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Research on the Niche Strategy of Campus Planning
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Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, and Sustainability, TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018,Environment Athens, Greece TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Research on the Niche Strategy of Campus Planning The 15thon International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Research the Niche Strategy of Campus Planning Zetong Jiaoa,*, Benchen Fua a Zetong Jiao Benchen feasibility ofa,*, using theFu heat
AssessingSchool theof Architecture , Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, demand-outdoor China School of Architecture , Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, temperature function for a long-term district heatChina demand forecast Abstract a,b,c Abstract I. Andrić *, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc Urban construction has a great impact on the ecological environment. In the process of urban construction, how to protect the a Center Innovation, Technology and Research -important. Instituto Superior Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal environment andfor develop with nature is very Niche principle can be used not only inhow ecology, but also UrbanIN+ construction has a harmoniously great impact on thePolicy ecological environment. In theTécnico, processAv.of urban construction, to protect the b Veolia of Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France in campus planning. In theharmoniously course campus planning, adopting relevant ecological technology and niche strategy is conducive environment and develop with nature is very important. Niche principle can be used not only in ecology, but also c Département Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler,and 44300 Nantes, France to the sustainable development of the promoting the- coordinated development among architecture, nature society. in campus planning. In theSystèmes course of campus and planning, adopting relevant ecological technology niche strategy isand conducive Taking six university campusesof in the different regions of China as thisdevelopment paper discusses howarchitecture, campus planning combined to the sustainable development campus and promoting theexamples, coordinated among natureisand society. with niche, and proposes strategies for campus planning fromastwo aspects of society,how trying to propose solutions to the Taking six university campuses in different regions of China examples, thisnature paperand discusses campus planning is combined problems campus planning from for a new perspective andfrom provide reference related and theory. with niche,ofand proposes strategies campus planning two aspects offor nature andplanning society, trying to propose solutions to the Abstractof campus planning from a new perspective and provide reference for related planning and theory. problems © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©District 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. heating networks commonly addressed inlicense the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the This is an open access articleare under the CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2018 The Authors. Published by Ltd. This is an open access articlefrom under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) greenhouse gas emissions the building sector. systems require investments are returned throughEnergy, the heat Selection under responsibility of the These scientific committee ofhigh Technologies andwhich Materials for Renewable This is an and openpeer-review access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection andtopeer-review under responsibility of and the scientific committee ofpolicies, Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, sales. Due the changed climate conditions building renovation heat demand in the future could decrease, Environment Sustainability, Selection andand peer-review under TMREES18. responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. prolonging the return period. Environment andinvestment Sustainability, TMREES18. The mainniche; scopecampus of thisplanning; paper isdesign to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Keywords: strategy forecast. niche; The district of Alvalade, Keywords: campus planning; designlocated strategy in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were Introduction compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. Introduction The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications Ecological planning has become a trend in urban construction. The theory of niche is one of the important (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Ecological planning hasthe become a trend in urban construction. theoryfields of niche is one of topic the important theories in ecology. Taking application of niche theory into variousThe academic has been a hot in recent scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). theories in ecology. Taking the application of niche theory into various academic fields has been a hot topic inso recent years. From the perspective of ecology, there are strong similarities between the campus and the organism, it the is The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to years. From thenumber perspective of ecology, are during strong similarities between the campus organism, it and is feasible toinstudy the campus planning design with the niche and method. From thethe perspective ofsoniche decrease the of heating hours and ofthere 22-139h the heatingtheory season (depending on theand combination of weather feasible to study the considered). campus planning with theintercept niche theory and for method. From perspective of niche renovation scenarios On the and otherdesign hand, function increased 7.8-12.7% perthe decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-186-2177-7064. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-186-2177-7064. Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) and Sustainability, TMREES18. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.244
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theory, this paper discusses the design strategy of campus planning, trying to put forward new views and design ideas of campus planning, and proposes practical methods for the construction of ecological campus. 1. The connotation of niche theory The term "niche" was first proposed by American scholar R.H. Johnson, and it came from a common phenomenon in nature. Species of the same life habit will not appear in the same place; nature will cut off them through the geographical space. There is no case of different species occupying the same niche, the natural phenomena such as survival of the fittest and the law of the jungle are all caused by the overlap of niche [1]. With the development of niche theory over one hundred years, scholars in various countries have expounded the connotation of niche from different angles according to different research purposes (see Table 1). Niche theory is not only the basis of ecology, but also one of the most widely used theories. In recent years, more and more studies have been applied to the application of niche theory to other disciplines, and its connotation is becoming more and more abundant. Using the ecological niche theory to solve the related issues of university campus planning has been a new perspective. Table 1. An overview of the connotation of niche [2-7]. Number
Time
Scholar
Content
Note
J.Grilnnell
The final distribution unit/habitat unit that happens to be occupied by one or more subspecies.
Spatial niche
Function and status of species in their communities.
Functional niche /
1
1917
2
1927
3
1934
4
1952
5
1957
6
1959
7
1970
8
1973
9
1990
Gang Wang
Mapping of n-dimensional point sets representing habitat attributes to m-dimensional sets representing community status characteristics.
10
1990
Jianguo Liu,
All levels of biological tissue can be called ecological elements. Ecological elements include cells, tissues, individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems, all of which have corresponding ecological niche.
C.S.Elton
Vegetative niche
Gause
The position of a particular species in a community of organisms.
Dice
Ecological niche is a subunit of habitat, that is, the ecological position occupied by species in a particular ecosystem.
G.E.Hutchinson
An aggregate of living conditions of a biological unit (individual, population, or species).
EP.Odum
The position and condition of an organism in the community and ecosystem, which is determined by its morphological adaptation, physiological response and specific behavior.
Whittaker R H
Each species in a certain habitat community is different from other species in the unique spatial and temporal location and functional status.
Pianka
The ecological niche of a biological unit (including individual, population or species niche) is the sum of its adaptability.
