Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii

RESIDENT ATTITUDES TOWARD T O U R I S M I M P A C T S IN H A W A I I Juanlta C, L i u U n i v e r s i t y of H a w a i i , U S A Turgut War Simon Fraser University, USA

ABSTRACT T h e p u r p o s e of this s t u d y is to d e t e r m i n e r e s i d e n t attit u d e s to t h e economic, sociocultural, a n d ecological imp a c t s of t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t in Hawaii. In Fall 1982, 6 3 6 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e o b t a i n e d b y a r a n d o m s a m p l e of r e s i d e n t s of O a h u , Hawaii, Maui, a n d Kauai. T h e findings of t h e s t u d y are: r e s p o n d e n t s strongly agree t h a t t o u r i s m provides m a n y e c o n o m i c a n d cultural benefits, b u t are a m b i v a l e n t a b o u t e n v i r o n m e n t a l benefits; r e s p o n d e n t s are r e l u c t a n t to a t t r i b u t e social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l costs to tourism; significant variation a m o n g r e s p o n d e n t s b y d e m o g r a p h i c s u b g r o u p s w i t h t h e exception of length of r e s i d e n c e a n d e t h n i c i t y is generally low; r e s i d e n t s regard e n v i r o n m e n t a l protection as being a m o r e i m p o r t a n t priority t h a n t h e e c o n o m i c benefits of tourism, b u t a r e not willing to lower their s t a n d a r d of living in order to a c h i e v e this goal. K e y w o r d s : t o u r i s m impacts, r e s i d e n t attitudes, social costs a n d benefits, t o u r i s m trade-offs a n d priorities.

J u a a l t a L l u is A s s o c i a t e P r o f e s s o r a t t h e S c h o o l of T r a v e l I n d u s t r y M a n a g e m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i ( H o n o l u l u , HI 9 6 8 2 2 , USA). S h e h a s c o n d u c t e d r e s e a r c h o n t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t of t o u r i s m in C a n a d a , T u r k e y , a n d H a w a i i . Turgut Var is P r o f e s s o r of A c c o u n t i n g a t t h e F a c u l t y of B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , S i m o n F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y . He h a s t a u g h t a t M i d d l e E a s t T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y , U n i v e r s i t y . o f K a n s a s , a n d U n i v e r s i t y of H a w a i i . He c o a u t h o r e d P l a n n i n g f o r T o u r i s m Development: Q u a n i t l t a t i v e A p p r o a c h e s ( P r a e g e r , 1 9 7 6 ) a n d n u m e r o u s a c c o u n t i n g t e x t s . Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 13, pp. 193-214. 1986 Printed in the USA. All rights reserved.

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RESIDENT ATTITUDES RI~SUM]~ Les a t t i t u d e s des h a b i t a n t s e n v e r s les i m p a c t s du t ouris me e n Hawaii. Le p r o p o s de la p r ~ s e n t e ~tude est de d ~ t e r m i n e r les a t t i t u d e s des h a b i t a n t s e n v e r s les i m p a c t s d c o n o m i q u e s , s o c i o c u l t u r e l s et ~cologiques du d~veloppem e n t d u t o u r i s m e en Hawaii. E n a u t o m n e 1982, 6 3 6 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s o n t ~td o b t e n u s p a r m o y e n d ' u n d c h a n t i l Ion pr~lev~ a u h a s a r d des h a b i t a n t s d ' O a h u , d ' H a w a i i , de Maui et de Kauai. Les c o n c l u s i o n s de l ' d t u d e sont: que les h a b i t a n t s s o n t t o u t & fait d ' a c c o r d p o u r t r o u v e r que le t o u r i s m e a p p o r t e b i e n des bdndfices d c o n o m i q u e s et cultu r els , m a i s ils s o n t a m b i v a l e n t s q u a n d a u x b~n~fices l ' e n v i r o n n e m e n t ; que les h a b i t a n t s h d s i t e n t ~ a t t r i b u e r a u t o u r i s m e des cofits s o c i a u x et e n v i r o n n e m e n t a u x ; qu'il y a p e u de v a r i a t i o n s i gni f i ant e p a r m i les h a b i t a n t s s e l o n s o u s - g r o u p e a ve c l ' e x c e p t i o n de d u r d e de r d s i d e n c e et ethnicit~; et que les h a b i t a n t s c o n s i d ~ r e n t que la prot e c t i o n de l ' e n v i r o n n e m e n t a la pr i ori t e s u r les b e n e f i c e s ~ c o n o m i q u e s du t o u r i s m e , m a i s ils ne v e u l e n t p a s voir d i m i n u e r l e ur n i v e a u de vie afin de rdal i ser cet objectif. M o t s clef: i m p a c t s du t o u r i s m e , a t t i t u d e s des h a b i t a n t s , coQts et b~n~fices s oc i a ux, ~ c h a n g e s et priorit~s du t ourisme.

INTRODUCTION T o u r i s m , like m a n y o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , is o f t e n u s e d as a n a t i o n a l or re gio n al d e v e l o p m e n t tool. S i n c e it g e n e r a t e s n e w e m p l o y m e n t opp o r t u n i t i e s for large n u m b e r s of local r e s i d e n t s , t o u r i s m c r e a t e s n e w w o r k i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s , n e w f o r m s of social s t r a t i f i c a t i o n , a n d t r a n s f o r m s social i n s t i t u t i o n s w h i c h a c c o m p a n y beliefs, a t t i t u d e s , a n d v a l u e s (Kendall a n d V a r 1984). In a d d i t i o n to e c o n o m i c a n d social effects, t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t p r o d u c e s s u c h e n v i r o n m e n t a l effects as cr o wdi ng, noise, litter, p r o p e r t y d e s t r u c t i o n , pollution, a n d t h e a p p e a r a n c e of h o l i d a y h o m e s . D i s a p p e a r a n c e of p l a n t a n d wildlife a r e also i m p o r t a n t o u t c o m e s of e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m or i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t . Methodologies to d e t e r m i n e t h e e c o n o m i c i m p a c t s on n a t i o n a l a n d r eg io n al levels h a v e b e e n fairly well d e v e l o p e d a n d appl i ed in n u m e r o u s d e s t i n a t i o n a r e a s (Liu, Var, a n d T i m u r 1984; Liu a n d V a r 1983; V a r 1984). A c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y of t h e l i t e r a t u r e by K e n d a l l a n d V a r (1984) i n d i c a t e s t h a t n u m e r o u s a t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e to e x a m i n e t h e n o n e c o n o m i e effects of t o u r i s m by u s i n g 194

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different, a n d s o m e t i m e s , less rigorous m e t h o d s (Liu a n d Var 1984). In order to d e t e r m i n e t h e i m p a c t of t o u r i s m on t h e social a n d c u l t u r a l fabric of t h e h o s t c o m m u n i t y , B r o u g h a m a n d Butler (198 I) s t u d i e d r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s t o u r i s m in Sleat, Scotland. By u s i n g s e g m e n t a t i o n a n a l y s i s , t h e y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t r e s i d e n t attit u d e s differed in t e r m s of age, language, l e n g t h of residence, degree of t o u r i s t exposure, a n d p e r s o n a l a n d locational contacts. O t h e r s t u d i e s by Belisle a n d Hoy (I 980) in S a n t a Marta, Colombia f o u n d t h a t a t t i t u d e s differ d e p e n d i n g on t h e d i s t a n c e of r e s i d e n t ' s h o m e from t h e t o u r i s t zone. As s t a t e d by S h e l d o n a n d Var (1984), t h e s e a s o n a l n a t u r e of tourism is p a r t l y responsible for friction b e t w e e n r e s i d e n t s a n d tourists. During t h e high s e a s o n t h e load on i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s is s t r e t c h e d to capacity, a n d overcrowding a n d t r a ~ c congestion often c a u s e i n c o n v e n i e n c e s to local residents. T h e s e a s p e c t s of t o u r i s m impact, as s t u d i e d by R o t h m a n in Delaware, revealed t h a t t o u r i s t s ' i m p a c t u p o n t h e c o m m u n i t y , while significant, did not a p p e a r to be disruptive. R a t h e r , it s e e m e d t h a t r e s i d e n t s were able to m a k e a major a d j u s t m e n t w i t h relative ease. T h i s is p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e t h e s e comm u n i t i e s h a v e h a d long experience w i t h t o u r i s t s a n d h a v e b e e n able to develop m e c h a n i s m s of a c c o m m o d a t i o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e y are able to cope w i t h very large a n d h e t e r o g e n e o u s p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h o u t d e s t r u c t i v e conflicts ( R o t h m a n 1978). A b r a h a m Pizam (1978) h a s a t t e m p t e d to d e t e r m i n e empirically t h e e x i s t e n c e of negative i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m w i t h t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t h e a v y t o u r i s m c o n c e n t r a t i o n on a d e s t i n a t i o n a r e a leads to n e g a t i v e r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t o u r i s t s a n d t o u r i s m in general. His s t u d y s e e m s to confirm t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a n i n d i v i d u a l ' s e c o n o m i c d e p e n d e n c y on t o u r i s m a n d o n e ' s overall a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t o u r i s m . It w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e more d e p e n d e n t a p e r s o n w a s on t o u r i s m as a m e a n s of livelihood, t h e more positive w a s t h a t p e r s o n ' s overall a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t o u r i s m in t h e s t u d y area. By u s i n g t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e , Peter M u r p h y (1981) did a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y on r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s in t h r e e differe n t t y p e s of d e s t i n a t i o n s : day-trip, s h o r t - s t a y , a n d long-stay centers. He c o n c l u d e d t h a t r e s i d e n t s develop identifiable a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s t o u r i s m a n d t h a t t h e s e could v a r y a c c o r d i n g to t h e type of d e v e l o p m e n t u n d e r t a k e n in t h e i r town. T h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s s e e m to b u t t r e s s P i z a m ' s earlier findings. However, findings from t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y indicate t h a t d e p e n d e n c y on t o u r i s m related jobs does n o t a p p e a r to be a significant factor in r e s i d e n t s ' perception in a major d e s t i n a t i o n a r e a w h e r e a l m o s t e v e r y b o d y is i n f o r m e d a b o u t t h e i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m . In s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d by Gearing, Swart, a n d Var (1974) on Tur1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

