map of phyllotaxis [22].
where: 186
(2)
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
Fig. 2. Manufacturing process of the bionic EGW [26]. Table 1 Parameters for the eight grinding wheels (φ = 100 mm). number
1
2
classify type
EGW Bionic EGW
h(μm) a(mm) b(mm) c(mm) σ(mm) Density (mm-2)
1.6 × × × × 1.99
1.7 × × × × 1.87
3
4
5
6
7
General EGW
1.8 × × × × 1.77
1.9 × × × × 1.66
2.0 × × × × 1.59
× 0.7520 0.7520 0.7520 45° 1.77
× 1.0633 0.5317 0 45° 1.77
Table 2 Parameters of grinding process. 8
Parameters
Value
Non-EGW Grinding wheel with random grains × × × × × 1.77
Wheel rotate speed n (r/min) Workpiece speed vw (mm/s) Grinding depth ap (μm) Grinding width (mm) Jet velocity of cooling fluid (m/s)
3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 50, 80, 110, 140, 170, 200 10 10
Fig. 4. The grinding forces at n = 5000 r/min, vw = 5 mm/s, ap = 50mμ.
Fig. 3. The grain pattern of general EGW [25].
Fig. 5. The DCP density of EGWs at n = 5000 r/min, vw = 5 mm/s, ap = 50mμ.
187
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
P (Z , Y ) ⎡ (vs + vw ) = exp ⎢− ⎢ 2hπ × vw × ds 2 + dgmax ⎣
(
Z
)
CB
∫Z ⎡⎣∫AC
2f (y )×a
B
⎤ × tan(θ) dy⎤ dZ⎥ ⎦ ⎥ ⎦ (vs + vw ) lc − [(ds /2 + dgmax ) − Y ] × tan δi ⎤ ⎡− 2 ⎢ 2hπ × v × ds + dg lc − ( ds + dgmax ) − (Y − ( ds + dgmax ))2 ⎥ w 2 max 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ dgmax ⎥ = exp ⎢ [Y − (ds /2 + dg )]2 + (Z − l )2 − ds /2 2f (y ) c max ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ × (y − ( [Y − (ds /2 + dg )]2 + (Z − l )2 − ds /2)) ⎥ c max ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ × tan(θ) dy dZ ⎦ ⎣
(
)
∫
∫
Fig. 7. The useful flow rate in grinding area of EGWs.
forces of EGW 6. On the side, the distance between grains axial direction of EGW 7 is shorter than that of EGW 6 based on Table 1, which leads to smaller maximum undeformed chip (MUC) width. Then, the mean MUC thickness of EGW 7 will be larger at the same material removal rate. Due to the “size effect”, smaller mean maximum undeformed chip thickness will result in bigger grinding forces, for which the EGW 7 has lower grinding forces than that of EGW 6. For further studying EGWs especially bionic EGW, the useful flow rate in grinding area was calculated (in Fig. 7). The same to what we expected, the bionic EGW has the best lubricating condition because of the biggest useful flow rate. It attributes to the regular gaps generated by the phyllotactic pattern with special hydrodynamic characteristics. In nature, the wind and rainstorm are the main lodging threat to plants. Phyllotaxis was evolved by natural selection to reduce resistance for survival, which can guide fluid to flow through the gaps between the leaves more easily [33]. The bionic pattern introduced into EGW also can help the grinding fluid flow into the grinding zone and increase the utilization of grinding fluid as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. It means that less supply of grinding fluid can achieve the same lubrication effect by using the bionic EGW. Therefore, the grinding using the bionic EGW is much greener than others. To verify the advantage owned by the bionic EGW strongly, the grinding forces for grinding wheels of number 3,6,7,8 were tested at different processing parameters. It can be seen from Fig. 8 that the bionic EGW performs better invariably at different parameters, which further proves its superiority of reducing grinding forces. Then, the change rules of grinding forces of the EGWs is discussed below. According to the results in Fig. 8, the grinding forces decrease gradually along with the rising wheel rotate speed. The material removal ratio will remain the same when other grinding parameters unchanged. Higher wheel rotate speed will result in more grains taking part in cutting workpiece over a period of time. Then, lower energy will be consumed in cutting for a grain. The contact arc length (l) is almost unchanged based on Eq. (4) when the wheel rotate speed increases.