Shijun Ma
Principle of competitive exclusion
Multi-dimensional super volume niche
2. The combination of campus planning and ecological niche Since the 1990s, with the strategy of developing the country through science and education, the construction of universities in China has reached a climax. But it gradually exposed many problems: the campus planning blindly followed the model of developed areas, excessive pursuit of composition form, pay attention to magnificent momentum, the scale of land was too large, the layout structure was not reasonable, and the architecture were all
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follow the same pattern, etc. For these questions, it is instructive to discuss how to plan and build local college campus from the perspective of ecological niche. University campus, though not in the traditional sense of the organism, but as an ecological unit [8], the university campus and organisms have similarities in system structure, survival and development, it also conforms to the law of ecological niche, the specific contents include the following aspects: The relationship between the individual and the environment. University campus as the main body of social culture, contains a certain material, mental, social and the humanities, and many other factors that are essential to survival. University campuses constantly exchange material and energy with the external environment and interact with the external environment, like creatures living in nature, cannot exist independently without the living environment. The relationship between individuals and groups. In the field of ecology, there are complex and orderly hierarchical systems, namely ecosystem, community, population and individual. The campuses usually have similar features under the same geographical conditions, forming different regional characteristics of the traditional campus form. The relationship between different individuals. The internal members of the natural system not only have the competitive relations of survival of the fittest, but also have the relations of cooperation and symbiosis. Applying the principle of ecological niche to campus planning, can help to research function and role of the campus in the natural and social environment from the perspective of ecology, the problems encountered in the campus planning can be regarded as the dislocation of the ecological status of all elements, that is, the ecological factors and the environment in the campus as the ecological element are not adapted to each other. The life cycle of individuals. The individual has the process of birth, growth and death, but as a species of biological combination, it is continuous. The campus has a similar survival and developing process with the species, constantly adapting to the changing environment, and making the campus long survival and development through renovation, expansion and relocation. The ecological condition of university campus can be divided into two aspects: nature and society. Among them, natural niche conditions include climate conditions, topography, water resources, green space and vegetation, etc. Social ecological niche conditions include regional culture, construction technology and economic conditions. The growing campuses have different characteristics under the action of different niche conditions. The study on niche of campus planning should regard the campus and the environment as a whole, and its planning should follow the laws of material and energy circulation in nature. We should make reasonable use of the niche, excavate the potential of niche, and solve the campus planning problem by ecological means, so that the campus can achieve the sustainable development of the ecological balance (see Fig. 2).
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University Campus Planning Strategies
Ecological niche conditions of University Campus Climatic characteristic condition Land resources condition
Respond
Campus site selection
Water resource condition University campus planning structure
Greening vegetation condition
University Campus Planning
Natural niche conditions
Landscape environment design
Regional cultural condition New technical condition Combination
Economic condition
Architectural layout and design
Building material and color
Social niche conditions Fig. 1. The relationship between campus planning and ecological niche
3. Case analysis 3.1. Research object selection In view of how to use the niche method in the university campus planning, we choose the campuses under different geographical conditions in China for comparative analysis. Selected Six campus including Harbin Institute of Technology, south China university of technology, Wuhan university, Lanzhou university, Xiamen university and Chongqing university as research objects. According to the great differences in the geographical location, climatic conditions and cultural background of the study subjects to selected. The cases we selected are respectively located in cold areas in the north, subtropical areas, arid areas in the west, coastal areas in the east and mountainous areas in China. From the point of climate conditions, the six cases located in climate Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ area in our country (see Fig. 2), the precipitation and temperature conditions in winter and summer differ greatly (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 2. The climate profile of the case study
Fig. 3. Comparison of average temperature between January and July
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3.2. Comparison of niche conditions Six cases were compared in terms of social ecological niche conditions and natural ecological niche conditions (see Table 2). Harbin Institute of Technology is located in the cold city of Harbin. The Middle East Railway began to be built at the end of the nineteenth Century. In order to train engineering and technical personnel and meet the needs of overseas Chinese for higher education, the Middle East Railway Administration set up a Sino Russian Industrial school, it is the precursor of Harbin Institute of Technology. Campus architecture embodies the eclecticism and new art movement style. As the average temperature in winter in Harbin reaches -20 degrees, how to adapt to the extreme low temperature and cold wind invasion is the key issue. Contrasting with this, South China University of Technology is located in the subtropical city of Guangzhou. The average summer temperature reaches 27 degrees centigrade, and the monthly average rainfall is nearly 300mm. Therefore, how to adapt to the hot and rainy climate in summer is one of the concerns of campus planning. The geographical and climatic characteristics of Wuhan University belong to the subtropical monsoon climate, which is cold in winter and hot in summer. Wuhan University originated from the late Qing Dynasty, governor Zhang Zhidong who invited the government to set up a self strengthening school, it was the early establishment of the National University in modern China. At that time, the cultural concept of "middle school is for the body and western learning is for the use" prevails, and this feature is also reflected in the campus planning and construction. Lanzhou University was founded in 1909. Its predecessor was the Gansu School of law and politics established in late Qing Dynasty. It was the symbol of the beginning of modern higher education in Gansu. Lanzhou is located in the Yellow River valley basin, with four distinct seasons and mild climate, but drought and short of water the annual precipitation is only 327mm. The new campus of Lanzhou University is located in the outskirts of Yuzhong County, Lanzhou. It is located in the collapsible loess area, and the soil is difficult to maintain water. In sharp contrast, Xiamen University is located at the southern tip of Xiamen Siming area, which is located on the side of the mountain and belongs to the humid and rainy monsoon climate. The school was founded by Chen Jiageng, an overseas Chinese, in 1921. It was founded by the first overseas Chinese in modern China. Chongqing University is located in mountainous areas, and topography is more complicated than the above cases. Its planning and design emphasizes how to integrate with natural mountains. Table 2. An overview of the connotation of niche [2-7]. Name
Area
Founding year
Cultural background
Climate characteristics
Topographic features
Soil characteristics
Architectural features
Harbin Institute of Technology
Northeast
1920
Sino-russian integration culture
Cold and dry in winter
Plain
black soil
Integration between China and the West
south China university of technology,
South
1934
Lingnan culture
Hot and rainy summer
Plain, Hilly
Acid red soil
Arcade
1893
Winter cold and summer heat
Paddy soil,
Central
Western modern planning thought and traditional Chinese Academy Culture
Hilly, Plain
Yellow brown soil
Integrating Chinese and Western
Lanzhou university
Northwest
1909
Western silk road culture
Frequent sandstorms and cold winter
Plain, Mountainous region
Lost loess
____
Xiamen university
East
1921
South Fujian culture, Nanyang culture,Mazu culture
Moist
Hill
Acid red soil
Arcade
Chongqing university
Southwest
1929
Ba-shu culture, Bayu culture
Hot and humid in summer
Mountainous region
Purple soil,
Wuhan university
Paddy soil
Pile dwelling
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3.3. Comparison of planning strategy Due to different niche conditions, 6 research cases show great differences in planning and design. They reflect respective characteristics on the overall land layout, building monomer design and traffic organization, which concentrated on the general layout (Fig. 4).
