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Residual stress determination using acoustoelasticity
AID T Abstracts formability in cold rolled steel sheets by using S-mode plate wave EMAT. The other is the measurement of the stress in the rim of railroad wheel by using two polarized SH waves EMAT. The experimental results obtained in these techniques agreed with theories, and the techniques were very useful for monitoring these material properties.
46865 Johnson, G.C. Nondestructive evaluation of residual stress in an isotropic materials. Final report Lawrence Livermore National Lab,, California (United States), DE91000952/GAR, 31 pp. (May 1990). The specific focus on anisotropic materials in the research was addressed in a manner which was primarily analytical. All of the experiments involving materials with substantial elastic or plastic anisotropy indicated that the nlaterials in question exhibited a level of acoustoelastic response which was at or below the limit for useful stress evaluation. This report consists of a detailed description of the technique and experimental system proposed for the evaluation of residual stress states. The underlying analytical developments are reviewed, and a numerical investigation into the application of this approach for anisotropic materials is presented. It is shown that an accurate assessment of the complete residual stress state may he obtained even in cases of extreme anisotropy. Finally, an experirnental investigation of the technique is presented in which the experimentally determined stress state is compared with that predicted numerically. It is shown that the two estimates of stress agree well for the materials involved.
44650 Dike, J.J.;Johnson, G.C. A n acoustoelastic technique for the complete evaluation of plane states of residual stress Proceedings of the I U T A M Symposium on Elastic Waves and Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado (United States), 30 Jul. - 3 Aug. 1989. pp. 301-306 Edited by S.K. Datta, J. D. Achenback and Y.S. Rajapakse. North - Holland, (1990). ISBN 0 444 874 852 This particulartechnique uses longitudinalwaves propagating normal to the plane of stress. The two-dimensional equilibrium equations are differentiated and added, yielding a Poisson's equation for the in- plane shear stress in which the forcing function is obtained from the measured velocity changes. The basic theory is presented along with experimental results for residual stress determination in an aluminum plate.
46136 Luthi, T. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of biaxial a n d triaxial stress d i s t r i b u t i o n s using ultrasonics NDT International, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 351-356 (Dec. 1990) The triaxial stress distribution averaged over the thickness of the object in isotropic materials can be determined if it is possible to measure the velocities of ultrasonic waves. If the stress distribution is only biaxial, the same can be done measuring times-of-flight only. In some circumstances this is also applicable for slightly orthotropic materials. In all cases, to obtain accurate results it is necessary to find the material-specific secondand third-order elastic constants. Examples for both of these cases are shown with butt-welded plates of fine-grained steel.
44642
Arai, Y.; Kobayashi, H.
M e a s u r e m e n t of welding residual stresses by acoustoelastic t e c h n i q u e using longitudinal a n d t r a n s v e r s e waves Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Elastic Waves and Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado (United States), 30 Jul. - 3 Aug. 1989. pp. 397-398 Edited by S.K. Datta, J.D. Achenbach and Y.S. Rajapakse. North - Holland, (1990). ISBN 0 444 874 852. An acoustoelastic technique using ultrasonics is a promising method to measure stresses nondestructively based on the same principle as the photoelasticity. In this study a new method using longitudinal and transverse waves to adjust the isotropic component of the elastic constant of anisotropic materials presented. The new method is applied to the measurement of welding residual stresses of a welded joint of carbon steel.
45617 Alers, G.A.; Manzanares, A. Use of surface s k i m m i n g S H waves to m e a s u r e t h e r m a l and residual stresses in installed r a i l r o a d t r a c k s Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1757- 1764. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti, Plenum Press (1990) This paper describes an ultrasonic method that is not influenced by texture and hence is capable of yielding the absolute stress level present in the material through which the sound wave has traveled. Since the sound skims along the surface and the wavelength is of the order of a millimeter, the method actually measures the total stress present in a millimeter thick layer at the surface. An impo~mt application of this approach is to the measurement of the thermal stress induced in welded railroad rails by the heat of the sun or the cold of a winter night.
44109
Wormley, S.I.; Thompson, R.B.; Li, Y.; Alers, G.A.; MacLauchlan, D.T. The u l t r a s o n i c m e a s u r e m e n t of stress on ferrous plate
45613
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1797- 1804. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1990) The capability of precisely measuring the SH velocity with a previously developed texture measurement apparatus has allowed it to be reprogrammed for the measurement of stress. It was found that an improved velocity precision with respect to the texture measurement problem was required, and this was realized with a modified zero- crossing measurement approach. Good comparisons be~Lweenapplied and ultrasonically predicted stresses were obtained on aluminum, and stainless steel. However, uncontrolled EMAT liftoff introduced significant scatter. Moreover, in some cases, it was difficult to select the corresponding zero-crossings as the propagation distance changed. In addition, much poorer performance was obtained on ferritic steel. The major emphasis of this paper is to report on efforts to reduce these problems.