(3) The DCP density of EGWs under the parameters in Fig. 4 is shown in Fig. 5. The value of each DCP density in Fig. 5 is the mean value of 100 times calculation at different rotated angle of each grinding wheel. The DCP density of bionic EGW 3 is much higher than that of other EGWs, which can be used to understand the phenomenon in Fig. 4. The ploughing force and cutting force caused by DCP are lower than the sliding rubbing force in grinding process. The DCP density of the bionic EGW is the most, which can lower grinding forces. It can be also be explained from bionics. The leaves are the major organ to conduct photosynthesis to absorb energy. It means that higher density of leaves can absorb more energy. However, the higher density of leaves will consume more bioenergy and increase the lodging risk of plants. To overcome the contradiction, the phyllotaxis was evolved to make the leaves more active, which also works better to increase active grains with higher DCP density. According to the above analysis, lower DCP density will result in higher grinding force. However, the grinding forces of EGW 6 with higher DCP density has larger grinding forces than that of EGW 7. The abnormal phenomenon may be led by different lubricating condition. The lubricating condition can be reflected by the quantity of grinding fluid flowing into the grinding zone, which can be obtained by numerical simulation. Not just for analysing the grinding forces of EGW 6 and EGW 7, but for further studying the bionic EGW 3, the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model of grinding zone with flowing fluid was built based on the modelling method in reference [32]. The trajectories of grinding fluid of each EGW are shown in Fig. 6 after simulating calculation. It is obvious that the EGW 6 has less grinding fluid in grinding zone as seen in Fig. 6, which lead to poor lubrication in grinding. As a result, its grinding forces were the largest. Consequently, the lubrication played a more important role than the DCP density for the grinding
Fig. 6. The trajectories of grinding fluid in grinding zone at n = 5000 r/min, vw = 5 mm/s, ap = 50mμ. 188
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
The changing rule of grinding forces along with grinding depth and workpiece speed were the same. Three is more material removal when the workpiece speed and grinding depth increase, so that higher energy consumption in grinding process produces. Grinding forces are the representation of cutting energy, for which larger grinding forces will be leaded to. The phyllotactic coefficient is the parameter owned by the bionic EGW uniquely, which cannot be ignored in the study of grinding forces. The grinding forces of bionic grinding wheels with different phyllotactic coefficient (EGW1-5) are measured and shown in Fig. 9. Grinding forces decrease first quickly, then slowly with the increasing phyllotactic coefficient. Larger phyllotactic coefficient will cause lower density of grains based on Fig. 1, which means fewer grains in contact zone between workpiece and grinding wheel. The grinding forces of a grain will increase due to more material removal. The overall change of grinding forces in Fig. 9 illustrates that the influence of increasing grinding force generated by single grain is less than that of the decreasing grains’ number. The change tendency of grain density along with phyllotactic coefficient is similar to the change rule of grinding forces in Fig. 9 based on Eq. (1), which means the effect of the grain density on decreasing grinding forces is gradually smaller than that of increasing grinding forces of single grain. Conclusions The study of the grinding forces generated by the EGWs has been conducted in this paper. Through comparing and analysing, the EGW bio-inspired by phyllotaxis can reduce grinding force effectively without supplying more grinding fluid, which is attributed to its larger DCP density and higher useful flow rate. In order to further understand the property of the bionic EGW, the changing rules of grinding forces is obtained: The grinding forces diminish when the wheel rotate speed and phyllotactic coefficient increase, and enlarge with larger workpiece speed and grinding depth. The research supply new way to optimize the cutting tool to promote the development of green and high-efficiency grinding. Furthermore, an effective solution for high-quality grinding of difficult-to-cut material is obtained from this paper. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Fig. 8. Grinding forces at different processing parameters.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for this work from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51175352, 11873007). Education Department of Jilin Province "13th five-year" science and technology project (Grant no. JJKH20191301KJ) References [1] Malkin S, Guo C. Grinding technology: theory and application of machining with abrasives. New York: Industrial Press Inc; 2008. [2] Xiao X, Zheng K, Liao W, Meng H. Study on cutting force model in ultrasonic vibration assisted side grinding of zirconia ceramics. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2016;104:58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.01.004. [3] Zhang Z, Huo F, Wu Y, Huang H. Grinding of silicon wafers using an ultrafine diamond wheel of a hybrid bond material. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2011;51(1):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2010.10.006. [4] Badger JA, Torrance AA. A comparison of two models to predict grinding forces from wheel surface topography. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2000;40(8):1099–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(99)00116-9. [5] Mukhopadhyay M, Kundu PK, Das S. Experimental investigation on enhancing grindability using alkaline-based fluid for grinding Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Manuf Processes 2018;33(16):1775–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2018. 1476759. [6] Esmaeili H, Adibi H, Rezaei SM. An efficient strategy for grinding carbon fiber-
Fig. 9. The change of grinding forces along with different phyllotactic coefficient (n = 5000 r/min, ap = 50 μm, vw = 5 mm/s).