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k e y a n d again, Var, Beck, a n d L of t us (1977) on British Columbia, r e v e a l t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e of a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t o u r i s t s in overall a t t r a c t i v i t y of t o u r i s t regions. T h e a t t i t u d e of r e s i d e n t s t o w a r d t ourists is o n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s a f t e r n a t u r a l b e a u t y , clim a t e , i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , a n d lodging factors. In t h e T u r k i s h s t u d y , a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t o u r i s t s is r a n k e d a s s e v e n t h o u t of s e v e n t e e n criteria. It w a s r a t e d v e r y closely to h i s t o r i c a l p r o m i n e n c e a n d a n c i e n t r u i n s w h i c h w e r e r a t e d as fifth a n d s i x t h r e s p e c t i v e l y . In t h e B ritis h C o l u m b i a s t udy, a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t o u r i s t s also r a n k e d seve n t h o u t of s e v e n t e e n criteria, w h i c h w a s v e r y close to s p o r t facilities in s i x t h position, a n d h i s t o r i c a l p r o m i n e n c e , in fifth. In 1981 H o f f m a n a n d Low (198 i) u s e d b i n a r y p r o b i t a n a l y s i s to p r e d i c t w h e t h e r a n i n d i v i d u a l is i n t e r e s t e d in a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a a n d will r e t u r n to it. T h e y f o u n d r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t o u r i s m to be t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in p r e d i c t i n g a d e s t i n a t i o n c h o i c e (Sheld o n a n d V a r 1985). T H E STUDY AREA As t h e lead in g i n d u s t r y in H a w a i i ' s e c o n o m y , it is e s t i m a t e d t h a t t o u r i s m p r o v i d e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d of H a w a i i ' s gross d o m e s tic p r o d u c t , jobs, a n d g o v e r n m e n t r e v e n u e s (Hawaii S t a t e D epart m e n t of P l a n n i n g a n d E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t 1983). In 1982 t h e n u m b e r of v is itor s to Hawaii s u r p a s s e d t h e f o u r million m a r k for t h e first time. W i t h a p o p u l a t i o n of s o m e 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 plus, t h e a n n u a l t o u r i s t - r e s i d e n t ratio is a b o u t 5 to 1. O n a daily basis, a v o l u m e of 1 0 5 ,0 2 1 v is ito r s to t h e S t a t e in 1982 m e a n s a t o u r i s t - r e s i d e n t ratio of a b o u t 1 to 10 (Hawaii Visitors B u r e a u 1982). T h e s e v a s t n u m b e r s of vi s i t or s h a v e b e e n b o t h l a u d e d for t h e e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s provided, as well as c o n d e m n e d for t h e assoc i a t e d social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l cos t s t h a t h a v e b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r ap id t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t . How do we p l a n for o p t i m a l t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t ? T h e p r o b l e m is a c o m p l e x o n e to resolve, gi ven a n a b s e n c e of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e t o u r i s m t h e o r y , a d e a r t h of p r o v e n m e t h o d o l o g i e s to m e a s u r e n o n e c o n o m i c i m p a c t s , a n d l ack of s t r o n g e m p i r i c a l f o u n d a t i o n u p o n w h i c h to b a s e policy decisions. O n e a p p r o a c h is to m o n i t o r r e s i d e n t o p i n i o n on t h e v a r i o u s eff e cts of t o u r i s m as a m e a n s of i n c o r p o r a t i n g c o m m u n i t y r e a c t i o n i n to t o u r i s m p l a n n i n g . T h i s is i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e u n l i k e m a n y o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , t o u r i s t s visit p l a c e s w h e r e r e s i d e n t s also live. As a first s tep in i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e n o n e c o n o m i c i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m , it is t h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u d y to e x a m i n e t h e p e r c e p t i o n s of r e s i d e n t s w i t h r e g a r d to t h e social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l , as well as e c o n o m i c , effects of t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t in Hawaii. 196

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Several earlier s u r v e y s h a v e m o n i t o r e d r e s i d e n t opinion on various a s p e c t s of Hawaii t o u r i s m . T h e s e include: a s t u d y on t h e role t h a t t h e visitor i n d u s t r y plays in s e r v i n g t h e e c o n o m i c n e e d s of t h e S t a t e (Hawaii Visitors B u r e a u 1972); a s t u d y of t h e c h a n g e in O a h u r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s as a r e s u l t of a television a d v e r t i s i n g c a m p a i g n (Visitor I n d u s t r y E d u c a t i o n Council 1974); a n d a s t u d y on t o u r i s m e m p l o y m e n t (Hawaii S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t of P l a n n i n g a n d E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t 1975). A related s t u d y , w h i c h did not a t t e m p t to meas u r e r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s , i n s t e a d identified p a r a m e t e r s for a r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s t u d y in Hawaii (Knox 1978). Occasional opinion polls m o n i t o r i n g r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t o u r i s m h a v e also b e e n cond u c t e d by a local n e w s p a p e r . C o m p a r e d to previous s u r v e y s , t h i s s t u d y is far more c o m p r e h e n sive in scope. F u r t h e r m o r e , only very limited c o m p a r i s o n s a m o n g t h e v a r i o u s s t u d i e s c a n be m a d e due to differences in methodology. R e s p o n d e n t s were a s k e d to a n s w e r a b o u t 115 q u e s t i o n s on t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . T h e fifty-one q u e s t i o n s on t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t were very specific a n d i n c l u d e d several k e y q u e s t i o n s on trade-offs. F u r t h e r m o r e , a m e t h o d o l o g y w a s d e s i g n e d to e n a b l e a r a n k i n g of items. SURVEY AND SAMPLE A q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s designed to solicit o p i n i o n s on t o u r i s m dev e l o p m e n t a n d impact, i n c l u d i n g economic c o n t r i b u t i o n , educational c o n t r i b u t i o n , social a n d c u l t u r a l effects, e n v i r o n m e n t a l effects, g o v e r n m e n t p l a n n i n g , living c o n d i t i o n s of r e s i d e n t s , stereotyping of tourists, p r e f e r e n c e s for specific tourists, foreign inv e s t m e n t s , as well as d e m o g r a p h i c s of r e s p o n d e n t s . D u r i n g S p r i n g 1982 a pilot s t u d y w a s c o n d u c t e d at t h e University of Hawaii to finalize t h e s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t . T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s completed by a b o u t 150 u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s in t h e College of Business. About h a l f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s were m a j o r i n g in t h e Travel I n d u s t r y M a n a g e m e n t {TIM} program. In Fall 1982 3,000 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were mailed to r e s i d e n t s of t h e four major c o u n t i e s of Hawaii State {Oahu, Hawaii, Maul, a n d Kauai). A firm specializing in s u r v e y r e s e a r c h w a s hired to provide t h e m a i l i n g list of r e s i d e n t s of t h e s e four c o u n t i e s c h o s e n at random. Over 600 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were r e t u r n e d , r e p r e s e n t i n g more t h a n 20 p e r c e n t response. Given t h e l e n g t h of t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n d a n expected r e s p o n s e rate of 10 to 15 p e r c e n t for mail s u r v e y s , it is felt t h a t t h i s r e s p o n s e w a s excellent a n d h a s e n s u r e d a more t h a n sufficient n u m b e r of r e s p o n s e s for statistical validity of t h e results. 1986 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

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RESIDENT ATTITUDES As far as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e n e s s of t h e s a m p l e is c o n c e r n e d , t h e sampiing r e s p o n s e s m e t expectations. T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n by i s l a n d of r e s i d e n c e is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e a c t u a l b r e a k d o w n . W h e n comparing t h e s a m p l e w i t h t h e a c t u a l d e m o g r a p h i c s of Hawaii residents, t h e s a m p l e r e s p o n d e n t s were s k e w e d slightly t o w a r d t h e older age categories, C a u c a s i a n s , h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n levels, t h e m a n a g e r i a l , professional a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n category, h i g h e r f a m i l y income groups, a n d r e s i d e n t s w h o were not b o r n in Hawaii. However, c r o s s t a b u l a t i o n s of t h e s a m p l e r e s p o n s e s indicate t h a t t h e s e differe n c e s would p r o b a b l y not affect t h e o u t c o m e of t h e r e s u l t s by more t h a n a few p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s in either direction. Hence, it is felt t h a t t h e findings are valid in i n d i c a t i n g g e n e r a l t r e n d s .