（a）Harbin Institute of Technology
（d）Lanzhou University
（b）Institutes of Technology of South China
（e）Xiamen University
（c）WuHan University
（f）Chongqing University
Fig. 4. Comparison of total layout of six research cases
From the layout of land use. Harbin Institute of Technology is located in the cold city, the winter temperature is low, the heat dissipation of the building is large, the campus is more compact in the layout of the land. Campus planning prefers grid layout, which emphasis on linear elements. Consequently, the links among the various functional areas are close and orderly, and the commuting distance of teachers and students is shortened, square grid layout emphasizes linear elements. In contrast, south China university of science and technology is relatively open and flexible in layout, and uses arc elements to better coordinate with landscape pattern. In the layout of land use, Chongqing University emphasizes the relationship with the mountain, which embodies the typical mountain characteristics. For example, the campus of the B district is arranged on the center depression of the campus. The teaching building surrounds the stadium and reduces the excavation. Since the Xiamen University is in the mountains and seas, the construction land is limited, so the overall planning strategy is to cut the needle, save the land and adapt to the mountain environment in a free form. Lanzhou university is located in the arid western region, where is short of water. Therefore, the concept of "landscape architecture" in the south is hard to achieve in the locals. At the same time, because the wind and sand are large, the overall layout of the campus considers the role of sand and wind barriers. In contrast to the two planning schemes of the new campus (Fig. 5, Fig.6), the first plan adopts the "garden campus" planning method of large water bodies, which is not suitable for the local climate. And the overall layout is relatively transparent, which is not conducive to blocking wind and sand. The plan No. two is well regulated, with a view to reducing the water surface and its enclosure is conducive to blocking the wind and sand, the overall layout is more consistent with local regional characteristics [9].
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Fig. 5. Plan No. 1 of the new campus planning of Lanzhou University
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Fig. 6. Plan No. 2 of the new campus planning of Lanzhou University
From the architectural design. The campus planning of Harbin Institute of Technology combines European and Russian architectural culture, it embodies eclecticism and new art movement style in architectural style. The campus planning embodies the mode of the Soviet Union University. The main body building is solemn and symmetrical, forming a strong central axis relationship. While South China University of Technology embodies strong cultural characteristics of South of the Five Ridges, its architectural form is more transparent, flexible and varied [10]. Due to the differences in climate conditions between Harbin Institute of technology and South China University of Technology, there are also great differences in the design of building monomers. The former reduces window opening and reduces window to wall ratio as much as possible, while the latter emphasizes sun shading, and more uses arcade to increase space permeability (Fig. 7).
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Fig. 7. Comparison of campus buildings in South and north of China
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The campus planning of Xiamen University also emphasizes the requirements for the adaptation to the natural climate. The building adopts a single veranda style, plus the arcade and corridor, in favor of ventilation, lighting, sun shading, and shelter. The overall architectural form is embodied in the "Jia Geng style". It is designed and supervised by Mr. Chen Jiageng, built by local craftsmen, and has a regional architectural style. In general, it is an original feature which is different from traditional Fujian architecture and the general colonial style. The mixture of Chinese and Western architectural styles, the southern Fujian style, the Nanyang style and the colonial practice "mix and match" show a compromise style [11]. The Chinese and Western architectural features of Wuhan University reflect the development of Chinese society at that time. Its campus combines the traditional palaces in China and the advanced materials and technologies in the west at that time. Taking the College of science and engineering as an example, the combination of the building groups embodies the layout thought of the ancient Chinese architecture "axis symmetry, the main and subordinate order, the central hall, the four corner from the building". The dome of science college and the square roof of engineering college echo each other, implying the idea of "round heaven and place" [12]. From the landscape construction. Xiamen University emphasizes the relationship between the university campus and the mountains and seas, forming the spatial sequence of mountains and sea. Wuhan University used the planning method of Chinese classical gardens to introduce the external landscape environment, East Lake and Luojia mountain. Use the mountain and sink gardens to form a courtyard layout. From the coast of East Lake, the campus and Luojia mountain are integrated into a traditional Chinese landscape painting. South China University of Technology's landscape construction focuses on improving the thermal environment. It has protected most native natural environment such as mountain forest and lake surface, and formed a relatively continuous cold island, which is distributed around high temperature campus buildings and roads, which greatly improved the thermal environment of the campus. 4. The niche strategy of campus planning The campus planning based on niche principle is a positive response to the protection of the ecological environment. Combined with the above case analysis, the niche strategy of campus planning can be divided into two parts: nature and Society (see Table 3, following page). 4.1. Natural niche The natural niche is mainly the means of respecting nature and complying with nature. Through the construction of natural niche, the adaptability of the campus to natural ecology is strengthened and the utilization rate of resources is improved, mainly including adaptation to climate and the use of land resources. Conforming to the climate. Mainly means the utilization of solar energy and wind energy, and the adaptability of the building to the environment. The first is the use of solar energy. In the campus planning, solar energy can be absorbed by building polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels on building roofs for power generation or heating. Secondly, the use of wind energy, emphasize the maximum use of natural ventilation. Adopt passive design is to reduce the pollution and energy consumption caused by artificial heating or cooling. The main means including the adoption of the ecological technology and method of insulation and heat insulation for the walls and roofs and other components, and select the corresponding materials for energy saving design. Some of the buildings generate electricity through the use of wind energy. In addition, in the campus planning, the layout of the building and the design of the epidermis of the building are important to meet the requirement of climate. In the layout of the building, the requirements of sunshine, ventilation and sight should be fully considered. In the green campus planning, most of the buildings take the exhaled epidermis, and the air intersection is carried out through the curtain wall. And the heat exchange can save about 50% of energy compared with the ordinary epidermis [13].