Therefore, the amount of grains in the grinding area is also unchanged almost, which will lead to lower total material removal energy. This way, grinding forces will be decreased.
l = rs (1 +
vw ) ds a p vs
(4) 189
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10] [11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15] [16]
[17]
[18] [19]
2018;124(12):859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2290-1. [20] Linke BS, Moreno J. New concepts for bio-inspired sustainable grinding. J Manuf Processes 2015;19:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.05.008. [21] Ren L, Liang Y. The Introduction of Bionics. Beijing: Science Press Inc; 2016. [22] Okabe T, Ishida A, Yoshimura J. The unified rule of phyllotaxis explaining both spiral and non-spiral arrangements. J R Soc Interface 2019;16(151):20180850https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0850. [23] Bergeron F, Reutenauer C. Golden ratio and phyllotaxis, a clear mathematical link. J Math Biol 2019;78(1-2):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-018-1265-3. [24] Mughal A, Weaire D. Phyllotaxis, disk packing, and Fibonacci numbers. Phys Rev E 2017;95(2):022401https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.022401. [25] Yu H, Jun W, Lu Y. Simulation of grinding surface roughness using the grinding wheel with an abrasive phyllotactic pattern. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2016;84(58):861–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7722-x. [26] Lyu Y, Yu H, Wang J. Green manufacturing with a bionic surface structured grinding wheel-specific energy analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019;104(5–8):2999–3005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04159-2. [27] Madarkar R, Agarwal S, Attar P, Ghosh S, Rao PV. Application of ultrasonic vibration assisted MQL in grinding of Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Manuf Processes 2018;33(13):1445–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1415451. [28] Singh SK, Dutta SR, Madhukar DK, Sinha AK. Grindability Improving of Titanium alloy by Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication with Pneumatic Nozzle. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 2018;377(1):012217https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/377/ 1/012217. [29] Yang CY, Xu JH, Ding WF. Grinding force in creep feed grinding of titanium alloy with monolayer brazed CBN wheels. Adv Mater Res 2012;565:94–9. https://doi. org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.565.94. [30] Chen C, Gong YL, Yan L, Deng ZH, Wu XP. Recent status and advances of ordered grinding wheel. Mod Manuf Eng 2015;12:140–6. https://doi.org/10.16731/j.cnki. 1671-3133.2015.12.006. [31] Yu H, Wang J, Lu Y. Modeling and analysis of dynamic cutting points density of the grinding wheel with an abrasive phyllotactic pattern. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2016;86(5-8):1933–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-8262-0. [32] Yu H, Lyu Y, Wang J, Wang X. A biomimetic engineered grinding wheel inspired by phyllotaxis theory. J Mater Process Technol 2018;251:267–81. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.08.041. [33] Shen F, Zhang W, Li D. Origins and development of research on phyllotaxis. J Northeast For Res 2006;34(5):83–6. https://doi.org/10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.2006.05. 031.
reinforced silicon carbide composite using minimum quantity lubricant. Ceram Int 2019;45(8):10852–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.02.163. Paul S, Ghosh A. Suitability of aqueous MoS2 nanofluid for small quantity cooling lubrication–assisted diamond grinding of WC-Co cermets. P I Mech Eng B-J Eng 2019;233(2):426–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405417739037. Elanchezhian J, Kumar MP, Manimaran G. Grinding titanium Ti-6Al-4V alloy with electroplated cubic boron nitride wheel under cryogenic cooling. J Mech Sci Technol 2015;29(11):4885–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-1036-7. Zhang J, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang M, Jia D, Liu G, Li R, Zhang N, Cao H. Experimental assessment of an environmentally friendly grinding process using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication with cryogenic air. J Cleaner Prod 2018;193:236–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.009. Yu X, Huang S, Xu L. ELID grinding characteristics of SiCp/Al composites. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2016;86(5-8):1165–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-8235-3. Shen JY, Wang JQ, Jiang B, Xu XP. Study on wear of diamond wheel in ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding ceramic. Wear 2015;332:788–93. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wear.2015.02.047. Li SS, Wu YB, Nomura M. Fundamental investigation of ultrasonic assisted pulsed electrochemical grinding of Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Sci Forum 2016;874:279–84. https:// doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.874.279. Lee PH, Kim JW, Lee SW. Experimental characterization on eco-friendly microgrinding process of titanium alloy using air flow assisted electrospray lubrication with nanofluid. J Cleaner Prod 2018;201:452–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2018.07.307. Li Z, Zhang F, Luo X, Chang W, Cai Y, Zhong W, Ding F. Material removal mechanism of laser-assisted grinding of RB-SiC ceramics and process optimization. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019;39(4):705–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018. 11.002. Fan X, Miller MH. Force analysis for grinding with segmental wheels. Mach Sci Technol 2016;10(4):435–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10910340600996142. Nguyen T, Zhang LC. Performance of a new segmented grinding wheel system. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2009;49(3-4):291–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools. 2008.10.015. Zahedi A, Azarhoushang B. Microstructuring strategies of CBN grinding wheels. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2017;91(9-12):3925–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-0170044-4. Li HN, Axinte D. Textured grinding wheels: A review. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2016;109:8–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.07.001. Yin J, Chen G, Xiong B, Zhu Z, Jin M. Femtosecond pulsed laser fabrication of a novel SCD grinding tool with positive rake angle. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process
190
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Manufacturing Processes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/manpro
Research on grinding forces of a bionic engineered grinding wheel a,
a
b
Haiyue Yu *, Weilun Zhang , Yushan Lyu , Jun Wang a b c
T
c
School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, PR China School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, PR China
A R T I C LE I N FO
A B S T R A C T
Keywords: grinding force bionic dynamic cutting points grinding fluid phyllotaxis
Higher grinding forces have harmful impact on service life of grinding wheel and surface integrity of workpiece. Large supply of cutting fluid is often used to lower grinding force by improving lubrication condition, but it will cause various environmental threats. In this paper, an engineered grinding wheel (EGW) bio-inspired by phyllotaxis was developed to lower grinding forces with eco-friendly process, and the characteristic of the bionic EGW about grinding forces was studied. After conducting the contrast experiments of grinding forces generated by some EGWs and Non-EGW for the workpiece of titanium alloy, the results were obtained: the bionic EGW could obtain lower grinding forces because of its higher utilization of grinding fluid and bigger density of dynamic cutting points (DCP); The grinding forces of bionic EGW was negative correlation with phyllotactic coefficient. This research will supply new theoretic foundation for the development of high-efficiency and green grinding.