RESULTS AND FINDINGS R e s p o n d e n t s were a s k e d to r a n k t h e i r r e s p o n s e s to t h e q u e s t i o n s on t o u r i s m i m p a c t s on a six-point a g r e e m e n t / d i s a g r e e m e n t scale. By u s i n g a c o n t i n u o u s scale like this, it is possible to c o m p u t e two m e a s u r e s of r e s p o n s e s . T h e first is t h e u s u a l p e r c e n t a g e of respond e n t s a g r e e i n g w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t . T h e s e c o n d is a m e a n score w h i c h reflects t h e i n t e n s i t y of a g r e e m e n t . T h e latter provides a more m e a n i n g f u l m e t h o d of r a n k i n g i t e m s t h a n by u s i n g simple p e r c e n t a g e s . N o n r e s p o n s e s did not exceed five p e r c e n t of a n y one q u e s t i o n in t h i s p a r t of t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . W h e n t h e r e s u l t s were t a b u l a t e d , t h e individual s u r v e y i t e m s were grouped into t h r e e categories: economic, sociocultural, a n d ecological effects. However, some overlaps exist since several questions involve tradeoffs b e t w e e n v a r i o u s effects. Nevertheless, t h e s e p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s are useful in giving s o m e i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e overall i m p r e s s i o n s of t h e s u r v e y r e s p o n d e n t s to t h e v a r i o u s effects of t o u r i s m . In order to test w h e t h e r a n y significant differences exist a m o n g d e m o g r a p h i c subgroups, t h e fifty-one variables were t e s t e d by a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e of t h e following categories: • • • • •

Island: O a h u , Maui, Hawaii, Kauai. Sex: Male, Female. E t h n i c i t y : C a u c a s i a n , Oriental, H a w a i i a n / P a r t H a w a i i a n , Other. L e n g t h of Residency: 3 or less, 3 - 5, 6 - 10, 11 W years, lifelong. Income: U n d e r $10,000, $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 - $19,999, $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 - $29,999, $ 3 0 , 0 0 0 - $39,999, $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 - $49,999, $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 a n d over. • E d u c a t i o n : High School or less, Vocational or Technical, Some University, University Grad, G r a d u a t e Studies. 198

1986 ANNALSOF TOURISMRESEARCH

J U A N I T A C. LIU AND T U R G U T V A R

• Occupation: E d u c a t i o n / H e a l t h / S o c i a l Work, L a b o r / T r a d e F a r m e r , H o m e m a k e r , Professional/Executive, Office Worker, Retail/Sales R e p r e s e n t a t i v e , Retired, S t u d e n t / O t h e r . • J o b Type: Tourism-related, N o n t o u r i s m - r e l a t e d . The t h r e e t a b l e s on t h e economic, sociocultural, a n d ecological effects of t o u r i s m b y d e m o g r a p h i c categories are c o n s i s t e n t with t h e previous ones, w h e r e t h e i t e m s are r a n k e d b y m e a n s c o r e s on a g r e e m e n t (i.e., t h e m o s t agreed with i t e m s are in a s c e n d i n g order). Of t h e 4 0 8 F - v a l u e s for t h e 51 t o u r i s m i m p a c t v a r i a b l e s b y t h e 8 d e m o g r a p h i c s u b g r o u p s , only 28 p e r c e n t (116 items) are significant at t h e 5 p e r c e n t level. Of these, 15 p e r c e n t (60 items) are significant at t h e 1 p e r c e n t le..'el, a n d 7 p e r c e n t (27 items) are significant at t h e •1 p e r c e n t level. By d e m o g r a p h i c s u b g r o u p s , length of r e s i d e n c y s h o w s t h e m o s t significant differences at t h e 5 p e r c e n t level (20 items, or 39 p e r c e n t of t h e 51 variables), followed b y e t h n i c i t y (19 items). For a n y single question, t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r of signific a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w a s 5 out of t h e 8 d e m o g r a p h i c categories, b u t this o c c u r r e d only twice. Hence, b y all a c c o u n t s , t h e n u m b e r of significant differences of r e s i d e n t r e s p o n s e s to t o u r i s m effects b y d e m o g r a p h i c g r o u p i n g s a p p e a r s to be low.

ECONOMIC E F F E C T S T h e s u r v e y r e s u l t s show, a s noted in Table I, t h a t t h e r e is strong a g r e e m e n t on t h e positive e c o n o m i c benefits of tourism, including j o b s (95% agree), i n v e s t m e n t s (90%), a n d local b u s i n e s s (74%). However, t h e r e s p o n d e n t s recognize t h a t j u s t a s their s t a n d a r d of living i n c r e a s e s due to t o u r i s m (80%), so does t h e cost of living (56%). It is i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t significantly more people are willing to a t t r i b u t e their rise in living s t a n d a r d to tourism, t h a n a r e willing to b l a m e t o u r i s m for t h e high cost of living• C o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r major s o u r c e s of i n c o m e in Hawaii, t o u r i s m is c o n s i d e r e d more i m p o r t a n t t h a n p i n e a p p l e (68%) a n d s u g a r (67%), b u t not n e c e s s a r i l y t h e military (53%)• As far as e c o n o m i c trade-offs are c o n c e r n e d , few r e s p o n d e n t s feel t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c g a i n s from t o u r i s m are d e t r i m e n t a l to cultural identity in Hawaii {22%)• It is also felt t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c c o n t r i b u tion of t o u r i s m o u t w e i g h s t h e negative social i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m (73%)• However, t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g majority feels t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c g a i n s of t o u r i s m are n o t m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n protection of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t (79%). Of t h e f o u r t e e n q u e s t i o n s on e c o n o m i c benefits a n d costs, signifi1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

199

RESIDENT ATTITUDES

Table

1

Hawaii R e s i d e n t Opinion o f the E c o n o m i c Effects o f Tourism, 1982 Hawaii Residents a Rank b 1

2 3

4

5 6 7

8

9 10

11 12 13 14

Question on Survey Instrument

Mean c

% Agree d

O n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s of t o u r i s m is t h a t it h a s c r e a t e d m o r e j o b s for t h e S t a t e of Hawaii's residents. Tourism attracts more investment and spending in the state's economy. O u r s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g i n c r e a s e s c o n s i d e r a b l y b e c a u s e of t h e m o n e y t h a t t o u r i s t s s p e n d i n t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i . Revenues from the tourism industry are more imp o r t a n t for t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i t h a n r e v e n u e s from the pineapple industry. I t h i n k t h a t a h o t e l t a x s h o u l d b e c h a r g e d in t h e State of Hawaii. Local businesses are the ones which benefit most from tourists. The economic contribution of tourism outweighs t h e n e g a t i v e s o c i a l i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m , s u c h a s overcrowding of public facilities. T o u r i s m r e v e n u e is m o r e i m p o r t a n t for t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i t h a n r e v e n u e f r o m t h e s u g a r i n dustry. I t h i n k t h a t c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s (e.g. d i v i n g tours) should be allowed. P r i c e s of m a n y g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s i n t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i h a v e i n c r e a s e d b e c a u s e of i n c r e a s e s i n tourism. T o u r i s m r e v e n u e is m o r e i m p o r t a n t for t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i t h a n r e v e n u e f r o m t h e m i l i t a r y . I a m s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e w a y m y t a x d o l l a r is s p e n t on tourist information and advertising. I t h i n k t h a t p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s (e.g. t h e zoo) s h o u l d charge entrance fees. T h e e c o n o m i c g a i n s of t o u r i s m a r e m o r e i m p o r r a n t t h a n t h e p r o t e c t i o n of o u r e n v i r o n m e n t .