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Table 3. Ecological niche strategy for campus planning. Niche
Strategy
Content The full utilization of solar energy The utilization of wind energy
Conforming to the climate
Meet the demand of lighting and ventilation The layout of buildings and the skin design of buildings conform to the climate. Protection of original topography and geomorphology Full exploitation and utilization of underground space
Using land resources
Land saving design Geothermal energy application
Natural niche Protect and utilize water Protect green system Recycling of resources The inheritance of regional culture
Recovery and utilization of rainwater, medium water and waste water Protection of natural water system Protection of vegetation and biodiversity Plantation of artificial greening Recycling and utilization of three wastes Classification and recycling of garbage The bearing of traditional culture The mining of regional style Use of local materials and technology
Social niche
The use of new technology
Consideration of economic benefits
Intelligent management system, including intelligent fire proof and burglary monitoring system, intelligent lighting control system, intelligent energy saving system, entrance guard card system, intelligent irrigation system, integrated pipeline equipment and central air conditioning. Control and adapt to urban construction and investment. Evaluation of the comprehensive benefits of the campus system Improving the life cycle of the campus
Using land resources. The protection of land resources mainly includes the protection of the original terrain and landforms, the full exploitation and utilization of the underground space, the design of land saving and the utilization of geothermal. For example, the use of ground source heat pump system in Henan University of Technology, using geothermal to adjust the temperature, not only can make heat but also can refrigerate, in the process of use, efficient and energy-saving to achieve the effect of temperature regulation. The utilization of geothermal resources has received more and more attention in campus planning. Campus planning should be combined with the current terrain conditions and strive for less earthmoving [14]. Protect and utilize water. The protection and utilization of water resources mainly refers to the recovery and utilization of rainwater, reclaimed water and waste water, as well as the protection of natural water system. In the campus planning, the means of protection and utilization of water resources have been popularized. Most of the measures are used to recycle rainwater, and then serve as a water source for irrigation and irrigation [15]. Protect the greening system. The protection of greening system mainly includes protection of vegetation, biodiversity and planting of artificial greening. The protection of greening system is the most basic requirement of green ecological campus. Afforestation can play the role of beautifying campus, purifying air, reducing dust and isolating noise. In the process of campus
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planning, greening should be collocated with planting, according to the season and color of the landscape, adjust the spiritual state of teachers and students, and greening often collocation. Some artificial landscapes such as fountains, pools and mountains can also play a role in regulating microclimate. Recycling of resources. The recycling of resources is mainly for the recovery and utilization of the three wastes, as well as the sorting, recycling and disposal of refuse. The reuse of waste has greatly reduced energy consumption and waste. The recycling of resources has great prospects in campus planning. 4.2. Social niche The social ecological niche is to put the campus in the social background to study the impact of the campus on the social environment, that is, social adaptability. It mainly includes the inheritance of regional culture, the utilization of new energy and the consideration of economic benefits. The inheritance of regional culture. From the perspective of social niche, regional cultural heritage is one of the most important strategies for campus planning, and its techniques are also rich, such as the carrying of traditional culture, the mining of regional style and the use of local materials and technology, all of which can also be created to adapt to the development of local social environment, and can also create the space with the spirit of the place [16]. The use of new technology. The development and use of new technology is one of the strategies widely used in campus planning. Most of the campus have already adopted intelligent management system, including intelligent fire proof and anti-theft monitoring system, intelligent lighting control system, intelligent energy saving system, entrance guard card system, intelligent irrigation system, integrated pipeline device, and so on. Central air conditioning and so on. The use of new technology in campus planning is mainly the innovation and comprehensive utilization of traditional technology, mainly to build a green low carbon technology system. Consideration of economic benefits. The consideration of the economic benefit is the comprehensive statistics of the ecological niche strategy of campus planning. It is mainly to control and adapt to the construction of the city and the investment of the funds, to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the campus system, to improve the life cycle of the campus and to establish a sustainable development campus. 5. Conclusion On the basis of the comparison between the campus and the organism, this paper puts forward the strategies of the natural niche and social niche of the campus planning by using the ecological niche principle in ecology, and analyzes and summarizes the specific content. The proposal of the campus planning niche provides a new perspective and direction for the planning and design of the campus, and the construction of the green environment is green. Today, the campus has become dominant. It is of practical significance to construct sustainable campus based on niche theory. Campus planning should conform to the law of niche and reflect regionalism. Campus planning under different geographical conditions has different regional characteristics. References [1] Xu Peilei. " Evaluation Research Based on the Niche Theory on University Intellectual Capital in the case of Dalian University of Technology." Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, (2010). [2] Elton C. "Animal Ecology." London: Sidgwick and Jackon, (1927). [3] Lin Peng. " Plant Community Science." Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific Press, (1986).