Introduction Grinding is one of the most common precision machining method because of its low cost, high machining efficiency and good finish quality [1]. Higher grinding force is a negative factors which will affect the grinding performance including the wear of grinding wheel, workpiece surface quality, and deformation of process system [2–4]. In order to reduce grinding forces, the traditional method of pouring liquid is always used to improve the lubricating property. However, the traditional method not only has lower efficiency, but also could cause various environmental threats, operator hazards and waste of resources [5]. Based on related researches, three kind of green methods to reduce grinding force are summarized: ① Improving the property of grinding fluid; ② Grinding with assisted methods; ③ Changing the structure of a grinding wheel. Improving the property of grinding fluid is a direct way to lower grinding forces. H. Esmaeili et al. [6] used the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) as coolant-lubricant medium to lower 37.95% grinding force than that in dry grinding when ceramic matrix composites were ground. S. Paul et al. [7] developed the nanofluid with MoS2 nanoparticles which can improve the lubrication function of grinding fluid and lower grinding force of WC-Co. J. Elanchezhian et al. [8] conducted Ti-6Al-4 V alloy grinding experiments under cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen, in which the tangential force and normal force were
⁎
reduced by 27% and 38% than that in wet grinding. In order to increase lubricating property maximumly, J. Zhang et al.[9] combined the methods of MQL, nanofluid and cryogenic cooling organically to decrease grinding forces. Grinding with assisted methods to reduce grinding forces always introduce other energy field to improve grinding condition. X. Yu et al. [10] obtained lower grinding force than that in common wet grinding by using the method of electrochemical grinding (ECG), in which electrochemical energy was introduced. J. Y. Shen et al. [11] found that grinding forces will be reduced in ultrasonic assisted grinding (UAG), which contribute to the self-sharpening property of grits enhanced by ultrasonic energy. S. S. Li et al. [12] introduced the methods of ECG and UAG together to grinding Ti-6Al-4 V and obtained lower grinding forces more than 50%. P. H. Lee et al. [13] reduced grinding force with electrostatic lubrication (ESL) technology which can help more grinding fluid flow into grinding zone by electric energy. Laser-assisted grinding (LAG) also can obtain lower grinding force because of local lower yield strength on workpiece caused by optical energy, which is especially suitable for the processing of hard and brittle materials [14]. Changing the structure of a grinding wheel is another way to reduce grinding forces. X. Fan et al. [15] found that the average grinding forces will be reduced by using segmental wheels due to the size effect. T. Nguyen et al. [16] changed the matrix of segmental wheels to place the nozzle inside the grinding wheel, which can effectively reduce grinding
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Yu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.10.031 Received 30 July 2019; Received in revised form 9 October 2019; Accepted 27 October 2019 1526-6125/ © 2019 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
forces by radial coolant supply. Through dressing, smaller scale of structure on grinding wheel can be obtained than segmental wheels. A. Zahedi et al. [17] changed the surface topography of grinding wheel on the micron scale using picosecond laser. This kind of structured grinding wheel can reduce grinding forces up to 60%. Another structured grinding wheel named engineered grinding wheel (EGW) whose abrasive grains are arranged in pre-defined patterns, which also can reduce grinding forces effectively [18]. J. Yin et al. [19] manufactured one kind of engineered grinding wheel with positive rake angle of grains which was supposed to lower grinding forces. Some key issues in grinding can be solved by bionics ingeniously and effectively [20]. Moreover, bionics can improve the green property and achieve environment friendly result [21]. Therefore, bionic method was used to lower grinding forces in this paper. The arranging grains of engineered grinding was design bio-inspired by phyllotaxis, which is evolved by leaves of plants. In order to compare, serval other kinds of EGWs with the same grain density were manufactured. The experiments of grinding forces were conducted to validate the superiority and investigate the characteristic of the bionic EGW.