5,250

95.4

4.899

90.1

4.389

79.6

4.288

68.4

4,258

69.3

4.257

74.1

4.251

72.9

4.166

67.1

3.764

62.2

3.735

56.0

3.611

52.6

3.537

58.0

3.244

46.9

2.540

20.8

a Results represent responses from 636 residents of Hawaii State. b Questions are ranked by m e a n values. c Scale ranges from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree, a Percent agreeing are those a n s w e r i n g 4, 5 or a 6-point scale. Nonresponses are not included.

200

1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

JUANITA C. LIU AND TURGUTVAR c a n t differences are f o u n d for 9 i t e m s by e t h n i c i t y a n d 8 i t e m s by l e n g t h of r e s i d e n c y (Table 2). In fact, t h e s e are t h e only two c a s e s in t h e entire s t u d y for w h i c h significant differences of a d e m o g r a p h i c s u b g r o u p exceeded 50 percent. Similarly, only two questions, t h o s e on hotel t a x a n d c o m p a r i s o n of t o u r i s m r e v e n u e w i t h s u g a r revenue, h a v e g r e a t e r t h a n 50 p e r c e n t v a r i a t i o n by d e m o g r a p h i c categories. Overall, only 34 p e r c e n t of t h e 112 F-values in Table 2 are significant at t h e 5 p e r c e n t level. It is s u r p r i s i n g t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s w h o w o r k in t h e i n d u s t r y did not r e s p o n d differently from t h o s e w h o hold n o n t o u r i s m - r e l a t e d jobs, except in t h e case of c o m p a r i s o n of t o u r i s m r e v e n u e s w i t h m i l i t a r y r e v e n u e s . T h i s result is c o u n t e r to P i z a m ' s s t u d y (1978) w h i c h s h o w e d t h a t more positive a t t i t u d e s were f o u n d for w o r k e r s in t h e i n d u s t r y . A possible e x p l a n a t i o n is t h a t in a m a t u r e d e s t i n a t i o n like Hawaii w h e r e t o u r i s m is so d o m i n a n t , few r e s i d e n t s are u n a w a r e of t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e i n d u s t r y . R e c e n t events, s u c h as declines in visitor v o l u m e s in 1980 a n d 1981 a n d television p r o m o t i o n a l camp a i g n s for r e s i d e n t s , h a v e u n d e r s c o r e d t o u r i s m ' s i m p o r t a n c e to H a w a i i ' s economy. T h i s is b o r n e out by t h e data, since few signific a n t differences were f o u n d a c r o s s all d e m o g r a p h i c categories for r e s i d e n t perception of t h e beneficial effects of t o u r i s m on t h e s t a n d a r d of living, jobs, a n d small b u s i n e s s e s . SOCIOCULTURAL E F F E C T S Similar to t h e high a g r e e m e n t on t h e positive economic benefits of t o u r i s m in t h e previous section, is t h e s t r o n g a g r e e m e n t on t h e positive c u l t u r a l benefits of t o u r i s m (Table 3). T h e s e include s u c h i t e m s as v a r i e t y of e n t e r t a i n m e n t (92%), m e e t i n g t o u r i s t s as a valuable e d u c a t i o n a l experience (91%), need for more historical a n d c u l t u r a l e x h i b i t s (87%), desire to m e e t t o u r i s t s a n d l e a r n more a b o u t t h e i r c u l t u r e (78%), t o u r i s m " c u l t u r a l e x c h a n g e " giving us b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e world (79%), e n c o u r a g e m e n t of v a r i e t y of c u l t u r a l activities by locals (81%), a n d t o u r i s m ' s positive i m p a c t on H a w a i i ' s c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y (71%). In fact, t h e s e s e v e n i t e m s r a n k as t h e m o s t agreed u p o n i t e m s in t h e sociocultural category. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e n e x t m o s t agreed u p o n s t a t e m e n t is "I t h i n k t h e ' a l o h a spirit' in our s t a t e is d e c l i n i n g " (68%). M u c h r e c e n t c o n c e r n h a s b e e n devoted to t h e perception of a declining a l o h a spirit w h i c h h a s b e c o m e a crucial a s p e c t of t h e lure of t h e H a w a i i a n Islands, as well as t h e focus of r e c e n t c o m m e r c i a l s directed at resid e n t s to s u p p o r t t h e t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y . T h i s finding is n o t s u r p r i s i n g given t h e c u r r e n t mood in Hawaii, b u t is s e e m i n g l y at odds w i t h t h e 1986 ANNALSOF TOURISMRESEARCH

201

t~ W >

O

O

>

>

b~ O b~

Variable

O n e of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s of t o u r i s m is t h a t it h a s c r e a t e d m o r e jobs for t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i ' s r e s i d e n t s . T o u r i s m a t t r a c t s m o r e i n v e s t m e n t a n d s p e n d i n g in t h e state's economy. O u r s t a n d a r d of living i n c r e a s e s c o n s i d e r a b l y b e c a u s e of t h e m o n e y t o u r i s t s s p e n d in t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i . Revenues from the tourism industry are more important for t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i t h a n r e v e n u e s f r o m t h e p i n e a p p l e industry. I t h i n k t h a t a hotel t a x s h o u l d be c h a r g e d in t h e S t a t e of Hawaii. Local b u s i n e s s e s a r e t h e o n e s w h i c h benefit m o s t f r o m tourists. T h e e c o n o m i c c o n t r i b u t i o n of t o u r i s m o u t w e i g h s t h e n e g a tive social i m p a c t s of t o u r i s m , s u c h a s o v e r c r o w d i n g of public facilities. T o u r i s m r e v e n u e is m o r e i m p o r t a n t for t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i t h a n revenue from the sugar industry.

Rank

1

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

Table

2

3.69 *

1.65

9.89 *** 1.07

2.23

2.82 * 0.78

1.10

Island

0.17

0.56

0.41

0.31

0.05

4.04 * 2.06

0.40

Sex

5.05 **

3.48 *

2.72 * 0.62

4.36 **

7.91 *** 6.07 *** 0.01

Ethnicity

4.12 **

1.80

6.15 *** 1.00

2.88 *

3.35 ** 0.27

1.99

Residency

4.30 ***

2.97 *

3.02 * 1.20

3.33 **

1.96

0.44

1.66

Income

3.25 **

0.92

3.41

2.08

2.53 *

0.58

0.22

1.18

Education

A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e F - v a l u e a n d Level of S i g n i f i c a n c e

0.60 2.74

1.58 1.91

1.45

1.29 0.06

3.29

2.55

1.42 1.59

0.37

1.43

3.65

0.76

0.59

Job Type

Occupation

D e m o g r a p h i c D i f f e r e n c e s i n R e s i d e n t A t t i t u d e to t h e E c o n o m i c I m p a c t o f T o u r i s m i n H a w a i i

t~ G0

q

t~ Z

t~

tO O CO

>

t~

O

O

> z z >

Prices of many goods and services in the State of Hawaii have increased because of increases in tourism. Tourism revenue is more important for the State of Hawaii than revenue from the military. I am satisfied with the way my tax dollar is spent on tourist information and advertising. I t h i n k t h a t p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s (e.g. t h e zoo) s h o u l d c h a r g e entrance fees. The economic gains of tourism are more important than the protection of our environment.

I t h i n k t h a t c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s (e,g. d i v i n g t o u r s ) s h o u l d be allowed.

0.76

1.75

4.32 ** 2.08

0.83

0.71

4.80 * 1.98

1.27

0.38

0.03

5.09 .

5.28 *** 3.30 *

1.39

2.03

1.69

3.39 .

4.45 ** 4.11 ** 3.50 **

2.59 * 1.33

0.79

0.88

1.70

0.64

4.83 *** 0.46

0.88

0.43

3.43 ** 0.17

3.59 ** 2.16

1.13

2.44 *

1.35

2.02 . 1.07

1.32

0.87

0.25

0.01

10.33 *** 1.22

0.62

0.64

Notes: Demographic categories are as follows: Island: Oahu, M a u l Hawaii, Kauai. Sex: Male, Female. Ethnicity: Caucasian, Oriental, Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian, Other. Length of Residency: 3 or less, 3 - 5 , 6 - I0, 11 + years, lifelong. Income: Under $10,000, $ i 0 , 0 0 0 - $ 1 9 , 9 9 9 , $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 - $ 2 9 , 9 9 9 . $ 3 0 , 0 0 0 - $ 3 9 , 9 9 9 , $ 4 0 . 0 0 0 - $ 4 9 , 9 9 9 , $50,000 and over. Education: High School or less, Vocational or Technical, Some University, University Grad, Graduate Studies. Occupation: Education/Health/Social Work, Labor/Trade/Farmer, Homemaker, Professional/Executive, Office Worker, Retail/Sales Representative, Retired, Student/ Other. J o b Type: Tourism-related, Nontourism-related. Note: * Significant at the .05 level. • * Significant at the .01 level. • ** Significant at the .001 level.