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[4] Li Xin. "Research Progress of Ecology Position Theory." Journal of Chongqing Technology and Business University(Natural Science Edition), 25(3) (2008): 307-309. [5] Liu Ruitang, Su Hongjie. "Forest Plant Ecology." Taiwan: Taiwan Commercial Press, (1983). [6] Shang Yuchang. "Ecological Theory in Modern Ecology." Ecological progress, 5(2) (1988): 74-84. [7] Wang Gang, Zhao Songlin, Zhang Pengyun. " On the definition of niche and the improved formula for measuring niche overlap." Acta Ecologica Sinica, 4(2) (1984): 119-126. [8] Li Jiquan. "Discussion on Urban Architecture Niche Theory and Its Niche Strategy: A Case Study on Urban Planning and Design in Tokyo Midtown." Urban Studies, 8 (2012): 28-35. [9] Shen Guoyao, Sun Wanwen. " From Guangzhou to Lanzhou -- Reflection on Campus Planning." Architectural Journal, 06 (2006): 68-71. [10] MaoYalong, He Jingtang. "Campus Planning Reflected Climate." Urban Studies, 17(04) (2010):39-47. [11] Lu Wei. "Inadaptability in Adaptability: Adaptive Evolution and Territorial Resistance of Henry Killam Murphy’s Campus Planning in the Cases of FUJIAN Province. " City Planning Review, 41(9) (2017): 114-121. [12] Huang Jun, Fu Lin, Zhou Heng. "Preliminary Research on Spatial Conformity of Merged University—Take Campus Planning of Wuhan University as an Example. "Chinese&OverseasArchitecture, 5(2011): 82-83. [13] Guo Weihong, Liu Xiao. "Planning Design Strategy and Pract ice Research on Green University Campus." Building Energy Efficiency, 44(1) (2016): 70-80. [14] Guo Weihong, Zhou Qin. "Anatomy of Sustainable Development of University Campus Environment Planning—With the case of a University of Guangdong Province." Bulletin of Science and Technology, 5(2008): 738-742. [15] Zhu Ling, Luo Fanying. "Practical Research of Rainwater Collection and Utilization of Campus Landscape Environment in Shenyang Jianzhu University." Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University:social Science, 18(6) (2016): 541-547. [16] Bi Shanhua, Huang Leichang, Liu Zhuang. "Study on Connotation Design of Campus Landscape Based on Regional Culture." Northern Horticulture, 12 (2018): 105-111.
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Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, and Sustainability, TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018,Environment Athens, Greece TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
Research on the Niche Strategy of Campus Planning The 15thon International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Research the Niche Strategy of Campus Planning Zetong Jiaoa,*, Benchen Fua a Zetong Jiao Benchen feasibility ofa,*, using theFu heat
AssessingSchool theof Architecture , Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, demand-outdoor China School of Architecture , Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006, temperature function for a long-term district heatChina demand forecast Abstract a,b,c Abstract I. Andrić *, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc Urban construction has a great impact on the ecological environment. In the process of urban construction, how to protect the a Center Innovation, Technology and Research -important. Instituto Superior Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal environment andfor develop with nature is very Niche principle can be used not only inhow ecology, but also UrbanIN+ construction has a harmoniously great impact on thePolicy ecological environment. In theTécnico, processAv.of urban construction, to protect the b Veolia of Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France in campus planning. In theharmoniously course campus planning, adopting relevant ecological technology and niche strategy is conducive environment and develop with nature is very important. Niche principle can be used not only in ecology, but also c Département Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler,and 44300 Nantes, France to the sustainable development of the promoting the- coordinated development among architecture, nature society. in campus planning. In theSystèmes course of campus and planning, adopting relevant ecological technology niche strategy isand conducive Taking six university campusesof in the different regions of China as thisdevelopment paper discusses howarchitecture, campus planning combined to the sustainable development campus and promoting theexamples, coordinated among natureisand society. with niche, and proposes strategies for campus planning fromastwo aspects of society,how trying to propose solutions to the Taking six university campuses in different regions of China examples, thisnature paperand discusses campus planning is combined problems campus planning from for a new perspective andfrom provide reference related and theory. with niche,ofand proposes strategies campus planning two aspects offor nature andplanning society, trying to propose solutions to the Abstractof campus planning from a new perspective and provide reference for related planning and theory. problems © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©District 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. heating networks commonly addressed inlicense the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the This is an open access articleare under the CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2018 The Authors. Published by Ltd. This is an open access articlefrom under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) greenhouse gas emissions the building sector. systems require investments are returned throughEnergy, the heat Selection under responsibility of the These scientific committee ofhigh Technologies andwhich Materials for Renewable This is an and openpeer-review access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection andtopeer-review under responsibility of and the scientific committee ofpolicies, Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, sales. Due the changed climate conditions building renovation heat demand in the future could decrease, Environment Sustainability, Selection andand peer-review under TMREES18. responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. prolonging the return period. Environment andinvestment Sustainability, TMREES18. The mainniche; scopecampus of thisplanning; paper isdesign to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Keywords: strategy forecast. niche; The district of Alvalade, Keywords: campus planning; designlocated strategy in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were Introduction compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. Introduction The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications Ecological planning has become a trend in urban construction. The theory of niche is one of the important (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Ecological planning hasthe become a trend in urban construction. theoryfields of niche is one of topic the important theories in ecology. Taking application of niche theory into variousThe academic has been a hot in recent scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). theories in ecology. Taking the application of niche theory into various academic fields has been a hot topic inso recent years. From the perspective of ecology, there are strong similarities between the campus and the organism, it the is The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to years. From thenumber perspective of ecology, are during strong similarities between the campus organism, it and is feasible toinstudy the campus planning design with the niche and method. From thethe perspective ofsoniche decrease the of heating hours and ofthere 22-139h the heatingtheory season (depending on theand combination of weather feasible to study the considered). campus planning with theintercept niche theory and for method. From perspective of niche renovation scenarios On the and otherdesign hand, function increased 7.8-12.7% perthe decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-186-2177-7064. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-186-2177-7064. Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) and Sustainability, TMREES18. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.244
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theory, this paper discusses the design strategy of campus planning, trying to put forward new views and design ideas of campus planning, and proposes practical methods for the construction of ecological campus. 1. The connotation of niche theory The term "niche" was first proposed by American scholar R.H. Johnson, and it came from a common phenomenon in nature. Species of the same life habit will not appear in the same place; nature will cut off them through the geographical space. There is no case of different species occupying the same niche, the natural phenomena such as survival of the fittest and the law of the jungle are all caused by the overlap of niche [1]. With the development of niche theory over one hundred years, scholars in various countries have expounded the connotation of niche from different angles according to different research purposes (see Table 1). Niche theory is not only the basis of ecology, but also one of the most widely used theories. In recent years, more and more studies have been applied to the application of niche theory to other disciplines, and its connotation is becoming more and more abundant. Using the ecological niche theory to solve the related issues of university campus planning has been a new perspective. Table 1. An overview of the connotation of niche [2-7]. Number
Time
Scholar
Content
Note
J.Grilnnell
The final distribution unit/habitat unit that happens to be occupied by one or more subspecies.
Spatial niche
Function and status of species in their communities.
Functional niche /
1
1917
2
1927
3
1934
4
1952
5
1957
6
1959
7
1970
8
1973
9
1990
Gang Wang
Mapping of n-dimensional point sets representing habitat attributes to m-dimensional sets representing community status characteristics.