⎧r = R ϕ=n×α ⎨ ⎩z = n × h
(1)
(2) Manufacturing of bionic EGW The bionic EGW is manufactured by the combined application of the photoetching technology and electroplating technology. Nine key steps are operated which is shown in Fig. 2. To verify the hypothesis that the bionic EGW will have lower grinding forces, the grinding experiments were designed and conducted. Our previous research proved that lower surface roughness of workpiece can been generated by this kind of bionic EGW [25]. However, lower surface roughness of workpiece with higher grinding force is meaningless. Therefore, the grinding forces of this kind of bionic EGW will be studied below. Experiment settings Eight grinding wheels with 40/50# CBN grains were manufactured based on Fig. 1, whose parameters are shown in Table 1. It's worth noting that the grinding wheel with random grains (Non-EGW) was designed with the help of uniform distribution function to ensure the uniform distribution of grains as much as possible and optimized to avoid overlapping of grains’ locations. The grains’ pattern of general EGW is shown in Fig. 3. Higher cutting forces of titanium alloys are often generated due to the characteristics of the grinding method and the material properties of workpiece[27], which will affect the grinding performance negatively including increasing the wear of grinding tools, reduce processing quality of workpiece, and producing deformation of processing system [28,29]. Therefore, the titanium alloys material TC4 was chosen as the workpiece to test bionic EGWs. The machine tool is DMU50 and the dynamometer of KISTLER is the measuring tool for the grinding forces in up-surface grinding experiments. The parameters of grinding process in experiments are described by Table 2. Three times experiments were conducted for each group of parameters and the mean value of measuring results was used to discuss.
Materials and Methods Bionic EGW (1) The bionic prototype Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of leaves, whose sketch map of cylindrical spiral model is shown in Fig. 1 [22]. Phyllotactic coefficient (h) is the constant distance between successive leaves numbered in Fig. 1. Ri is the radius of number leaf i in the cylindrical spiral model. Divergence angle (α) named golden ratio is equal to 2π⋅τ 2 , in which 5 −1 τ = 2 [23]. This kind of golden divergence angle makes phyllotaxis conform to the Fibonacci numbers [24]. Therefore, golden divergence angle is the core of phyllotaxis, by which every leaf will be active to absorb sunlight as far as possible. In addition, phyllotaxis has special hydrodynamic characteristics which can help fluid flow through the gaps between the leaves. There are two main ways to reduce grinding force: enhancing lubrication and reducing occurrence of sliding rubbing. As shown above, if the EGW was designed considering the phyllotaxis, the hydrodynamic characteristics of phyllotaxis may help more grinding fluid flow into grinding zone to enhance lubrication. The golden arrangement of phyllotaxis may make more grains into dynamic cutting points to promote the cutting function and thus reduce occurrence of sliding rubbing. According to the preliminary analysis, introducing the phyllotaxis into the design of bionic EGW is feasible. The bionic mathematics model can be given in Eq. (1) based on Fig. 1 and the shape of grinding wheel. Where: r, φ and z are the cylindrical coordinates, R is the radius of cylindrical grinding wheel, n is the number of grains on cylindrical, α and h is the parameters obtained by phyllotaxis.
Results and discussion The measuring results about the grinding forces of grinding wheels with the same grain density are shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the grinding forces of the EGWs are lower than that of the Non-EGW, which proved the advantage of the EGWs, although the NonEGW 8 is designed by the help of the uniform distribution function. The active grains acting as DCP of Non-EGW is lower than that of EGWs [30], which will increase the proportion of ploughing forces and sliding rubbing forces and decrease the proportion of cutting forces generated by grains in grinding. The ploughing force or sliding rubbing force is larger than the cutting force relatively in the same process of grinding. Therefore, the total forces of grinding force generated by Non-EGW 8 is larger. Moreover, the regular gapes between grains on the EGWs could help the grinding fluid flow into contact area between the grinding wheel and the workpiece to enhance the lubricating condition. It can be seen as another reason that EGWs have lower grinding forces than that of the grinding wheel with random grains. The grinding forces generated by the bionic grinding wheel were the lowest among the EGWs. It can be understood by the quantitative analysis of DCP density. The DCP density can be calculated from the Eq. (2) modelled by our previous work [31]. k
b
y
Nd = ∑0 ∫c P (Z ; Y ) × (1 − ∫0 f (y ) dy ) dY S Fig. 1. The sketch map of phyllotaxis [22].