14

13

12

11

10

9

O

Z

>

c~

RESIDENT ATTITUDES

Table 3

H a w a i i R e s i d e n t O p i n i o n o f t h e S o c i o c u l t u r a l Effects o f Tourism, 1982 Hawaii Residents Rank

1 2

3

4

5

6

7 8 9

10 11

12 13 14

204

Question on Survey Instrument

Mean

% Agree

T o u r i s m is o n e m a j o r r e a s o n for t h e g r e a t v a r i e t y of e n t e r t a i n m e n t i n H o n o l u l u . M e e t i n g t o u r i s t s from all over t h e world is d e f i n i t e l y a v a l u a b l e e d u c a t i o n a l experience. I think that tourism has caused more need for h i s t o r i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l e x h i b i t s to edu c a t e t h e t o u r i s t s a n d c r e a t e a positive feeling a b o u t o u r state. I w o u l d like to m e e t t o u r i s t s from a s m a n y c o u n t r i e s a s p o s s i b l e i n order to l e a r n about their culture. T o u r i s m e n c o u r a g e s a v a r i e t y of c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s b y t h e local p o p u l a t i o n (e.g. crafts, arts, m u s i c , etc.). T o u r i s m r e s u l t s i n m o r e " c u l t u r a l exc h a n g e " b e t w e e n local r e s i d e n t s a n d t o u r i s t s , w h i c h gives u s a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g a b o u t t h e world. T o u r i s t s h a v e a positive i m p a c t o n t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i ' s c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y . I t h i n k t h e A l o h a S p i r i t i n o u r s t a t e is declining. More of t h e r e s i d e n t s ' t a x e s s h o u l d be u s e d to r e d u c e t h e c r i m e r a t e r a t h e r than promote tourism. T h e S t a t e of H a w a i i ' s r e s i d e n t s are c o u r t e o u s a n d f r i e n d l y to t o u r i s t s . I feel t h a t t o u r i s t s a r e u n a w a r e of o u r l a w s a n d w a y s of life h e r e i n t h e S t a t e of Hawaii. T o u r i s m h a s led to m o r e p r o s t i t u t i o n . T h e local r e s i d e n t s a r e t h e people w h o r e a l l y suffer from l i v i n g i n a t o u r i s t a r e a . T h e different t y p e s of c u l t u r e (e.g. art, lite r a t u r e ) t h a t t o u r i s t s b r i n g to t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i a r e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e social costs c r e a t e d b y t o u r i s m .

5.092

91.8

4.963

90.6

4.799

87.1

4.483

77.9

4.446

80.9

4.444

78.5

4.130

70.8

4.088

68.2

4.030

63.9

4.003

73.2

3.997

63.9

3.966 3.377

64.2 43.3

3.230

39.7

1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

JUANITA C. LIU AND TURGUT VAR Table 3 (Continued) Hawaii Residents Rank 15

16 17

18 19 20

21

22

Question on Survey I n s t r u m e n t

Mean

% Agree

J a p a n e s e tourists in particular have a n impact on our political a n d social customs because their constitution and political system are so different. Because of tourists the crime rate in the state has increased. During the peak tourist season it is harder to get tickets for the theater, movies, concerts and athletic events. Native Hawaiians are being exploited by tourism. Tourists are inconsiderate in r e s t a u r a n t s and hotels. The large n u m b e r of tourists are responsible for the increased use of illegal drugs in the State of Hawaii. I feel t h a t tourists are aware of our political ideas and religious activities here in the State of Hawaii. The economic gains from tourism are detrimental to our cultural identity here in the State of Hawaii.

2.975

30.6

2.938

36.5

2.917

32.1

2.856

31.0

2.814

26.1

2.811

27.4

2.692

23.5

2.595

22.2

Note: Refer to explanatory footnotes on Table i.

p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s o n t h e h i g h a g r e e m e n t a b o u t t h e p o s i t i v e econ o m i c a n d s o c i a l b e n e f i t s of t o u r i s m . A n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e followi n g r e s u l t s o n r e s i d e n t o p i n i o n of c r i m e , a t t i t u d e s of local r e s i d e n t s , and tourist behavior provides some insights into this apparent contradiction. During the past few years the relationship between tourism and c r i m e in H a w a i i h a s b e e n t h e f o c u s o f b o t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l a n d local m e d i a a t t e n t i o n . H o w e v e r , a c c o r d i n g to t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s s u r v e y , o n l y 3 7 p e r c e n t of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s feel t h a t t h e c r i m e r a t e in H a w a i i h a s i n c r e a s e d b e c a u s e of t o u r i s t s . T h e m a j o r i t y a g r e e t h a t t o u r i s m c a u s e s m o r e p r o s t i t u t i o n (64%), b u t n o t m o r e v a n d a l i s m (43%), n o r i n c r e a s e d u s e of illegal d r u g s (27%). D e s p i t e t h e s p u r i o u s l i n k i n g of tourism and crime, almost two-thirds think that more taxes should b e s p e n t to r e d u c e t h e c r i m e r a t e r a t h e r t h a n to p r o m o t e t o u r i s m (64%). 1986 ANNALSOF TOURISM RESEARCH

205

More of t h e r e s i d e n t s ' t a x e s s h o u l d be u s e d to r e d u c e t h e crime rate rather than promote tourism. T h e S t a t e of H a w a i i ' s r e s i d e n t s a r e c o u r t e o u s a n d f r i e n d l y to tourists.

1

C~

>

©

9

10

8

7

6

5

4

Z > t-"

2

Variable

T o u r i s m is one m a j o r r e a s o n for t h e g r e a t v a r i e t y of e n t e r t a i n m e n t in Honolulu. Meeting t o u r i s t s f r o m all o v e r t h e w o r l d is definitely a v a l u able e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e . I t h i n k t h a t t o u r i s m h a s c a u s e d m o r e n e e d for h i s t o r i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l e x h i b i t s to e d u c a t e t h e t o u r i s t s a n d c r e a t e a positive feeling a b o u t o u r state. I w o u l d like to m e e t t o u r i s t s f r o m a s m a n y c o u n t r i e s a s possible in o r d e r to l e a r n a b o u t t h e i r c u l t u r e . T o u r i s m e n c o u r a g e s a v a r i e t y of c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s b y t h e local p o p u l a t i o n (e.g. c r a f t s , a r t s , m u s i c , etc.] T o u r i s m r e s u l t s in m o r e " c u l t u r a l e x c h a n g e " b e t w e e n local r e s i d e n t s a n d t o u r i s t s , w h i c h g i v e s u s a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g a b o u t t h e world. T o u r i s t s h a v e a positive i m p a c t o n t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i ' s c u l t u r a l identity. I t h i n k t h e A l o h a Spirit in o u r s t a t e is declining.

Rank

3

©

Table

4

1.02

0.47

4.27 ** 1.38

2.69 *

5.57 *** 2.38

7.62 ***

3.26 * 2.26

Island

Sex

4.96 * 2.68

0.02

1.43

0.01

0.14

1.36

9.72 **

1.25

0.30

5.73 ***

0.92

5.69 *** 0.43

1.49

1.75

2.57

0.19

0.48

0.71

Ethnicity

8.23

0.54

0.27

3.13

0.15

0.57

2.20

0.49

1.58

0.59

Residency

0.I0

2.51

0.45

1.89

1.62

2.00

2.42

w•

1.40

3.71 •

1.25

1.26

1.92

2.17

2.52

2.08

1.86

1.03

1.12

0.85

1.82

0.50

•

t

1.30

2.11

Occupation 2.73

Education

2.87

1.14

2.25

1.16

0.92

0.37

Income

A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e F - v a l u e a n d Level of S i g n i f i c a n c e

4.36

5.80

0.04

0.14

0.31

0.09

1.30

0.02

0.73

0.06

Job Type

Demographic Differences in R e s i d e n t Attitude to the Sociocultural Impact o f Tourism in Hawaii

>

00

b~ O

t~ ~0

>

Z

t~

t~ O

>

t~ ~0

O

O

Z >

Z

>

00 0~

T o u r i s t s a r e i n c o n s i d e r a t e in r e s t a u r a n t s a n d hotels. T h e l a r g e n u m b e r of t o u r i s t s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e inc r e a s e d u s e of illegal d r u g s in t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i . I feel t h a t t o u r i s t s a r e a w a r e of o u r political i d e a s a n d relig i o u s a c t i v i t i e s h e r e in t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i . T h e e c o n o m i c g a i n s f r o m t o u r i s m a r e d e t r i m e n t a l to o u r c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y h e r e in t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i .

19 20

Note: Refer to explanatory footnotes in Table 2.