10
1990
Jianguo Liu,
All levels of biological tissue can be called ecological elements. Ecological elements include cells, tissues, individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems, all of which have corresponding ecological niche.
C.S.Elton
Vegetative niche
Gause
The position of a particular species in a community of organisms.
Dice
Ecological niche is a subunit of habitat, that is, the ecological position occupied by species in a particular ecosystem.
G.E.Hutchinson
An aggregate of living conditions of a biological unit (individual, population, or species).
EP.Odum
The position and condition of an organism in the community and ecosystem, which is determined by its morphological adaptation, physiological response and specific behavior.
Whittaker R H
Each species in a certain habitat community is different from other species in the unique spatial and temporal location and functional status.
Pianka
The ecological niche of a biological unit (including individual, population or species niche) is the sum of its adaptability.
Shijun Ma
Principle of competitive exclusion
Multi-dimensional super volume niche
2. The combination of campus planning and ecological niche Since the 1990s, with the strategy of developing the country through science and education, the construction of universities in China has reached a climax. But it gradually exposed many problems: the campus planning blindly followed the model of developed areas, excessive pursuit of composition form, pay attention to magnificent momentum, the scale of land was too large, the layout structure was not reasonable, and the architecture were all
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follow the same pattern, etc. For these questions, it is instructive to discuss how to plan and build local college campus from the perspective of ecological niche. University campus, though not in the traditional sense of the organism, but as an ecological unit [8], the university campus and organisms have similarities in system structure, survival and development, it also conforms to the law of ecological niche, the specific contents include the following aspects: The relationship between the individual and the environment. University campus as the main body of social culture, contains a certain material, mental, social and the humanities, and many other factors that are essential to survival. University campuses constantly exchange material and energy with the external environment and interact with the external environment, like creatures living in nature, cannot exist independently without the living environment. The relationship between individuals and groups. In the field of ecology, there are complex and orderly hierarchical systems, namely ecosystem, community, population and individual. The campuses usually have similar features under the same geographical conditions, forming different regional characteristics of the traditional campus form. The relationship between different individuals. The internal members of the natural system not only have the competitive relations of survival of the fittest, but also have the relations of cooperation and symbiosis. Applying the principle of ecological niche to campus planning, can help to research function and role of the campus in the natural and social environment from the perspective of ecology, the problems encountered in the campus planning can be regarded as the dislocation of the ecological status of all elements, that is, the ecological factors and the environment in the campus as the ecological element are not adapted to each other. The life cycle of individuals. The individual has the process of birth, growth and death, but as a species of biological combination, it is continuous. The campus has a similar survival and developing process with the species, constantly adapting to the changing environment, and making the campus long survival and development through renovation, expansion and relocation. The ecological condition of university campus can be divided into two aspects: nature and society. Among them, natural niche conditions include climate conditions, topography, water resources, green space and vegetation, etc. Social ecological niche conditions include regional culture, construction technology and economic conditions. The growing campuses have different characteristics under the action of different niche conditions. The study on niche of campus planning should regard the campus and the environment as a whole, and its planning should follow the laws of material and energy circulation in nature. We should make reasonable use of the niche, excavate the potential of niche, and solve the campus planning problem by ecological means, so that the campus can achieve the sustainable development of the ecological balance (see Fig. 2).
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University Campus Planning Strategies
Ecological niche conditions of University Campus Climatic characteristic condition Land resources condition
Respond
Campus site selection
Water resource condition University campus planning structure
Greening vegetation condition
University Campus Planning
Natural niche conditions
Landscape environment design
Regional cultural condition New technical condition Combination
Economic condition
Architectural layout and design
Building material and color
Social niche conditions Fig. 1. The relationship between campus planning and ecological niche
3. Case analysis 3.1. Research object selection In view of how to use the niche method in the university campus planning, we choose the campuses under different geographical conditions in China for comparative analysis. Selected Six campus including Harbin Institute of Technology, south China university of technology, Wuhan university, Lanzhou university, Xiamen university and Chongqing university as research objects. According to the great differences in the geographical location, climatic conditions and cultural background of the study subjects to selected. The cases we selected are respectively located in cold areas in the north, subtropical areas, arid areas in the west, coastal areas in the east and mountainous areas in China. From the point of climate conditions, the six cases located in climate Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ area in our country (see Fig. 2), the precipitation and temperature conditions in winter and summer differ greatly (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 2. The climate profile of the case study
Fig. 3. Comparison of average temperature between January and July
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3.2. Comparison of niche conditions Six cases were compared in terms of social ecological niche conditions and natural ecological niche conditions (see Table 2). Harbin Institute of Technology is located in the cold city of Harbin. The Middle East Railway began to be built at the end of the nineteenth Century. In order to train engineering and technical personnel and meet the needs of overseas Chinese for higher education, the Middle East Railway Administration set up a Sino Russian Industrial school, it is the precursor of Harbin Institute of Technology. Campus architecture embodies the eclecticism and new art movement style. As the average temperature in winter in Harbin reaches -20 degrees, how to adapt to the extreme low temperature and cold wind invasion is the key issue. Contrasting with this, South China University of Technology is located in the subtropical city of Guangzhou. The average summer temperature reaches 27 degrees centigrade, and the monthly average rainfall is nearly 300mm. Therefore, how to adapt to the hot and rainy climate in summer is one of the concerns of campus planning. The geographical and climatic characteristics of Wuhan University belong to the subtropical monsoon climate, which is cold in winter and hot in summer. Wuhan University originated from the late Qing Dynasty, governor Zhang Zhidong who invited the government to set up a self strengthening school, it was the early establishment of the National University in modern China. At that time, the cultural concept of "middle school is for the body and western learning is for the use" prevails, and this feature is also reflected in the campus planning and construction. Lanzhou University was founded in 1909. Its predecessor was the Gansu School of law and politics established in late Qing Dynasty. It was the symbol of the beginning of modern higher education in Gansu. Lanzhou is located in the Yellow River valley basin, with four distinct seasons and mild climate, but drought and short of water the annual precipitation is only 327mm. The new campus of Lanzhou University is located in the outskirts of Yuzhong County, Lanzhou. It is located in the collapsible loess area, and the soil is difficult to maintain water. In sharp contrast, Xiamen University is located at the southern tip of Xiamen Siming area, which is located on the side of the mountain and belongs to the humid and rainy monsoon climate. The school was founded by Chen Jiageng, an overseas Chinese, in 1921. It was founded by the first overseas Chinese in modern China. Chongqing University is located in mountainous areas, and topography is more complicated than the above cases. Its planning and design emphasizes how to integrate with natural mountains. Table 2. An overview of the connotation of niche [2-7]. Name