where: 186
(2)
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
Fig. 2. Manufacturing process of the bionic EGW [26]. Table 1 Parameters for the eight grinding wheels (φ = 100 mm). number
1
2
classify type
EGW Bionic EGW
h(μm) a(mm) b(mm) c(mm) σ(mm) Density (mm-2)
1.6 × × × × 1.99
1.7 × × × × 1.87
3
4
5
6
7
General EGW
1.8 × × × × 1.77
1.9 × × × × 1.66
2.0 × × × × 1.59
× 0.7520 0.7520 0.7520 45° 1.77
× 1.0633 0.5317 0 45° 1.77
Table 2 Parameters of grinding process. 8
Parameters
Value
Non-EGW Grinding wheel with random grains × × × × × 1.77
Wheel rotate speed n (r/min) Workpiece speed vw (mm/s) Grinding depth ap (μm) Grinding width (mm) Jet velocity of cooling fluid (m/s)
3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 50, 80, 110, 140, 170, 200 10 10
Fig. 4. The grinding forces at n = 5000 r/min, vw = 5 mm/s, ap = 50mμ.
Fig. 3. The grain pattern of general EGW [25].
Fig. 5. The DCP density of EGWs at n = 5000 r/min, vw = 5 mm/s, ap = 50mμ.
187
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
P (Z , Y ) ⎡ (vs + vw ) = exp ⎢− ⎢ 2hπ × vw × ds 2 + dgmax ⎣
(
Z
)
CB
∫Z ⎡⎣∫AC
2f (y )×a
B
⎤ × tan(θ) dy⎤ dZ⎥ ⎦ ⎥ ⎦ (vs + vw ) lc − [(ds /2 + dgmax ) − Y ] × tan δi ⎤ ⎡− 2 ⎢ 2hπ × v × ds + dg lc − ( ds + dgmax ) − (Y − ( ds + dgmax ))2 ⎥ w 2 max 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ dgmax ⎥ = exp ⎢ [Y − (ds /2 + dg )]2 + (Z − l )2 − ds /2 2f (y ) c max ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ × (y − ( [Y − (ds /2 + dg )]2 + (Z − l )2 − ds /2)) ⎥ c max ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ × tan(θ) dy dZ ⎦ ⎣
(
)
∫
∫
Fig. 7. The useful flow rate in grinding area of EGWs.
forces of EGW 6. On the side, the distance between grains axial direction of EGW 7 is shorter than that of EGW 6 based on Table 1, which leads to smaller maximum undeformed chip (MUC) width. Then, the mean MUC thickness of EGW 7 will be larger at the same material removal rate. Due to the “size effect”, smaller mean maximum undeformed chip thickness will result in bigger grinding forces, for which the EGW 7 has lower grinding forces than that of EGW 6. For further studying EGWs especially bionic EGW, the useful flow rate in grinding area was calculated (in Fig. 7). The same to what we expected, the bionic EGW has the best lubricating condition because of the biggest useful flow rate. It attributes to the regular gaps generated by the phyllotactic pattern with special hydrodynamic characteristics. In nature, the wind and rainstorm are the main lodging threat to plants. Phyllotaxis was evolved by natural selection to reduce resistance for survival, which can guide fluid to flow through the gaps between the leaves more easily [33]. The bionic pattern introduced into EGW also can help the grinding fluid flow into the grinding zone and increase the utilization of grinding fluid as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. It means that less supply of grinding fluid can achieve the same lubrication effect by using the bionic EGW. Therefore, the grinding using the bionic EGW is much greener than others. To verify the advantage owned by the bionic EGW strongly, the grinding forces for grinding wheels of number 3,6,7,8 were tested at different processing parameters. It can be seen from Fig. 8 that the bionic EGW performs better invariably at different parameters, which further proves its superiority of reducing grinding forces. Then, the change rules of grinding forces of the EGWs is discussed below. According to the results in Fig. 8, the grinding forces decrease gradually along with the rising wheel rotate speed. The material removal ratio will remain the same when other grinding parameters unchanged. Higher wheel rotate speed will result in more grains taking part in cutting workpiece over a period of time. Then, lower energy will be consumed in cutting for a grain. The contact arc length (l) is almost unchanged based on Eq. (4) when the wheel rotate speed increases.