22

21

18

17

16

15

14

T h e local r e s i d e n t s a r e t h e people w h o r e a l l y s u f f e r f r o m l i v i n g in a t o u r i s t a r e a . T h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of c u l t u r e (e.g. a r t , l i t e r a t u r e ) t h a t t o u r i s t s b r i n g to t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i a r e m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n the social costs created by tourism. J a p a n e s e t o u r i s t s in p a r t i c u l a r h a v e a n i m p a c t on o u r political a n d s o c i a l c u s t o m s b e c a u s e t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d political s y s t e m a r e so d i f f e r e n t . B e c a u s e of t o u r i s t s t h e c r i m e r a t e in t h e s t a t e h a s increased. D u r i n g t h e p e a k t o u r i s t s e a s o n it is h a r d e r to g e t t i c k e t s for the theater, movies, concerts and athletic events. N a t i v e H a w a i i a n s a r e b e i n g e x p l o i t e d by t o u r i s m .

I feel t h a t t o u r i s t s a r e u n a w a r e of o u r l a w s a n d w a y s of life h e r e in t h e S t a t e of H a w a i i . T o u r i s m h a s led to m o r e p r o s t i t u t i o n .

13

12

11

1.65

0.80 3.98 ** 0.18

1.28

1.52

1.36

1.80

2.34

1.23

ioo

11.36

1.19

0.00

0.19

0.05 1.45

0.18

8.29 ** 0.11

0.01

0.01

0.99

1.12

3.47

4.25 **

1.30 5.20 ** 2.45

2.92 * 3.67

2.51

2.02

4.64 ** 0.05

1.63

0.44

0.65 1.06 1.65 1.14 0.34

2.46 1.36 0.76 2.58 2.24

0.90 0.83 7.63 2.86

0.86 1.96 0.79 3.76 oe

2.17 1.40 3.77 t• 1.07

5.52 1.81

1.02

0.00

0.05

4.11

0.69

0.44

6.29

1.52

1.95

0.55

1.56

1.77

4.30

1.07

oo~

6.10

0.02

1.03

0.71

1.29

0.22

1.38

1.93

o•

7.69

1.22

0.97

i .46

0.02

2.07

2.34

0.59

4.56

1.42

1.36

0.10

3.03

1.45

>

O

C)

>

z

>

C~

RESIDENT ATTITUDES A l t h o u g h r e s p o n d e n t s feel t h a t t h e a l o h a spirit is declining, t h e y also feel t h a t local r e s i d e n t s are c o u r t e o u s a n d friendly to t o u r i s t s (73%). T h e m a j o r i t y also did not agree t h a t local r e s i d e n t s suffer from living in a t o u r i s t a r e a (43%) or t h a t n a t i v e H a w a i i a n s are exploited by t o u r i s m (31%). P e r h a p s t h e decline in a l o h a spirit c a n to some e x t e n t be exp l a i n e d by t h e a t t i t u d e s , b u t n o t t h e behavior, of tourists. A l t h o u g h only 26 p e r c e n t of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s agree t h a t t o u r i s t s are inconsiderate in r e s t a u r a n t s a n d hotels, t h e m a j o r i t y do feel t h a t t o u r i s t s are u n a w a r e of H a w a i i ' s political ideas, religious activities (77%), laws a n d w a y s of life (64%). In addition, only 40 p e r c e n t of t h e respond e n t s t h i n k t h a t t h e different t y p e s of c u l t u r e t h e t o u r i s t s bring in are more i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e social costs. Hence, t h e h i g h positive c u l t u r a l benefits of t o u r i s m n e e d to be weighed a g a i n s t t h e perceived social costs. C o m p a r e d to e c o n o m i c effects, a s m a l l e r p e r c e n t a g e of significant differences are f o u n d for t h e t w e n t y - t w o q u e s t i o n s on t h e social a n d c u l t u r a l effects (Table 4). Of t h e 176 F - v a l u e s in Table 4, only 27 p e r c e n t are significant at t h e 5 p e r c e n t level. F o r a n y one demog r a p h i c subgroup, less t h a n 36 p e r c e n t of t h e 22 i t e m s are signific a n t . Relatively speaking, occupation, i s l a n d of residence, e t h n i c ity, a n d i n c o m e s h o w g r e a t e r v a r i a n c e a m o n g r e s p o n d e n t groups. Surprisingly, sex, job type, a n d l e n g t h of r e s i d e n c y do not reflect m a n y significant differences. As far as individual q u e s t i o n s are c o n c e r n e d , t h e least n u m b e r of significant differences are f o u n d for c e r t a i n c u l t u r a l a n d educational benefits, a n d also interestingly, on declining " a l o h a spirit." By c o n t r a s t , q u e s t i o n s on c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y evidence t h e m o s t signifi c a n t v a r i a t i o n by d e m o g r a p h i c categories, especially by ethnicity. ECOLOGICAL E F F E C T S Despite t h e high levels of a g r e e m e n t on both t h e positive econ o m i c a n d c u l t u r a l benefits of t o u r i s m , Hawaii r e s i d e n t s are r a t h e r a m b i v a l e n t a b o u t t h e positive e n v i r o n m e n t a l benefits of t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t (Table 5). Only a b o u t h a l f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s agree t h a t t o u r i s m provides more p a r k s a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s (51%), improves t h e q u a l i t y of roads a n d public facilities (48%), a n d h a s n o t c o n t r i b u t e d to ecological decline (50%). On t h e o t h e r h a n d , r e s p o n d e n t s are r e l u c t a n t to b l a m e environm e n t a l costs, s u c h as congestion a n d i n c o n v e n i e n c e s , on t o u r i s m . Surprisingly, t h e m a j o r i t y do not agree t h a t t o u r i s m b r i n g s a b o u t more t r a ~ c p r o b l e m s (48%), overcrowded outdoor r e c r e a t i o n (38%), 208

1986 ANNALSOF TOURISMRESEARCH

J U A N I T A C. LIU AND T U R G U T VAR

Table 5

H a w a i i R e s i d e n t O p i n i o n o f the E c o l o g i c a l Effects o f Tourism, 1982 Hawaii Residents Rank

6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

Question on Survey I n s t r u m e n t

Mean

% Agree

L o n g t e r m p l a n n i n g by t h e g o v e r n m e n t c a n control t h e i m p a c t of t o u r i s m on t h e ecological e n v i r o n ment. More g o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e s s h o u l d go t o w a r d s protecting the environment rather than encoura g i n g m o r e t o u r i s t s to visits. T h e r e s h o u l d be stiffer f i n e s for t o u r i s t s w h o litter b e c a u s e l i t t e r i n g d e s t r o y s t h e b e a u t y of o u r islands. T o u r i s t s g r e a t l y a d d to t h e t r a ~ c p r o b l e m s in Honolulu. B e c a u s e of t o u r i s m t h e r e a r e m o r e p a r k s a n d o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s for s w i m m i n g , h i k i n g , golfing, etc. for local r e s i d e n t s . B e c a u s e of t o u r i s m o u r r o a d s a n d o t h e r public facilities are kept at a high standard. T o u r i s m h a s n o t c o n t r i b u t e d to a decline in t h e ecological e n v i r o n m e n t in t h e S t a t e of Hawaii. M a i n l y b e c a u s e of t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of t o u r i s t s I r a r e l y go s h o p p i n g in t h e W a i k i k i area. A lower s t a n d a r d of living is w o r t h t h e c o s t of a protected environment. I t h i n k t o u r i s m h a s led to m o r e v a n d a l i s m h e r e in t h e S t a t e of Hawaii. T o u r i s m h a s r e s u l t e d in u n p l e a s a n t l y o v e r c r o w d e d b e a c h e s , h i k i n g trails, p a r k s a n d o t h e r o u t d o o r p l a c e s for t h e local p o p u l a t i o n . Tourists are a b u r d e n on g o v e r n m e n t services. T o u r i s t s d i s r u p t t h e p e a c e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y of o u r public parks. I m p r o v i n g public t o u r i s t facilities is a w a s t e of t a x payer money. M a i n l y b e c a u s e of t o u r i s t s I r a r e l y go s h o p p i n g in t h e Ala M o a n a area.

4.963

90.4

3.878

61.7

3.620

51.7

3.602

47.9

3.509

51.3

3.415

47.5

3.414

49.6

3.320

41.4

3.235

41.2

3.234

43.1

3.099

38.0

2.916 2.641

28.6 21.8

2.247

12.7

2.103

14.9

Note: Refer to explanatory footnotes on Table i.

or d i s r u p t i o n of peace a n d t r a n q u i l i t y of p a r k s (22%). In addition, few agree t h a t it is h a r d e r to get t i c k e t s for e n t e r t a i n m e n t e v e n t s (32%, Table 3) or avoid s h o p p i n g at Ala M o a n a (15%) b e c a u s e of tourists. More are willing to a d m i t to avoiding s h o p p i n g at W a i k i k i b e c a u s e of t o u r i s t s (41%), b u t t h i s still r e p r e s e n t s a minority. 1 9 8 6 ANNALS OF TOURISM R E S E A R C H

209

~0 t~ >

O

Z > t" ~0 O

00 0~ >

o

tO

I

T o u r i s t s d i s r u p t t h e p e a c e a n d t r a n q u i l i t y of our public parks. I m p r o v i n g public t o u r i s t facilities is a w a s t e of t a x p a y e r money. Mainly b e c a u s e of t o u r i s t s I r a r e l y go s h o p p i n g in t h e Ala Moana area.