Area
Founding year
Cultural background
Climate characteristics
Topographic features
Soil characteristics
Architectural features
Harbin Institute of Technology
Northeast
1920
Sino-russian integration culture
Cold and dry in winter
Plain
black soil
Integration between China and the West
south China university of technology,
South
1934
Lingnan culture
Hot and rainy summer
Plain, Hilly
Acid red soil
Arcade
1893
Winter cold and summer heat
Paddy soil,
Central
Western modern planning thought and traditional Chinese Academy Culture
Hilly, Plain
Yellow brown soil
Integrating Chinese and Western
Lanzhou university
Northwest
1909
Western silk road culture
Frequent sandstorms and cold winter
Plain, Mountainous region
Lost loess
____
Xiamen university
East
1921
South Fujian culture, Nanyang culture,Mazu culture
Moist
Hill
Acid red soil
Arcade
Chongqing university
Southwest
1929
Ba-shu culture, Bayu culture
Hot and humid in summer
Mountainous region
Purple soil,
Wuhan university
Paddy soil
Pile dwelling
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3.3. Comparison of planning strategy Due to different niche conditions, 6 research cases show great differences in planning and design. They reflect respective characteristics on the overall land layout, building monomer design and traffic organization, which concentrated on the general layout (Fig. 4).
（a）Harbin Institute of Technology
（d）Lanzhou University
（b）Institutes of Technology of South China
（e）Xiamen University
（c）WuHan University
（f）Chongqing University
Fig. 4. Comparison of total layout of six research cases
From the layout of land use. Harbin Institute of Technology is located in the cold city, the winter temperature is low, the heat dissipation of the building is large, the campus is more compact in the layout of the land. Campus planning prefers grid layout, which emphasis on linear elements. Consequently, the links among the various functional areas are close and orderly, and the commuting distance of teachers and students is shortened, square grid layout emphasizes linear elements. In contrast, south China university of science and technology is relatively open and flexible in layout, and uses arc elements to better coordinate with landscape pattern. In the layout of land use, Chongqing University emphasizes the relationship with the mountain, which embodies the typical mountain characteristics. For example, the campus of the B district is arranged on the center depression of the campus. The teaching building surrounds the stadium and reduces the excavation. Since the Xiamen University is in the mountains and seas, the construction land is limited, so the overall planning strategy is to cut the needle, save the land and adapt to the mountain environment in a free form. Lanzhou university is located in the arid western region, where is short of water. Therefore, the concept of "landscape architecture" in the south is hard to achieve in the locals. At the same time, because the wind and sand are large, the overall layout of the campus considers the role of sand and wind barriers. In contrast to the two planning schemes of the new campus (Fig. 5, Fig.6), the first plan adopts the "garden campus" planning method of large water bodies, which is not suitable for the local climate. And the overall layout is relatively transparent, which is not conducive to blocking wind and sand. The plan No. two is well regulated, with a view to reducing the water surface and its enclosure is conducive to blocking the wind and sand, the overall layout is more consistent with local regional characteristics [9].
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Fig. 5. Plan No. 1 of the new campus planning of Lanzhou University
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Fig. 6. Plan No. 2 of the new campus planning of Lanzhou University
From the architectural design. The campus planning of Harbin Institute of Technology combines European and Russian architectural culture, it embodies eclecticism and new art movement style in architectural style. The campus planning embodies the mode of the Soviet Union University. The main body building is solemn and symmetrical, forming a strong central axis relationship. While South China University of Technology embodies strong cultural characteristics of South of the Five Ridges, its architectural form is more transparent, flexible and varied [10]. Due to the differences in climate conditions between Harbin Institute of technology and South China University of Technology, there are also great differences in the design of building monomers. The former reduces window opening and reduces window to wall ratio as much as possible, while the latter emphasizes sun shading, and more uses arcade to increase space permeability (Fig. 7).
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Fig. 7. Comparison of campus buildings in South and north of China
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The campus planning of Xiamen University also emphasizes the requirements for the adaptation to the natural climate. The building adopts a single veranda style, plus the arcade and corridor, in favor of ventilation, lighting, sun shading, and shelter. The overall architectural form is embodied in the "Jia Geng style". It is designed and supervised by Mr. Chen Jiageng, built by local craftsmen, and has a regional architectural style. In general, it is an original feature which is different from traditional Fujian architecture and the general colonial style. The mixture of Chinese and Western architectural styles, the southern Fujian style, the Nanyang style and the colonial practice "mix and match" show a compromise style [11]. The Chinese and Western architectural features of Wuhan University reflect the development of Chinese society at that time. Its campus combines the traditional palaces in China and the advanced materials and technologies in the west at that time. Taking the College of science and engineering as an example, the combination of the building groups embodies the layout thought of the ancient Chinese architecture "axis symmetry, the main and subordinate order, the central hall, the four corner from the building". The dome of science college and the square roof of engineering college echo each other, implying the idea of "round heaven and place" [12]. From the landscape construction. Xiamen University emphasizes the relationship between the university campus and the mountains and seas, forming the spatial sequence of mountains and sea. Wuhan University used the planning method of Chinese classical gardens to introduce the external landscape environment, East Lake and Luojia mountain. Use the mountain and sink gardens to form a courtyard layout. From the coast of East Lake, the campus and Luojia mountain are integrated into a traditional Chinese landscape painting. South China University of Technology's landscape construction focuses on improving the thermal environment. It has protected most native natural environment such as mountain forest and lake surface, and formed a relatively continuous cold island, which is distributed around high temperature campus buildings and roads, which greatly improved the thermal environment of the campus. 4. The niche strategy of campus planning The campus planning based on niche principle is a positive response to the protection of the ecological environment. Combined with the above case analysis, the niche strategy of campus planning can be divided into two parts: nature and Society (see Table 3, following page). 4.1. Natural niche The natural niche is mainly the means of respecting nature and complying with nature. Through the construction of natural niche, the adaptability of the campus to natural ecology is strengthened and the utilization rate of resources is improved, mainly including adaptation to climate and the use of land resources. Conforming to the climate. Mainly means the utilization of solar energy and wind energy, and the adaptability of the building to the environment. The first is the use of solar energy. In the campus planning, solar energy can be absorbed by building polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels on building roofs for power generation or heating. Secondly, the use of wind energy, emphasize the maximum use of natural ventilation. Adopt passive design is to reduce the pollution and energy consumption caused by artificial heating or cooling. The main means including the adoption of the ecological technology and method of insulation and heat insulation for the walls and roofs and other components, and select the corresponding materials for energy saving design. Some of the buildings generate electricity through the use of wind energy. In addition, in the campus planning, the layout of the building and the design of the epidermis of the building are important to meet the requirement of climate. In the layout of the building, the requirements of sunshine, ventilation and sight should be fully considered. In the green campus planning, most of the buildings take the exhaled epidermis, and the air intersection is carried out through the curtain wall. And the heat exchange can save about 50% of energy compared with the ordinary epidermis [13].