Murayama, R.; Fujisawa, K.; Fukuoka, H.; Hirao, M.; Yonehara, S.
45123
N o n d e s t r u c t i v e evaluation of m a t e r i a l properties with E M A T (formability in cold rolled steel sheets a n d residual stress in r a i l r o a d wheel) IEEE 1989 Ultrasonics Symposium Montreal, Quebec (Canada), 3-6 Oct. 1989 Vol. 2, pp. 1159-1162. Edited by B.R. McAvoy. IEEE (1989) In this paper, two items are described. One is the evaluation of the
117
Dike, J.J.; Johnson, G.C.
Residual stress d e t e r m i n a t i o n using acoustoelasticity Nondestructive Evaluation. NDE Planning and Application, The 1989 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Honolulu, (United States) 23-27 Jul. 1989. pp. 177-183. Edited by R.D. Streit. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (1989) The technique is based on the acoustoelastic effect in which the presence of the residual stress causes a shift in the speed at which a wave propagates through the material. The particular acoustoelastic technique considered here employs longitudinal waves propagating normal to the plane of the stress. A Poisson's equation for the in-plane shear stress is obtained from the two-dimensional equilibrium equations in which the forcing function is obtained directly from the measured velocity variations. Once this equation is integrated for the shear stress, the normal stresses may be evaluated directly from the equilibrium equations. In this paper, the basic equations are derived for the case of an anisotropic material. The experimental and numerical procedures are reviewed, and results of residual stresses in an aluminum ring are presented.
Kobayashi, H.; Arai, Y.; Ohsawa, Y.; Nakamura, H. Nondestructive measurement of welding residual stresses by acoustoelastic t e c h n i q u e a n d prediction of fatigue c r a c k g r o w t h
44108
Nondestructive Evaluation. NDE Planning and Application, The 1989 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Honolulu, (United States) 23-27 Jul. 1989. pp. 165-189. Edited by R.D. Streit. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (1989) Nondestructive measurements of residual stresses were successfully attempted by the acoustoelastic technique on butt-welded joints of a carbon steel for nuclear piping. Usefulness of the technique considering the effect of material anisotropy is emphasized. Based on the measured residual stresses, predictions of the fatigue crack growth were done using the superposition technique. It is shown that predictions agree well with experiments. The effect of the accuracy in residual stress measurements on the predictions is also included. 439 ! 5 Dike, J.l.; Johnson, G.C.; Flower, E.C. Acoustoelasticity using longitudinal waves for residual stress
evaluation Proceedings of the 15th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (USA), 31 Jul. - 5 Aug. 1988. Vol. 8B, pp. 1847-1854. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1989). ISBN 0-306-43209-9.
46865 Johnson, G.C. Nondestructive evaluation of residual stress in an isotropic materials. Final report Lawrence Livermore National Lab,, California (United States), DE91000952/GAR, 31 pp. (May 1990). The specific focus on anisotropic materials in the research was addressed in a manner which was primarily analytical. All of the experiments involving materials with substantial elastic or plastic anisotropy indicated that the nlaterials in question exhibited a level of acoustoelastic response which was at or below the limit for useful stress evaluation. This report consists of a detailed description of the technique and experimental system proposed for the evaluation of residual stress states. The underlying analytical developments are reviewed, and a numerical investigation into the application of this approach for anisotropic materials is presented. It is shown that an accurate assessment of the complete residual stress state may he obtained even in cases of extreme anisotropy. Finally, an experirnental investigation of the technique is presented in which the experimentally determined stress state is compared with that predicted numerically. It is shown that the two estimates of stress agree well for the materials involved.
44650 Dike, J.J.;Johnson, G.C. A n acoustoelastic technique for the complete evaluation of plane states of residual stress Proceedings of the I U T A M Symposium on Elastic Waves and Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado (United States), 30 Jul. - 3 Aug. 1989. pp. 301-306 Edited by S.K. Datta, J. D. Achenback and Y.S. Rajapakse. North - Holland, (1990). ISBN 0 444 874 852 This particulartechnique uses longitudinalwaves propagating normal to the plane of stress. The two-dimensional equilibrium equations are differentiated and added, yielding a Poisson's equation for the in- plane shear stress in which the forcing function is obtained from the measured velocity changes. The basic theory is presented along with experimental results for residual stress determination in an aluminum plate.
46136 Luthi, T. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of biaxial a n d triaxial stress d i s t r i b u t i o n s using ultrasonics NDT International, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 351-356 (Dec. 1990) The triaxial stress distribution averaged over the thickness of the object in isotropic materials can be determined if it is possible to measure the velocities of ultrasonic waves. If the stress distribution is only biaxial, the same can be done measuring times-of-flight only. In some circumstances this is also applicable for slightly orthotropic materials. In all cases, to obtain accurate results it is necessary to find the material-specific secondand third-order elastic constants. Examples for both of these cases are shown with butt-welded plates of fine-grained steel.
44642
Arai, Y.; Kobayashi, H.