(3) The DCP density of EGWs under the parameters in Fig. 4 is shown in Fig. 5. The value of each DCP density in Fig. 5 is the mean value of 100 times calculation at different rotated angle of each grinding wheel. The DCP density of bionic EGW 3 is much higher than that of other EGWs, which can be used to understand the phenomenon in Fig. 4. The ploughing force and cutting force caused by DCP are lower than the sliding rubbing force in grinding process. The DCP density of the bionic EGW is the most, which can lower grinding forces. It can be also be explained from bionics. The leaves are the major organ to conduct photosynthesis to absorb energy. It means that higher density of leaves can absorb more energy. However, the higher density of leaves will consume more bioenergy and increase the lodging risk of plants. To overcome the contradiction, the phyllotaxis was evolved to make the leaves more active, which also works better to increase active grains with higher DCP density. According to the above analysis, lower DCP density will result in higher grinding force. However, the grinding forces of EGW 6 with higher DCP density has larger grinding forces than that of EGW 7. The abnormal phenomenon may be led by different lubricating condition. The lubricating condition can be reflected by the quantity of grinding fluid flowing into the grinding zone, which can be obtained by numerical simulation. Not just for analysing the grinding forces of EGW 6 and EGW 7, but for further studying the bionic EGW 3, the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model of grinding zone with flowing fluid was built based on the modelling method in reference [32]. The trajectories of grinding fluid of each EGW are shown in Fig. 6 after simulating calculation. It is obvious that the EGW 6 has less grinding fluid in grinding zone as seen in Fig. 6, which lead to poor lubrication in grinding. As a result, its grinding forces were the largest. Consequently, the lubrication played a more important role than the DCP density for the grinding
Fig. 6. The trajectories of grinding fluid in grinding zone at n = 5000 r/min, vw = 5 mm/s, ap = 50mμ. 188
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
The changing rule of grinding forces along with grinding depth and workpiece speed were the same. Three is more material removal when the workpiece speed and grinding depth increase, so that higher energy consumption in grinding process produces. Grinding forces are the representation of cutting energy, for which larger grinding forces will be leaded to. The phyllotactic coefficient is the parameter owned by the bionic EGW uniquely, which cannot be ignored in the study of grinding forces. The grinding forces of bionic grinding wheels with different phyllotactic coefficient (EGW1-5) are measured and shown in Fig. 9. Grinding forces decrease first quickly, then slowly with the increasing phyllotactic coefficient. Larger phyllotactic coefficient will cause lower density of grains based on Fig. 1, which means fewer grains in contact zone between workpiece and grinding wheel. The grinding forces of a grain will increase due to more material removal. The overall change of grinding forces in Fig. 9 illustrates that the influence of increasing grinding force generated by single grain is less than that of the decreasing grains’ number. The change tendency of grain density along with phyllotactic coefficient is similar to the change rule of grinding forces in Fig. 9 based on Eq. (1), which means the effect of the grain density on decreasing grinding forces is gradually smaller than that of increasing grinding forces of single grain. Conclusions The study of the grinding forces generated by the EGWs has been conducted in this paper. Through comparing and analysing, the EGW bio-inspired by phyllotaxis can reduce grinding force effectively without supplying more grinding fluid, which is attributed to its larger DCP density and higher useful flow rate. In order to further understand the property of the bionic EGW, the changing rules of grinding forces is obtained: The grinding forces diminish when the wheel rotate speed and phyllotactic coefficient increase, and enlarge with larger workpiece speed and grinding depth. The research supply new way to optimize the cutting tool to promote the development of green and high-efficiency grinding. Furthermore, an effective solution for high-quality grinding of difficult-to-cut material is obtained from this paper. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Fig. 8. Grinding forces at different processing parameters.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for this work from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51175352, 11873007). Education Department of Jilin Province "13th five-year" science and technology project (Grant no. JJKH20191301KJ) References [1] Malkin S, Guo C. Grinding technology: theory and application of machining with abrasives. New York: Industrial Press Inc; 2008. [2] Xiao X, Zheng K, Liao W, Meng H. Study on cutting force model in ultrasonic vibration assisted side grinding of zirconia ceramics. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2016;104:58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.01.004. [3] Zhang Z, Huo F, Wu Y, Huang H. Grinding of silicon wafers using an ultrafine diamond wheel of a hybrid bond material. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2011;51(1):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2010.10.006. [4] Badger JA, Torrance AA. A comparison of two models to predict grinding forces from wheel surface topography. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2000;40(8):1099–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(99)00116-9. [5] Mukhopadhyay M, Kundu PK, Das S. Experimental investigation on enhancing grindability using alkaline-based fluid for grinding Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Manuf Processes 2018;33(16):1775–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2018. 1476759. [6] Esmaeili H, Adibi H, Rezaei SM. An efficient strategy for grinding carbon fiber-
Fig. 9. The change of grinding forces along with different phyllotactic coefficient (n = 5000 r/min, ap = 50 μm, vw = 5 mm/s).
