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Researches on the spheroidal state of water
Gossart-[sherwood."
480
[J. F. I.,
n o m e n a . I shall c o n t i n u e the s t u d y in detail, a n d investig a t e the s u b j e c t below zero. I can give the definitive :numerical results only after I h a v e finished the work now :in progress on the d e f o r m a t i o n of t h e piezometers. In conclusion, I w o u l d add t h a t none of t h e liquids I h a v e s t u d i e d up to the present time, has s h o w n a m a x i m u m of d e n s i t y u n d e r a n y pressure, w h i c h is c o n t r a r y t o a prevision f o r m u l a t e d r e c e n t l y b y Mr. Grimaldi, based on a s s u m e d cons t a n c y of t h e co-efficient of compressibility w i t h i n wide limits of pressure, an a s s u m p t i o n in complete disaccord w i t h the results I h a v e o b t a i n e d w i t h all the liquids I h a v e investigated. RESEARCHES
ON THE S P H E R O I D A L WATER.*
S T A T E oF
BY MR. GOSSART. Translated by Chief Eagineer [SHERWOOD, U.S.N.
T h e results w h i c h I h a v e the h o n o r of p r e s e n t i n g to the A c a d e m y , are relative to the t e m p e r a t u r e of w a t e r in the state of calefaction u n d e r d e c r e a s i n g pressures comprised b e t w e e n 760 m i l l i m e t r e s and 0"5 millimetre. Recently, Mr. L u v i n i (II Nuovo Cimento, t. xvii) h a s published some researches on the t e m p e r a t u r e of water, of alcohol, and of ether, calefied in a v a c u u m , b u t he could not m a i n t a i n c o n s t a n t the t e m p e r a t u r e of the crucible cont a i n i n g the liquid and m e r e l y r e s t i n g on a brick h e a t e d u n d e r a glass bell. F o r m i n g the v a c u u m rapidly, he followed the s i m u l t a n e o u s c h a n g e of a t h e r m o m e t e r placed in the liquid, and of the pressure. F r o m his o b s e r v a t i o n s he concluded t h a t the temperature o f t/ze liquid spheroid is the same as tke temperature o f ebulh'tion under t/ze pressure in the enclosed space a n d t h a t t h e r e could be t h u s directly caused the freezi n g of water, b u t there c a n n o t be affirmed, p a r t i c u l a r l y as the crucible is not t a k e n o u t and is still very hot, that. t h e l ' q u i d h'as not ceased to be in the spheroidal state. ~ 6~m]5[es R e n d u s , I887, page I27o.
Dec., x889 ]
Spheroidal State of Water.
48I
I h a v e s o u g h t to verify the relation i n d i c a t e d by Mr. Luvini, b u t m a i n t a i n i n g c o n s t a n t the t e m p e r a t u r e of the crucible, the v o l u m e of the liquid, a n d the pressure, in order to m e a s u r e w i t h certainty, the d a t a of the experiment. A copper plate is raised at its centre in the form of a t r u n c a t e d cone, the upper base of which is a concave plate of o'o4 m e t r e d i a m e t e r and' o'ox m e t r e depth, brazed on. T h e plate is t u r n e d up a r o u n d the base of the cone so as to form a kind of box in w h i c h a c u r r e n t of cold w a t e r is circulated. Inside the t r u n c a t e d con~ and above the plate is a l i g h t e d gas-jet, placed there to h e a t the u p p e r base w h i c h contains the liquid. A r o u n d the plate is a circular g u t t e r or groove in which is c e m e n t e d b y m a r i n e glue a glass bell h a v i n g two tubulures. T h r o u g h the central t u b u l u r e is passed a mercurial t h e r m o m e t e r h a v i n g a flat bulb so t h a t it m a y be i m m e r s e d in the liquid or d r a w n out to r e m o v e it from the radiation of the crucible. T h e lateral t u b u l u r e is traversed b y the tube for m a k i n g the v a c u u m and by a n o t h e r and n a r r o w e r t u b e for cond u c t i n g the liquid t h a t feeds the drop. W i t h a Carr6 m a c h i n e the v a c u u m is produced at the same time in the glass bell and in the flask c o n t a i n i n g the supply of liquid. A large tube of lead traverses the b o t t o m of the plate, and leads the small drops accidentally t h r o w n and the vapor into a large cold balloon c o n t a i n i n g sulphuric acid. F r o m the neck of the balloon go tubes to a b a r o m e t r i c m a n o m e t e r , and to a t r u m p e t w i t h a t u b u l u r e for the e n t r a n c e of air or the i n t r o d u c t i o n of a n y gas. By sealing w i t h w a t e r all the stoppers and joints I h a v e been able to m a i n t a i n , for over twenty-four hours, a pressure of less t h a n one millimetre. T h e following arc the results o b t a i n e d with distilled w a t e r for pressures comprised b e t w e e n 760 millimetres and 0"5 m i l l i m e t r e : (i) Below 33 ° the t e m p e r a t u r e of the liquid is h i g h e r t h a n the t e m p e r a t u r e of its ebullition u n d e r the pressure in the s u r r o u n d i n g space. (2) From 33 ° to 5o~: the difference b e t w e e n these two t e m p e r a t u r e s is very feeble, sometimes nothing, and not
482
Gossart-Isherwood.
[J. F. I,
s u r p a s s i n g 0"5 ° at m o s t ; it is s o m e t i m e s positive a n d somet i m e s negative. (3) A b o v e 5o ° up to 9o°--:the last t e m p e r a t u r e I observed - - t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ot the drop is c o n s t a n t l y less t h a n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of ebullition u n d e r the same pressure. Mr. B o u t i g n y o b t a i n e d 97 ° for tile t e m p e r a t u r e of calefied w a t e r u n d e r the pressure of 76o "millimetres. (4) W h i l e for the low t e m p e r a t u r e s the differences increase r e g u l a r l y e n o u g h b e t w e e n o ° and 3o°, y e t above 5°o t h e differences, t h o u g h always p r e s e r v i n g the same sign, do n o t appear to v a r y as regularly. T h i s is a p o i n t to w h i c h I propose to return. T h e s e conclusions are w a r r a n t e d b y the following expertmental results : Pressures in s~Hllimelres.
2 8 21 35 48 83
Temperature o f the Liquid Calefled.
Temperalure o f Ebullition.
Differences.
0°
--12 °
.3f- 12 °
15 24" 5 32"25 37" 5 48
8 23 3 I'I~ 37" 5 48
+ + +
7 1' 5 0'45 o o
138 152 241
58 60 7°
58'5 60"5 7o'15
-- 0"5 -- 0"5 -- 0"8
34I 567
78 9°
79 92
---
i 2
In c a r r y i n g the rarefaction to the e x t r e m e l i m i t of 0"5 millimetre, I h a v e seen a drop of water, of at least two g r a m m e s , become, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g the h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e of the crucible, first opaque, and t h e n a r o u n d e d piece of solid ice, which r e m a i n e d d u r i n g more t h a n a q u a r t e r of an h o u r rocking g e n t l y on the crucible, w h i c h was always k e p t h e a t e d by the gas-jet. I t h u s realized t h e e x p e r i m e n t i m a g i n e d by Mr. Luvini, b u t not realizable by the m e t h o d he employed.
480
[J. F. I.,
n o m e n a . I shall c o n t i n u e the s t u d y in detail, a n d investig a t e the s u b j e c t below zero. I can give the definitive :numerical results only after I h a v e finished the work now :in progress on the d e f o r m a t i o n of t h e piezometers. In conclusion, I w o u l d add t h a t none of t h e liquids I h a v e s t u d i e d up to the present time, has s h o w n a m a x i m u m of d e n s i t y u n d e r a n y pressure, w h i c h is c o n t r a r y t o a prevision f o r m u l a t e d r e c e n t l y b y Mr. Grimaldi, based on a s s u m e d cons t a n c y of t h e co-efficient of compressibility w i t h i n wide limits of pressure, an a s s u m p t i o n in complete disaccord w i t h the results I h a v e o b t a i n e d w i t h all the liquids I h a v e investigated. RESEARCHES
ON THE S P H E R O I D A L WATER.*
S T A T E oF
BY MR. GOSSART. Translated by Chief Eagineer [SHERWOOD, U.S.N.
T h e results w h i c h I h a v e the h o n o r of p r e s e n t i n g to the A c a d e m y , are relative to the t e m p e r a t u r e of w a t e r in the state of calefaction u n d e r d e c r e a s i n g pressures comprised b e t w e e n 760 m i l l i m e t r e s and 0"5 millimetre. Recently, Mr. L u v i n i (II Nuovo Cimento, t. xvii) h a s published some researches on the t e m p e r a t u r e of water, of alcohol, and of ether, calefied in a v a c u u m , b u t he could not m a i n t a i n c o n s t a n t the t e m p e r a t u r e of the crucible cont a i n i n g the liquid and m e r e l y r e s t i n g on a brick h e a t e d u n d e r a glass bell. F o r m i n g the v a c u u m rapidly, he followed the s i m u l t a n e o u s c h a n g e of a t h e r m o m e t e r placed in the liquid, and of the pressure. F r o m his o b s e r v a t i o n s he concluded t h a t the temperature o f t/ze liquid spheroid is the same as tke temperature o f ebulh'tion under t/ze pressure in the enclosed space a n d t h a t t h e r e could be t h u s directly caused the freezi n g of water, b u t there c a n n o t be affirmed, p a r t i c u l a r l y as the crucible is not t a k e n o u t and is still very hot, that. t h e l ' q u i d h'as not ceased to be in the spheroidal state. ~ 6~m]5[es R e n d u s , I887, page I27o.