M e a s u r e m e n t of welding residual stresses by acoustoelastic t e c h n i q u e using longitudinal a n d t r a n s v e r s e waves Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Elastic Waves and Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado (United States), 30 Jul. - 3 Aug. 1989. pp. 397-398 Edited by S.K. Datta, J.D. Achenbach and Y.S. Rajapakse. North - Holland, (1990). ISBN 0 444 874 852. An acoustoelastic technique using ultrasonics is a promising method to measure stresses nondestructively based on the same principle as the photoelasticity. In this study a new method using longitudinal and transverse waves to adjust the isotropic component of the elastic constant of anisotropic materials presented. The new method is applied to the measurement of welding residual stresses of a welded joint of carbon steel.
45617 Alers, G.A.; Manzanares, A. Use of surface s k i m m i n g S H waves to m e a s u r e t h e r m a l and residual stresses in installed r a i l r o a d t r a c k s Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1757- 1764. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti, Plenum Press (1990) This paper describes an ultrasonic method that is not influenced by texture and hence is capable of yielding the absolute stress level present in the material through which the sound wave has traveled. Since the sound skims along the surface and the wavelength is of the order of a millimeter, the method actually measures the total stress present in a millimeter thick layer at the surface. An impo~mt application of this approach is to the measurement of the thermal stress induced in welded railroad rails by the heat of the sun or the cold of a winter night.
44109
Wormley, S.I.; Thompson, R.B.; Li, Y.; Alers, G.A.; MacLauchlan, D.T. The u l t r a s o n i c m e a s u r e m e n t of stress on ferrous plate
45613
Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 23-28 Jul. 1989. Vol. 9B, pp. 1797- 1804. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1990) The capability of precisely measuring the SH velocity with a previously developed texture measurement apparatus has allowed it to be reprogrammed for the measurement of stress. It was found that an improved velocity precision with respect to the texture measurement problem was required, and this was realized with a modified zero- crossing measurement approach. Good comparisons be~Lweenapplied and ultrasonically predicted stresses were obtained on aluminum, and stainless steel. However, uncontrolled EMAT liftoff introduced significant scatter. Moreover, in some cases, it was difficult to select the corresponding zero-crossings as the propagation distance changed. In addition, much poorer performance was obtained on ferritic steel. The major emphasis of this paper is to report on efforts to reduce these problems.
Murayama, R.; Fujisawa, K.; Fukuoka, H.; Hirao, M.; Yonehara, S.
45123
N o n d e s t r u c t i v e evaluation of m a t e r i a l properties with E M A T (formability in cold rolled steel sheets a n d residual stress in r a i l r o a d wheel) IEEE 1989 Ultrasonics Symposium Montreal, Quebec (Canada), 3-6 Oct. 1989 Vol. 2, pp. 1159-1162. Edited by B.R. McAvoy. IEEE (1989) In this paper, two items are described. One is the evaluation of the
117
Dike, J.J.; Johnson, G.C.
Residual stress d e t e r m i n a t i o n using acoustoelasticity Nondestructive Evaluation. NDE Planning and Application, The 1989 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Honolulu, (United States) 23-27 Jul. 1989. pp. 177-183. Edited by R.D. Streit. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (1989) The technique is based on the acoustoelastic effect in which the presence of the residual stress causes a shift in the speed at which a wave propagates through the material. The particular acoustoelastic technique considered here employs longitudinal waves propagating normal to the plane of the stress. A Poisson's equation for the in-plane shear stress is obtained from the two-dimensional equilibrium equations in which the forcing function is obtained directly from the measured velocity variations. Once this equation is integrated for the shear stress, the normal stresses may be evaluated directly from the equilibrium equations. In this paper, the basic equations are derived for the case of an anisotropic material. The experimental and numerical procedures are reviewed, and results of residual stresses in an aluminum ring are presented.
Kobayashi, H.; Arai, Y.; Ohsawa, Y.; Nakamura, H. Nondestructive measurement of welding residual stresses by acoustoelastic t e c h n i q u e a n d prediction of fatigue c r a c k g r o w t h
44108
Nondestructive Evaluation. NDE Planning and Application, The 1989 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Honolulu, (United States) 23-27 Jul. 1989. pp. 165-189. Edited by R.D. Streit. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (1989) Nondestructive measurements of residual stresses were successfully attempted by the acoustoelastic technique on butt-welded joints of a carbon steel for nuclear piping. Usefulness of the technique considering the effect of material anisotropy is emphasized. Based on the measured residual stresses, predictions of the fatigue crack growth were done using the superposition technique. It is shown that predictions agree well with experiments. The effect of the accuracy in residual stress measurements on the predictions is also included. 439 ! 5 Dike, J.l.; Johnson, G.C.; Flower, E.C. Acoustoelasticity using longitudinal waves for residual stress
evaluation Proceedings of the 15th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (USA), 31 Jul. - 5 Aug. 1988. Vol. 8B, pp. 1847-1854. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1989). ISBN 0-306-43209-9.