Therefore, the amount of grains in the grinding area is also unchanged almost, which will lead to lower total material removal energy. This way, grinding forces will be decreased.
l = rs (1 +
vw ) ds a p vs
(4) 189
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 48 (2019) 185–190
H. Yu, et al.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10] [11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15] [16]
[17]
[18] [19]
2018;124(12):859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2290-1. [20] Linke BS, Moreno J. New concepts for bio-inspired sustainable grinding. J Manuf Processes 2015;19:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2015.05.008. [21] Ren L, Liang Y. The Introduction of Bionics. Beijing: Science Press Inc; 2016. [22] Okabe T, Ishida A, Yoshimura J. The unified rule of phyllotaxis explaining both spiral and non-spiral arrangements. J R Soc Interface 2019;16(151):20180850https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0850. [23] Bergeron F, Reutenauer C. Golden ratio and phyllotaxis, a clear mathematical link. J Math Biol 2019;78(1-2):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-018-1265-3. [24] Mughal A, Weaire D. Phyllotaxis, disk packing, and Fibonacci numbers. Phys Rev E 2017;95(2):022401https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.022401. [25] Yu H, Jun W, Lu Y. Simulation of grinding surface roughness using the grinding wheel with an abrasive phyllotactic pattern. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2016;84(58):861–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7722-x. [26] Lyu Y, Yu H, Wang J. Green manufacturing with a bionic surface structured grinding wheel-specific energy analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019;104(5–8):2999–3005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04159-2. [27] Madarkar R, Agarwal S, Attar P, Ghosh S, Rao PV. Application of ultrasonic vibration assisted MQL in grinding of Ti–6Al–4V. Mater Manuf Processes 2018;33(13):1445–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1415451. [28] Singh SK, Dutta SR, Madhukar DK, Sinha AK. Grindability Improving of Titanium alloy by Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication with Pneumatic Nozzle. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 2018;377(1):012217https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/377/ 1/012217. [29] Yang CY, Xu JH, Ding WF. Grinding force in creep feed grinding of titanium alloy with monolayer brazed CBN wheels. Adv Mater Res 2012;565:94–9. https://doi. org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.565.94. [30] Chen C, Gong YL, Yan L, Deng ZH, Wu XP. Recent status and advances of ordered grinding wheel. Mod Manuf Eng 2015;12:140–6. https://doi.org/10.16731/j.cnki. 1671-3133.2015.12.006. [31] Yu H, Wang J, Lu Y. Modeling and analysis of dynamic cutting points density of the grinding wheel with an abrasive phyllotactic pattern. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2016;86(5-8):1933–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-8262-0. [32] Yu H, Lyu Y, Wang J, Wang X. A biomimetic engineered grinding wheel inspired by phyllotaxis theory. J Mater Process Technol 2018;251:267–81. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.08.041. [33] Shen F, Zhang W, Li D. Origins and development of research on phyllotaxis. J Northeast For Res 2006;34(5):83–6. https://doi.org/10.13759/j.cnki.dlxb.2006.05. 031.
reinforced silicon carbide composite using minimum quantity lubricant. Ceram Int 2019;45(8):10852–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.02.163. Paul S, Ghosh A. Suitability of aqueous MoS2 nanofluid for small quantity cooling lubrication–assisted diamond grinding of WC-Co cermets. P I Mech Eng B-J Eng 2019;233(2):426–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405417739037. Elanchezhian J, Kumar MP, Manimaran G. Grinding titanium Ti-6Al-4V alloy with electroplated cubic boron nitride wheel under cryogenic cooling. J Mech Sci Technol 2015;29(11):4885–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-1036-7. Zhang J, Li C, Zhang Y, Yang M, Jia D, Liu G, Li R, Zhang N, Cao H. Experimental assessment of an environmentally friendly grinding process using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication with cryogenic air. J Cleaner Prod 2018;193:236–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.009. Yu X, Huang S, Xu L. ELID grinding characteristics of SiCp/Al composites. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2016;86(5-8):1165–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-8235-3. Shen JY, Wang JQ, Jiang B, Xu XP. Study on wear of diamond wheel in ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding ceramic. Wear 2015;332:788–93. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wear.2015.02.047. Li SS, Wu YB, Nomura M. Fundamental investigation of ultrasonic assisted pulsed electrochemical grinding of Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Sci Forum 2016;874:279–84. https:// doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.874.279. Lee PH, Kim JW, Lee SW. Experimental characterization on eco-friendly microgrinding process of titanium alloy using air flow assisted electrospray lubrication with nanofluid. J Cleaner Prod 2018;201:452–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2018.07.307. Li Z, Zhang F, Luo X, Chang W, Cai Y, Zhong W, Ding F. Material removal mechanism of laser-assisted grinding of RB-SiC ceramics and process optimization. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019;39(4):705–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018. 11.002. Fan X, Miller MH. Force analysis for grinding with segmental wheels. Mach Sci Technol 2016;10(4):435–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10910340600996142. Nguyen T, Zhang LC. Performance of a new segmented grinding wheel system. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2009;49(3-4):291–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools. 2008.10.015. Zahedi A, Azarhoushang B. Microstructuring strategies of CBN grinding wheels. Int J Adv Manuf Tech 2017;91(9-12):3925–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-0170044-4. Li HN, Axinte D. Textured grinding wheels: A review. Int J Mach Tool Manu 2016;109:8–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2016.07.001. Yin J, Chen G, Xiong B, Zhu Z, Jin M. Femtosecond pulsed laser fabrication of a novel SCD grinding tool with positive rake angle. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process
190