Dec., x889 ]
Spheroidal State of Water.
48I
I h a v e s o u g h t to verify the relation i n d i c a t e d by Mr. Luvini, b u t m a i n t a i n i n g c o n s t a n t the t e m p e r a t u r e of the crucible, the v o l u m e of the liquid, a n d the pressure, in order to m e a s u r e w i t h certainty, the d a t a of the experiment. A copper plate is raised at its centre in the form of a t r u n c a t e d cone, the upper base of which is a concave plate of o'o4 m e t r e d i a m e t e r and' o'ox m e t r e depth, brazed on. T h e plate is t u r n e d up a r o u n d the base of the cone so as to form a kind of box in w h i c h a c u r r e n t of cold w a t e r is circulated. Inside the t r u n c a t e d con~ and above the plate is a l i g h t e d gas-jet, placed there to h e a t the u p p e r base w h i c h contains the liquid. A r o u n d the plate is a circular g u t t e r or groove in which is c e m e n t e d b y m a r i n e glue a glass bell h a v i n g two tubulures. T h r o u g h the central t u b u l u r e is passed a mercurial t h e r m o m e t e r h a v i n g a flat bulb so t h a t it m a y be i m m e r s e d in the liquid or d r a w n out to r e m o v e it from the radiation of the crucible. T h e lateral t u b u l u r e is traversed b y the tube for m a k i n g the v a c u u m and by a n o t h e r and n a r r o w e r t u b e for cond u c t i n g the liquid t h a t feeds the drop. W i t h a Carr6 m a c h i n e the v a c u u m is produced at the same time in the glass bell and in the flask c o n t a i n i n g the supply of liquid. A large tube of lead traverses the b o t t o m of the plate, and leads the small drops accidentally t h r o w n and the vapor into a large cold balloon c o n t a i n i n g sulphuric acid. F r o m the neck of the balloon go tubes to a b a r o m e t r i c m a n o m e t e r , and to a t r u m p e t w i t h a t u b u l u r e for the e n t r a n c e of air or the i n t r o d u c t i o n of a n y gas. By sealing w i t h w a t e r all the stoppers and joints I h a v e been able to m a i n t a i n , for over twenty-four hours, a pressure of less t h a n one millimetre. T h e following arc the results o b t a i n e d with distilled w a t e r for pressures comprised b e t w e e n 760 millimetres and 0"5 m i l l i m e t r e : (i) Below 33 ° the t e m p e r a t u r e of the liquid is h i g h e r t h a n the t e m p e r a t u r e of its ebullition u n d e r the pressure in the s u r r o u n d i n g space. (2) From 33 ° to 5o~: the difference b e t w e e n these two t e m p e r a t u r e s is very feeble, sometimes nothing, and not
482
Gossart-Isherwood.
[J. F. I,
s u r p a s s i n g 0"5 ° at m o s t ; it is s o m e t i m e s positive a n d somet i m e s negative. (3) A b o v e 5o ° up to 9o°--:the last t e m p e r a t u r e I observed - - t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ot the drop is c o n s t a n t l y less t h a n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of ebullition u n d e r the same pressure. Mr. B o u t i g n y o b t a i n e d 97 ° for tile t e m p e r a t u r e of calefied w a t e r u n d e r the pressure of 76o "millimetres. (4) W h i l e for the low t e m p e r a t u r e s the differences increase r e g u l a r l y e n o u g h b e t w e e n o ° and 3o°, y e t above 5°o t h e differences, t h o u g h always p r e s e r v i n g the same sign, do n o t appear to v a r y as regularly. T h i s is a p o i n t to w h i c h I propose to return. T h e s e conclusions are w a r r a n t e d b y the following expertmental results : Pressures in s~Hllimelres.
2 8 21 35 48 83
Temperature o f the Liquid Calefled.
Temperalure o f Ebullition.
Differences.
0°
--12 °
.3f- 12 °
15 24" 5 32"25 37" 5 48
8 23 3 I'I~ 37" 5 48
+ + +
7 1' 5 0'45 o o
138 152 241
58 60 7°
58'5 60"5 7o'15
-- 0"5 -- 0"5 -- 0"8
34I 567
78 9°
79 92
---
i 2
In c a r r y i n g the rarefaction to the e x t r e m e l i m i t of 0"5 millimetre, I h a v e seen a drop of water, of at least two g r a m m e s , become, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g the h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e of the crucible, first opaque, and t h e n a r o u n d e d piece of solid ice, which r e m a i n e d d u r i n g more t h a n a q u a r t e r of an h o u r rocking g e n t l y on the crucible, w h i c h was always k e p t h e a t e d by the gas-jet. I t h u s realized t h e e x p e r i m e n t i m a g i n e d by Mr. Luvini, b u t not realizable by the m e t h o d he employed.