Note: Refer to explanatory footnotes in Table 2.

15

14

13

12

II

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

B e c a u s e of t o u r i s m t h e r e a r e m o r e p a r k s a n d o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s for s w i m m i n g , hiking, golfing, etc. for local residents. B e c a u s e of t o u r i s m o u r r o a d s a n d o t h e r public facilities a r e kept a t a high s t a n d a r d . T o u r i s m h a s not c o n t r i b u t e d to a decline in t h e ecological e n v i r o n m e n t in t h e S t a t e of Hawaii. Mainly b e c a u s e of t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of t o u r i s t s I r a r e l y go s h o p p i n g in t h e W a i k i k i a r e a . A lower s t a n d a r d of living is w o r t h t h e cost of a p r o t e c t e d environment. I t h i n k t o u r i s m h a s led to m o r e v a n d a l i s m h e r e in t h e S t a t e of Hawaii. T o u r i s m h a s r e s u l t e d in u n p l e a s a n t l y o v e r c r o w d e d b e a c h e s , h i k i n g trails, p a r k s a n d o t h e r outdoor p l a c e s for t h e local population. T o u r i s t s a r e a b u r d e n on g o v e r n m e n t services.

Variable

Long t e r m p l a n n i n g by t h e g o v e r n m e n t c a n control t h e i m p a c t of t o u r i s m on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . More g o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e s s h o u l d go t o w a r d s protecting t h e e n v i r o n m e n t r a t h e r t h a n e n c o u r a g i n g m o r e t o u r ists to visit. T h e r e s h o u l d be stiffer fines for t o u r i s t s w h o litter b e c a u s e littering d e s t r o y s t h e b e a u t y of o u r islands. T o u r i s t s g r e a t l y add to t h e traffic p r o b l e m s in Honolulu.

Rank

2

Table

6

2.43

0.15

2.11

2.17

1.46

2.12

0.15 *** 0.35

2.40

0.96

0.60

.it

12.26

0.75

1.79

0.28

Island

Sex

5.23

1.76

0.66

0.02

2.53

ot

4.26

0.82

0.04

1.23

0.02

0.42

0.58

0.79

1.95

3.20

1.73

2.97

4.13

2.62

0.84

0.29

3.51

2.20

2.34

oo•

1.01

0.34

•

5.29

7.63

2.25

3,19

1.05

1.25

2.92

1.06

0.20

2.84

Residency

Ethnicity

0.08

2.35

7.38 ** 2.05

1.55

0.01

2.82

2.34

0.29

3.14 Q

4.41 o ~

3.23

2.52

1.20

2.21

1.14

0.87

0.25

1.84

0.52

0.67

1.20

1.28

1.24

0.87

0.27 1.85

0.69

2.02

1.05

o.14

0.67

1.56

0.56

7.09

0.17

1.18

0.19

1.72

Education

Income

A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e F - v a l u e a n d Level of Significiance

1.80

2.96

2.49

1.41

3.13

0.77

2.67

1.90

•w

3.06

1.96

0.42

1.87

2.02

2.30

1.o4

Occupation

6.59

3.10

3.18

I1.17

8.30

0.43

1.07

3.90

0.37

0.00

1.56

1.75

0.34

5.13

o.01

Job Type

Demographic Differences in R e s i d e n t Attitude to the E c o l o g i c a l Impact o f T o u r i s m in H a w a i i

>

t~ Z

t~

JUANITA C. LIU AND TURGUT VAR Almost e v e r y o n e agrees t h a t long t e r m p l a n n i n g by t h e governm e n t c a n control t h e ecological i m p a c t of t o u r i s m (90%). F u r t h e r more, only a m i n o r i t y feels t h a t t o u r i s t s are a b u r d e n on governm e n t services (29%) or t h a t i m p r o v i n g public t o u r i s t facilities is a w a s t e of t a x m o n e y (13%). In general, t h e r e s p o n d e n t s are satisfied w i t h h o w t h e t a x dollar is s p e n t on t o u r i s m i n f o r m a t i o n a n d advertising (58%, Table 2). T h e y s t r o n g l y favor a hotel t a x (69%) a n d c o m m e r c i a l activities like diving t o u r s (62%, Table 2), b u t were a m b i v a l e n t a b o u t fining t o u r i s t s w h o litter (52%), a n d do not favor a d m i s s i o n s fees to public facilities like t h e zoo (47%, Table 2). A l t h o u g h 62 p e r c e n t of t h e r e s p o n d e n t s feel t h a t g o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e s h o u l d be u s e d to protect t h e e n v i r o n m e n t r a t h e r t h a n e n c o u r a g i n g t o u r i s t s to visit, only 41 p e r c e n t agrees t h a t a lower s t a n d a r d of living is w o r t h t h e cost of protected e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e 15 q u e s t i o n s on e n v i r o n m e n t a l benefits a n d costs h a v e t h e s m a l l e s t p e r c e n t a g e of significant differences at t h e 5 p e r c e n t level, i.e., only 26 p e r c e n t of 120 F-values (Table 6). However, at least 40 p e r c e n t of t h e d e m o g r a p h i c categories by l e n g t h of residency, occupation, a n d job type are significant. The fewest n u m b e r of signific a n t v a l u e s are f o u n d by i s l a n d of residence, education, a n d e t h n i c groupings. R e s p o n s e s by job type a n d e t h n i c i t y on t h i s table are c o n t r a r y to t h o s e f o u n d in t h e previous two tables, i n d i c a t i n g g r e a t e r v a r i a n c e on e n v i r o n m e n t a l effects by job type, b u t lesser v a r i a n c e a m o n g e t h n i c groups. By individual questions, h a l f t h e d e m o g r a p h i c categories are sign i f i c a n t for q u e s t i o n s on traffic p r o b l e m s in Honolulu a n d desirability of i m p r o v i n g t o u r i s t facilities. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , no significant v a r i a t i o n is f o u n d for i t e m s c o n c e r n i n g v a n d a l i s m a n d t h e ecological value of long t e r m g o v e r n m e n t p l a n n i n g .

CONCLUSIONS T h e r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y suggest several t e n t a t i v e o b s e r v a t i o n s a b o u t r e s i d e n t a t t i t u d e to t o u r i s m in Hawaii. F i r s t of all, some expected results, s u c h as t h e s t r o n g perception of t h e positive econ o m i c benefits of t o u r i s m , were found. This finding c o n f i r m s res u l t s from previous studies. However, some less obvious findings are t h e high level of a g r e e m e n t on t h e c u l t u r a l benefits of t o u r i s m a n d a m b i v a l e n c e t o w a r d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l benefits. Second, surprisingly, it a p p e a r s t h a t r e s i d e n t s are r e l u c t a n t to a t t r i b u t e social a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l costs to t o u r i s m , despite w h a t one r e a d s in t h e m e d i a a n d l i t e r a t u r e a b o u t t o u r i s m c a u s i n g crime a n d congestion. 1986 ANNALSOF TOURISMRESEARCH