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Table 3. Ecological niche strategy for campus planning. Niche
Strategy
Content The full utilization of solar energy The utilization of wind energy
Conforming to the climate
Meet the demand of lighting and ventilation The layout of buildings and the skin design of buildings conform to the climate. Protection of original topography and geomorphology Full exploitation and utilization of underground space
Using land resources
Land saving design Geothermal energy application
Natural niche Protect and utilize water Protect green system Recycling of resources The inheritance of regional culture
Recovery and utilization of rainwater, medium water and waste water Protection of natural water system Protection of vegetation and biodiversity Plantation of artificial greening Recycling and utilization of three wastes Classification and recycling of garbage The bearing of traditional culture The mining of regional style Use of local materials and technology
Social niche
The use of new technology
Consideration of economic benefits
Intelligent management system, including intelligent fire proof and burglary monitoring system, intelligent lighting control system, intelligent energy saving system, entrance guard card system, intelligent irrigation system, integrated pipeline equipment and central air conditioning. Control and adapt to urban construction and investment. Evaluation of the comprehensive benefits of the campus system Improving the life cycle of the campus
Using land resources. The protection of land resources mainly includes the protection of the original terrain and landforms, the full exploitation and utilization of the underground space, the design of land saving and the utilization of geothermal. For example, the use of ground source heat pump system in Henan University of Technology, using geothermal to adjust the temperature, not only can make heat but also can refrigerate, in the process of use, efficient and energy-saving to achieve the effect of temperature regulation. The utilization of geothermal resources has received more and more attention in campus planning. Campus planning should be combined with the current terrain conditions and strive for less earthmoving [14]. Protect and utilize water. The protection and utilization of water resources mainly refers to the recovery and utilization of rainwater, reclaimed water and waste water, as well as the protection of natural water system. In the campus planning, the means of protection and utilization of water resources have been popularized. Most of the measures are used to recycle rainwater, and then serve as a water source for irrigation and irrigation [15]. Protect the greening system. The protection of greening system mainly includes protection of vegetation, biodiversity and planting of artificial greening. The protection of greening system is the most basic requirement of green ecological campus. Afforestation can play the role of beautifying campus, purifying air, reducing dust and isolating noise. In the process of campus
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planning, greening should be collocated with planting, according to the season and color of the landscape, adjust the spiritual state of teachers and students, and greening often collocation. Some artificial landscapes such as fountains, pools and mountains can also play a role in regulating microclimate. Recycling of resources. The recycling of resources is mainly for the recovery and utilization of the three wastes, as well as the sorting, recycling and disposal of refuse. The reuse of waste has greatly reduced energy consumption and waste. The recycling of resources has great prospects in campus planning. 4.2. Social niche The social ecological niche is to put the campus in the social background to study the impact of the campus on the social environment, that is, social adaptability. It mainly includes the inheritance of regional culture, the utilization of new energy and the consideration of economic benefits. The inheritance of regional culture. From the perspective of social niche, regional cultural heritage is one of the most important strategies for campus planning, and its techniques are also rich, such as the carrying of traditional culture, the mining of regional style and the use of local materials and technology, all of which can also be created to adapt to the development of local social environment, and can also create the space with the spirit of the place [16]. The use of new technology. The development and use of new technology is one of the strategies widely used in campus planning. Most of the campus have already adopted intelligent management system, including intelligent fire proof and anti-theft monitoring system, intelligent lighting control system, intelligent energy saving system, entrance guard card system, intelligent irrigation system, integrated pipeline device, and so on. Central air conditioning and so on. The use of new technology in campus planning is mainly the innovation and comprehensive utilization of traditional technology, mainly to build a green low carbon technology system. Consideration of economic benefits. The consideration of the economic benefit is the comprehensive statistics of the ecological niche strategy of campus planning. It is mainly to control and adapt to the construction of the city and the investment of the funds, to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of the campus system, to improve the life cycle of the campus and to establish a sustainable development campus. 5. Conclusion On the basis of the comparison between the campus and the organism, this paper puts forward the strategies of the natural niche and social niche of the campus planning by using the ecological niche principle in ecology, and analyzes and summarizes the specific content. The proposal of the campus planning niche provides a new perspective and direction for the planning and design of the campus, and the construction of the green environment is green. Today, the campus has become dominant. It is of practical significance to construct sustainable campus based on niche theory. Campus planning should conform to the law of niche and reflect regionalism. Campus planning under different geographical conditions has different regional characteristics. References [1] Xu Peilei. " Evaluation Research Based on the Niche Theory on University Intellectual Capital in the case of Dalian University of Technology." Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, (2010). [2] Elton C. "Animal Ecology." London: Sidgwick and Jackon, (1927). [3] Lin Peng. " Plant Community Science." Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific Press, (1986).
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