211

RESIDENT ATTITUDES

P e r h a p s , one n e e d s to look m o r e closely at o t h e r root c a u s e s in a m o d e r n society for t h e perceived decline in a l o h a spirit. Third, with regard to d e m o g r a p h i c differences a m o n g r e s p o n dents, t h e n u m b e r of significant differences a m o n g t h e v a r i a b l e s is low: 28 p e r c e n t of t h e 4 0 8 F - v a l u e s a r e f o u n d to be significant (i.e., only at t h e 5 p e r c e n t level). T h e h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e of significant variation is f o u n d for e c o n o m i c effects (34 percent), followed b y sociocultural effects (27 percent), a n d ecological effects (26 percent). A m o n g t h e eight d e m o g r a p h i c categories, length of r e s i d e n c y a n d e t h n i c i t y are t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t a n d w a r r a n t f u r t h e r investigation. F o u r t h , a s s u m i n g rationality in t h e s e n s e t h a t if a > b a n d b > c , t h e n a > c, a r a n k i n g of priorities w a s o b t a i n e d from t h e q u e s t i o n s regarding t h e tradeoffs of t o u r i s m d e v e l o p m e n t b y c o m p a r i n g t h e levels of a g r e e m e n t . T h e following r a n k i n g w a s obtained: high s t a n d a r d environmental e c o n o m i c > social > cultural of living > protection > benefits costs benefits T h e biggest c o n t r a d i c t i o n in this ordering lies w i t h t h e first t h r e e highest r a n k e d items. A p p a r e n t l y , t h e r e s p o n d e n t s regard protection of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a s b e i n g m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e e c o n o m i c benefits of tourism, b u t are not willing to lower t h e i r high s t a n d a r d of living to a c h i e v e this goal. It is t h e classic p r o b l e m of desiring t h e ideal w i t h o u t being willing to face reality of sacrificing w h a t one has. In addition, w h e n a s k e d h o w t a x dollars s h o u l d be spent, t h e priorities w e r e r a n k e d as follows: crime > environmental > tourism prevention protection promotion This i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l t h o u g h e n v i r o n m e n t a l protection is regarded a s more i m p o r t a n t t h a n social c o s t s in general, specific i t e m s like crime a s s u m e a higher priority in t h e m i n d s of Hawaii residents. T h u s , c a u t i o n s h o u l d be u s e d in m a k i n g g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s of this study. Fifth, t h e r e s u l t s of this s t u d y s h o u l d n o t be generalized a n d applied to o t h e r tourists' d e s t i n a t i o n s . Hawaii is a u n i q u e island society with a long h i s t o r y of s o m e 30 y e a r s of m a s s tourism. It h a s s o m e p a r t i c u l a r d e m o g r a p h i c a t t r i b u t e s w h i c h m a y or m a y not be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of o t h e r t o u r i s t places, including a n e t h n i c tradition t h a t h a s b e e n called t h e " m e l t i n g pot of t h e Pacific." Although 212

1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

JUANITA C. LIU AND TURGUT VAR

Hawaii is p a r t of t h e United States, it is a c r o s s r o a d s b e t w e e n t h e e a s t a n d t h e w e s t in location a s well a s philosophy. It also s p o r t s a high p e r c e n t a g e of college-educated p o p u l a t i o n a n d w o r k i n g w o m e n c o m p a r e d to t h e rest of t h e country. T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m a k e it a n i n t e r e s t i n g c a s e study, especially w i t h f u r t h e r e x a m i n a tion of t h e d a t a in t e r m s of e t h n i c b r e a k d o w n , length of residency, a n d o t h e r d e m o g r a p h i c variables. Finally, t h e s t u d y illustrates t h e i m p o r t a n c e of this t y p e of comm u n i t y oriented a p p r o a c h in providing guidelines for policy m a k e r s . Although c a u t i o n m u s t be u s e d in m a k i n g generalizations, r e s i d e n t opinion s h o u l d be m o n i t o r e d a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e population is sufficiently well informed a n d e d u c a t e d to be able to m a k e s o u n d j u d g m e n t s . B e c a u s e of t h e special n a t u r e of t o u r i s m t h a t e x t e n d s b e y o n d economics, it is felt t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e s a n d p e r c e p t i o n s of r e s i d e n t s are e s s e n t i a l in providing v a l u a b l e i n p u t in dealing with t h e strategic m a n a g e r i a l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a l decisions regarding tourism. [] []

ACKNOWLEDGMENT T h e a u t h o r s are grateful to D e a n C h u c k Y. Gee Travel I n d u s t r y M a n a g e m e n t for financial s u p p o r t a n d to r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n c e from P a u l i n e Sheldon. t h e a n o n y m o u s referees a n d J a f a r J a f a r i are also

of t h e School of of this r e s e a r c h C o m m e n t s from appreciated.

REFERENCES Belisle, F. J., a n d D. Hoy 1980 The Perceived I m p a c t of T o u r i s m by R e s i d e n t s : A Case Study in S a n t a Marta, Colombia. A n n a l s of T o u r i s m R e s e a r c h 7 ( 1 ) : 8 3 - 1 0 1 . Brougham, J. E., a n d R. W. Butler 1981 A S e g m e n t a t i o n A n a l y s i s of R e s i d e n t A t t i t u d e s to Social Impact of Tourism. A n n a l s of T o u r i s m R e s e a r c h 7(4}:569-590. Gearing, C. E., W. W. Swart, a n d T. V a t 1976 P l a n n i n g for T o u r i s m Development, Quantitative A p p r o a c h e s . New York: Praeger P u b l i s h e r s . Hawaii Visitors Bureau 1972 A Survey of R e s i d e n t s to D e t e r m i n e Attitudes, A w a r e n e s s , Familiarity, a n d O p i n i o n s Regarding t h e Visitor I n d u s t r y in Hawaii, p r e p a r e d by S u r z e y a n d M a r k e t i n g Services, Inc. Honolulu: Hawaii Visitors Bureau. 1982 A n n u a l R e s e a r c h Report. Honolulu: Hawaii Visitors Bureau, R e s e a r c h Department. Hoffman, D. L., a n d S. A. Low 1981 A n Application of t h e Probit T r a n s f o r m a t i o n to T o u r i s m S u r v e y Data. J o u r n a l of Travel R e s e a r c h 20(2):35 - 38.

1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH

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RESIDENT ATTITUDES

Kendall, K, W., a n d T. Var 1984 T h e Perceived I m p a c t s of Tourlsm: The State-of-the-Art. T o u r i s m R e s e a r c h Publications. Social S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h Institute a n d School of Travel I n d u s t r y M a n a g e m e n t . Honolulu: U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii. Knox, J. M. 1978 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f H a w a i i R e s i d e n t s ' A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d T o u r i s t s a n d Tourlsm. T o u r i s m R e s e a r c h Project, Social S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e a n d School of Travel I n d u s t r y M a n a g e m e n t . Honolulu: University of Hawaii. Liu, J., a n d T. Var 1983 The E c o n o m i c Impact of T o u r i s m in Metropolitan Victoria. J o u r n a l of Travel R e s e a r c h 12(2): 1 6 - 20. 1984 R e s i d e n t P e r c e p t i o n of t h e Impact of T o u r i s m in Hawaii. P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e Travel R e s e a r c h W o r k s h o p , Travel a n d T o u r i s m R e s e a r c h Association, pp. 45 54. Salt Lake City, UT: TTRA. Liu, J., T. Var, a n d A. T i m u r 1984 T o u r i s m Income Multipliers for Turkey. T o u r i s m M a n a g e m e n t , 5(4):280287. Murphy, Peter E. 1981 C o m m u n i t y A t t i t u d e s to Tourism: A C o m p a r a t i v e Analysis, T o u r i s m Mana g e m e n t 2(3): 1 8 9 - 1 9 5 . Pizam, A. 1978 T o u r i s m ' s Impacts: The Social Costs to t h e D e s t i n a t i o n C o m m u n i t y as Perceived by Its R e s i d e n t s . J o u r n a l of Travel R e s e a r c h 1 6 ( 4 ) : 8 - 1 2 . R o t h m a n , R. A. 1978 R e s i d e n t s a n d T r a n s i e n t s : C o m m u n i t y R e a c t i o n to S e a s o n a I Visitors. J o u r nal of Travel R e s e a r c h 6 ( 3 ) : 8 - 1 3 . Sheldon, P., a n d T. Var 1985 T o u r i s m Forecasting: State-of-the-Art. J o u r n a l of F o r e c a s t i n g 4 : 1 8 3 - 1 9 5 . 1984 R e s i d e n t A t t i t u d e s to T o u r i s m in North Wales. T o u r i s m M a n a g e m e n t 5( I ) : 4 0 - 47. S t a t e of Hawaii 1975 W h a t H a w a i i ' s People T h i n k of t h e Visitor Industry. Honolulu: D e p a r t m e n t of P l a n n i n g a n d E c o n o m i c Development. 1983 T h e E c o n o m i c l m p a c t o f T o u r i s m in Hawaii: 1 9 7 0 t o 1980, R e s e a r c h Report 1983-2. Honolulu: D e p a r t m e n t of P l a n n i n g a n d E c o n o m i c Development. Var, T. 1984 T o u r i s m R e c r e a t i o n D e v e l o p m e n t a n d Local E c o n o m i c s . R e c r e a t i o n Cana d a 42(2): 1 6 - 20. Var, T., R. A. D. Beck, a n d P. Loftus. 1977 D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Touristic A t t r a c t i v e n e s s of t h e Touristic A r e a s in British Columbia. J o u r n a l of Travel R e s e a r c h 15(3):23-29. Visitor I n d u s t r y E d u c a t i o n Council 1974 A Survey of O a h u R e s i d e n t s ' A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s t h e Visitor I n d u s t r y a n d A w a r e n e s s of Advertising, P r e p a r e d by R e s e a r c h Associates. Honolulu: Visitor I n d u s t r y E d u c a t i o n Council. S u b m i t t e d 16 F e b r u a r y 1984 F i r s t revised v e r s i o n 5 N o v e m b e r 1984 S e c o n d revised v e r s i o n 19 April 1985 A c c e p t e d 22 April 1985 Refereed a n o n y m o u s l y

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1986 ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH