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Resistance Potential of Certain Breeds of Domestic Fowl Exposed to Raillietina Tetragona Infections
RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA temperature to kill salmonellae in liquid egg white at various pH levels. Poultry Sci. 57: 354-365. Cotterill, O. J., and J. Glauert, 1969. Thermal resistance of salmonellae in egg yolk products containing sugar or salt. Poultry Sci. 58: 1156— 1166. Garibaldi, J. A., R. P. Straka and K. Ijichi, 1969. Heat resistance of Salmonella in various egg products. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 491-496.
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Gorman, J. M., 1969. Personal Communication. McBee, L. E., and O. J. Cotterill, 1971. High temperature storage of spray-dried egg white. 3. Thermal resistance of Salmonella oranienburg. Poultry Sci. in press. Ng, H., H. G. Bayne and J. A. Garibaldi, 1968. Heat resistance of salmonellae: The uniqueness of Salmonella senjtenberg 775W. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 78-32.
3. SPECIES OF ANTS AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS FOR CERTAIN FOWL CESTODES* A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. O. JOHN AND K. MURALEEDHARAN Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum—Kerala, India (Received for publication July 7, 1970)
the several species of cestodes, inO Ffecting domestic fowls in Kerala, Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858), R. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1881) and Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890) are of common occurrence. Life history studies by various workers (Horsfall, 1938; Chand, 1964b; Sawada, 1952a, b, 1953a; Reid and Nugara, 1961; Saran, 1966; and Mathur and Pande, 1969) have established the role of ants as the intermediate host for these tapeworms. Our studies on the biology and the host-parasite relationship of these tapeworms revealed that more than one species of ants serve as intermediate host for each of them. This paper deals with different species of ants, involved in the life cycle of R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida and C. digonopora, and the intensity and frequency of infection in them. * This research has been financed by a grant FG-In-387 by the United States Department of Agriculture, under P.L. 480.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following species of ants were collected from 25 poultry yards in Trivandrum during the period extending from July 1968 to March 1970; Tetramorium simillimum (F. Smith), Tetramorium sp. 1, Tetramorium sp. 2, Pheidole sp., Pheidologeton sp., Monomorium destructor (Jerdon), M. gracillimum (F. Smith), Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) and Triglyphothrix striatidens (Emery). They were dissected under the binocular microscope and cysticercoids were collected and identified to be those of R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida and C. digonopora from larval morphology and later confirmed from the adults recovered after feeding them to parasite-free chickens. Attempts were made to infect maggots of houseflies and various species of ants under laboratory conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Among the ten species of ants examined,
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Resistance Potential of Certain Breeds of Domestic Fowl Exposed to Raillietina Tetragona Infections
116
A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. 0. JOHN AND K.
ous worker has recorded the role of Pkeidologeton in the life history of this tapeworm. We have observed striking seasonal variations in the frequency of incidence of cysticercoids in various species of ants. During the period from July 1968 to November 1969, of 11523 T. simillimum dissected, 364 yielded cysticercoids of R. tetragona, percentage of infection varying from 0.5 to 10. From August 1968 to December 1968 the percentage of infection varied from 3.05 to 7.7; while during the same period 1969 it was between 0.5 and 1.4. Of 1097 Pheidole sp. examined during November 1969 to January 1970 136 were positive for cysticercoids of R. tetragona and the percentage of infection ranged between 8 and 16.3. Between January and March 1970, of 378 Tetramorium sp. 2 dissected, 90 yielded cysticercoids of this tapeworm, the percentage ranging between 21.2 and 26.6. Sawada (1953b) also reported seasonal variations in the frequency of incidence of cysticercoids of R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida in T. caespitum jacoti. Reid and Nugara (1961) noted similar phenomenon in the case of the cysticercoids of R. georgiensis in P. vinelandica. Sawada suggested that this may be due to seasonal behaviour of the ants. The percentage of infection of ants Pheidologeton sp., Tetramorium sp. 1 and Tetramorium sp. 2 with the cysticercoids of R. echinobothrida was 4.6. Jones and Horsfall (1936) found approximately 4% infection in T. caespitum; Sawada (1953a) 1.3% in T. caespitum jacoti and Chand (1964a,b) only 0.1% in M. salmonis indicum and Pheidole jossulata. Though equal numbers of Monomorium gracillimum and M. destructor were examined for cysticercoids of C. digonopora, 22.3% of the former species and 0.7% of the latter showed infection. Chand on the other found only very low incidence in M. (Holcomyrmet) scabriceps, the only other
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 16, 2015
Tetramorium simillimum, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidole sp., were found to harbor cysticercoids of R. tetragona; Tetramorium sp. 1, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidologeton sp., cysticercoids of R. echinobothrida and Monomorium gracillimum and M. destructor, cysticercoids of C. digonopora. The remaining species of ants, Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis geminata and Triglyphothrix striatidens were found free from infection. Attempts to infect housefly maggots and to maintain and infect ants in the laboratory were unsuccessful. Jones and Horsfall (193S) were the first to report the role of ants, Tetramorhim caespitum and Pheidole sp. in the life history of R. tetragona. Following this other reports from the United States were those of Horsfall (1938) for P. vinelandica and Harkema (1943) for Pheidole sp., P. dentata and P. vinelandica. In Japan Sawada (1952a,b) added two more species, T. caespitum jacoti and P. fervida to the list of vectors. In India, Chand (1964a,b) reported that P. fossulata and Monomorium salmonis indicum serve as the intermediate host for this tapeworm. Other reports from this country were for Monomorium sp., M. floricola and P. rhombinoda (Saran, 1966) and M. floricola and P. rhombinoda (Mathur and Pande, 1969). The genus Tetramorium playing the role of intermediate host for this tapeworm in India was first recorded by Nadakal et al. (1970). Jones and Horsfall (1935) and Horsfall (1938) noted that /. caespitum, Pheidole sp., and P. vinelandica could serve as the intermediate host for R. echinobothrida as well. The other species of ants incriminated as vectors of this tapeworm are: T. semilaeve in France (Joyeux and Baer, 1937), Pheidole bergi in Argentina (Bacigalupo, 1939), T. caespitum jacoti in Japan (Sawada, 1953a) and M. salmonis indicum and Pheidole jossulata in India (Chand, 1964a, b). It appears that so far no previ-
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tetragona outnumbered the other. Similar instances of concurrent infections of larval trematodes in snails are also known (Sewell, 1922; Porter, 1938). Lie et al. (1968) suggested that when infection with more than one species of larval trematodes occur, antagonism, either direct or indirect, takes place and that in all such cases one species tries to dominate the other. It is not certain whether such a phenomenon operates in the case of cysticercoids developing in ants. SUMMARY
A study has been made on the role of different species of ants in the life-history of R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida and C. digonopora. Cysticercoids of R. tetragona develop in Tetramorium simillimum, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidole sp., those of R. echinobothrida in Tetramorium sp. 1, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidologeton sp. and those of C. digonopora in Monomorium gracillimum and M. destructor. Striking seasonal variations in the frequency of incidence of cysticercoids of R. tetragona occur in T. simillimum. Intensity and frequency of infection indicate that Tetramorium sp. 2 is the most suitable intermediate host. The role of Pheidologeton sp. in the life-history of R. echinobothrida is recorded for the first time. An interesting case of concurrent infection with cysticercoids of R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida has been found in certain individuals of Tetramorium sp. 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Grateful acknowledgement is made to Dr. Poulose John, B.V.Sc, Technical Assistant, for assistance. Thanks are due to Dr. R. I. Sailer of the Entomology Research Division, United States Department of Agriculture for the identification of ants and to the authorities of the Mar Ivanios College for the provision of space and facilities for this investigation.
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record (personal communication). The number of cysticercoids of R. tetragona obtained from an ant ranged between 1 and 13 in T. simillimwn, 1 and 11 in Pheidole sp., and 1 and 19 in Tetramorium sp. 2. It was not uncommon to have more than ten cysticercoids in one ant of Tetramorium sp. 2 and more than five in one Pheidole sp. But in T. simillimum it was less than five. From the frequency of infection and the number of cysticercoids developed in a single ant, it appears that Tetramorium sp. 2 is the most suitable intermediate host for this tapeworm. Difference in the frequency of infection of various species of ants with cysticercoids of R. tetragona has been reported by various workers. Thus Sawada (1952b) noted 2.06 to 2.3% infection in P. jervida and 0.86% in T. caespitum jacoti; Chand (1964a, b) 1.4 to 2% in P. jossulata and M. salmonis indicum and Saran (1966) 2.8 to 4.4% in Monomorium sp., M. floricola and P. rhombinoda. Our data certainly indicate a very high rate of infection in Tetramorium sp. 2. No appreciable difference could be observed in the overall size of the cysticercoids of R. tetragona developed in the three different species of ants. They tend to fall within the range given by Nadakal et al. (1970). However it could be noticed that when several cysticercoids develop within a single ant there was slight decrease in their size. The same species of ants serving as intermediate host for more than one species of cestode has been reported by workers like Jones and Horsfall (1935) and Chand (1964a, b). We also observed Tetramorium sp. 2 as intermediate host for R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida; but an interesting observation was that cysticercoids of R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida were found in the same individual of Tetramorium sp. 2, and that in all such cases of concurrent infections, cysticercoids of R.
118
A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. O. JOHN AND K. MTJRALEEDHARAN Nadakal, A. M., K. O. John, K. Muraleedharan and A. Mohandas, 1970. Resistance potential of certain breeds of domestic fowl exposed to Raillietina tetragona infection—I. Contribution to the biology of R. tetragona (Molin, 1858). Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 37: 141-143. Porter, A., 1938. The larval trematoda found in certain South African Mollusca with special reference to Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) Publ. S. Afr. Inst. Med. Res. 8 : 1-492. Reid, W. M., and D. Nugara, 1961. Description and life cycle of Raillietina georgiensis N. Sp., a tapeworm from wild and domestic turkeys. J. Parasit. 47: 885-889. Saran, J., 1966. Observations on the cysticercoids and larval nematodes from some of the common insects in the deep litter and studies on the helminth parasite of fish eating birds—King Fisher. M.V.Sc. thesis (unpublished) Agra University. Sawada, I., 1952a. Observations on the ecology and life history of poultry cestode Raillietina tetragona. J. Nara. Gakugei, Univ. 1: 211-223. Sawada, I., 1952b. Ants as intermediate hosts for chicken tapeworm Raillietina tetragona. J. Nara. Gakugei, Univ. 1: 225-229. Sawada, I., 1953a. On the life history of the poultry cestode Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida. Zool. Mag. 62: 202-205. Sawada, I., 1953b. Observation on the seasonal variation in infestation rate of cysticercoids of Raillietina (R) tetragona and Raillietina (R) echinobothrida in the ant Tetramoriwn caespitum jacoti. Zool. Mag. 62: 290-295. Sewell, R. B. S., 1922. Cercariae Indicae. Indian J. Med. Res. 10 (suppl) 1-370.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 99) Dr. Ball graduated from Texas A and M Uni- one of the founders of P.E.N.B., to work with the versity and received a Ph.D. at the University of Poultry and Egg National Board. Missouri. His research involved both eggs and poulCHOLESTEROL AND EGGS try meat. Chairman of the Committee is Dr. J. W. Dodge, Dr. D. W. Peterson, Department of Avian SciAgway Inc., Syracuse, New York. Other members ences, University of California, Davis, published an are Dr. George J. Mountney, U.S. Department of article entitled "What About Cholesterol in Eggs" Agriculture Cooperative State Research Service, in the September, 1970 issue of Poultry Digest. It Washington, D.C.; Dr. L. A. Voss, University of was a talk given at the 1970 University of CalMissouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Dr. G. W. ifornia Poultry Institutes. It should be read by the Froning, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Negeneral public, nutritionists, the medical profession, braska. poultrymen, and those concerned in human health. The Committee is unique in that its members The sub-title reads: "While cholesterol fears have are appointed by the Poultry Science Association, often been blamed for some decline in egg use, they (Continued on page 134)
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REFERENCES Bacigalupo, J., 1939. Hormigas del genero Pheidole como huespedes intermediarios de cestode de la familia Davaineidae. Semana Med. 46: 878-880. Chand, K., 1964a. Taeniasis in poultry. Indian Poul. Gaz. 48: 47-49. Chand, K., 1964b. Life cycle of Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890) Diamare, 1893 and role of ants in taeniasis in poultry. J. Res. Punjab. Agric. Univer. 1: 93-100. Harkema, R., 1943. The cestodes of North Carolina poultry with remarks on the life history of Raillietina tetragona. J. Elisha Michell Sci. Soc. 59: 127-128. Horsfall, M. W., 1938. Observations on the life history of Raillietina echinobothrida and R. tetragona (cestoda). J. Parasit. 24: 409-421. Jones, M. F., and M. W. Horsfall, 1935. Ants as intermediate host for two species of Raillietina, parasitic in chickens. J. Parasit. 2 1 : 442-443. Jones, M. F., and M. W. Horsfall, 1936. The life history of a poultry cestode. Science, 83: 303304. Joyeux, C. E., and J. G. Baer, 1937. Recherches sur 1' evolution de cestodes de gallinaces. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 205: 751-753. Lie, K. J., P. F. Basch, D. Heyneman, A. Beck and J. R. Audy, 1968. Implications for trematode control of interspecific larval antagonism within snail hosts. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62: 299-319. Mathur, S. C , and B. P. Pande, 1969. Raillietina cesticillus and R. tetragona infection in chick reared on normal and deficient feed. An experimental study. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 39: 115134.
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Gorman, J. M., 1969. Personal Communication. McBee, L. E., and O. J. Cotterill, 1971. High temperature storage of spray-dried egg white. 3. Thermal resistance of Salmonella oranienburg. Poultry Sci. in press. Ng, H., H. G. Bayne and J. A. Garibaldi, 1968. Heat resistance of salmonellae: The uniqueness of Salmonella senjtenberg 775W. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 78-32.
3. SPECIES OF ANTS AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS FOR CERTAIN FOWL CESTODES* A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. O. JOHN AND K. MURALEEDHARAN Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum—Kerala, India (Received for publication July 7, 1970)
the several species of cestodes, inO Ffecting domestic fowls in Kerala, Raillietina tetragona (Molin, 1858), R. echinobothrida (Megnin, 1881) and Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 1890) are of common occurrence. Life history studies by various workers (Horsfall, 1938; Chand, 1964b; Sawada, 1952a, b, 1953a; Reid and Nugara, 1961; Saran, 1966; and Mathur and Pande, 1969) have established the role of ants as the intermediate host for these tapeworms. Our studies on the biology and the host-parasite relationship of these tapeworms revealed that more than one species of ants serve as intermediate host for each of them. This paper deals with different species of ants, involved in the life cycle of R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida and C. digonopora, and the intensity and frequency of infection in them. * This research has been financed by a grant FG-In-387 by the United States Department of Agriculture, under P.L. 480.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following species of ants were collected from 25 poultry yards in Trivandrum during the period extending from July 1968 to March 1970; Tetramorium simillimum (F. Smith), Tetramorium sp. 1, Tetramorium sp. 2, Pheidole sp., Pheidologeton sp., Monomorium destructor (Jerdon), M. gracillimum (F. Smith), Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) and Triglyphothrix striatidens (Emery). They were dissected under the binocular microscope and cysticercoids were collected and identified to be those of R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida and C. digonopora from larval morphology and later confirmed from the adults recovered after feeding them to parasite-free chickens. Attempts were made to infect maggots of houseflies and various species of ants under laboratory conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Among the ten species of ants examined,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 16, 2015
Resistance Potential of Certain Breeds of Domestic Fowl Exposed to Raillietina Tetragona Infections
116
A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. 0. JOHN AND K.
ous worker has recorded the role of Pkeidologeton in the life history of this tapeworm. We have observed striking seasonal variations in the frequency of incidence of cysticercoids in various species of ants. During the period from July 1968 to November 1969, of 11523 T. simillimum dissected, 364 yielded cysticercoids of R. tetragona, percentage of infection varying from 0.5 to 10. From August 1968 to December 1968 the percentage of infection varied from 3.05 to 7.7; while during the same period 1969 it was between 0.5 and 1.4. Of 1097 Pheidole sp. examined during November 1969 to January 1970 136 were positive for cysticercoids of R. tetragona and the percentage of infection ranged between 8 and 16.3. Between January and March 1970, of 378 Tetramorium sp. 2 dissected, 90 yielded cysticercoids of this tapeworm, the percentage ranging between 21.2 and 26.6. Sawada (1953b) also reported seasonal variations in the frequency of incidence of cysticercoids of R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida in T. caespitum jacoti. Reid and Nugara (1961) noted similar phenomenon in the case of the cysticercoids of R. georgiensis in P. vinelandica. Sawada suggested that this may be due to seasonal behaviour of the ants. The percentage of infection of ants Pheidologeton sp., Tetramorium sp. 1 and Tetramorium sp. 2 with the cysticercoids of R. echinobothrida was 4.6. Jones and Horsfall (1936) found approximately 4% infection in T. caespitum; Sawada (1953a) 1.3% in T. caespitum jacoti and Chand (1964a,b) only 0.1% in M. salmonis indicum and Pheidole jossulata. Though equal numbers of Monomorium gracillimum and M. destructor were examined for cysticercoids of C. digonopora, 22.3% of the former species and 0.7% of the latter showed infection. Chand on the other found only very low incidence in M. (Holcomyrmet) scabriceps, the only other
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 16, 2015
Tetramorium simillimum, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidole sp., were found to harbor cysticercoids of R. tetragona; Tetramorium sp. 1, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidologeton sp., cysticercoids of R. echinobothrida and Monomorium gracillimum and M. destructor, cysticercoids of C. digonopora. The remaining species of ants, Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis geminata and Triglyphothrix striatidens were found free from infection. Attempts to infect housefly maggots and to maintain and infect ants in the laboratory were unsuccessful. Jones and Horsfall (193S) were the first to report the role of ants, Tetramorhim caespitum and Pheidole sp. in the life history of R. tetragona. Following this other reports from the United States were those of Horsfall (1938) for P. vinelandica and Harkema (1943) for Pheidole sp., P. dentata and P. vinelandica. In Japan Sawada (1952a,b) added two more species, T. caespitum jacoti and P. fervida to the list of vectors. In India, Chand (1964a,b) reported that P. fossulata and Monomorium salmonis indicum serve as the intermediate host for this tapeworm. Other reports from this country were for Monomorium sp., M. floricola and P. rhombinoda (Saran, 1966) and M. floricola and P. rhombinoda (Mathur and Pande, 1969). The genus Tetramorium playing the role of intermediate host for this tapeworm in India was first recorded by Nadakal et al. (1970). Jones and Horsfall (1935) and Horsfall (1938) noted that /. caespitum, Pheidole sp., and P. vinelandica could serve as the intermediate host for R. echinobothrida as well. The other species of ants incriminated as vectors of this tapeworm are: T. semilaeve in France (Joyeux and Baer, 1937), Pheidole bergi in Argentina (Bacigalupo, 1939), T. caespitum jacoti in Japan (Sawada, 1953a) and M. salmonis indicum and Pheidole jossulata in India (Chand, 1964a, b). It appears that so far no previ-
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tetragona outnumbered the other. Similar instances of concurrent infections of larval trematodes in snails are also known (Sewell, 1922; Porter, 1938). Lie et al. (1968) suggested that when infection with more than one species of larval trematodes occur, antagonism, either direct or indirect, takes place and that in all such cases one species tries to dominate the other. It is not certain whether such a phenomenon operates in the case of cysticercoids developing in ants. SUMMARY
A study has been made on the role of different species of ants in the life-history of R. tetragona, R. echinobothrida and C. digonopora. Cysticercoids of R. tetragona develop in Tetramorium simillimum, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidole sp., those of R. echinobothrida in Tetramorium sp. 1, Tetramorium sp. 2 and Pheidologeton sp. and those of C. digonopora in Monomorium gracillimum and M. destructor. Striking seasonal variations in the frequency of incidence of cysticercoids of R. tetragona occur in T. simillimum. Intensity and frequency of infection indicate that Tetramorium sp. 2 is the most suitable intermediate host. The role of Pheidologeton sp. in the life-history of R. echinobothrida is recorded for the first time. An interesting case of concurrent infection with cysticercoids of R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida has been found in certain individuals of Tetramorium sp. 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Grateful acknowledgement is made to Dr. Poulose John, B.V.Sc, Technical Assistant, for assistance. Thanks are due to Dr. R. I. Sailer of the Entomology Research Division, United States Department of Agriculture for the identification of ants and to the authorities of the Mar Ivanios College for the provision of space and facilities for this investigation.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 16, 2015
record (personal communication). The number of cysticercoids of R. tetragona obtained from an ant ranged between 1 and 13 in T. simillimwn, 1 and 11 in Pheidole sp., and 1 and 19 in Tetramorium sp. 2. It was not uncommon to have more than ten cysticercoids in one ant of Tetramorium sp. 2 and more than five in one Pheidole sp. But in T. simillimum it was less than five. From the frequency of infection and the number of cysticercoids developed in a single ant, it appears that Tetramorium sp. 2 is the most suitable intermediate host for this tapeworm. Difference in the frequency of infection of various species of ants with cysticercoids of R. tetragona has been reported by various workers. Thus Sawada (1952b) noted 2.06 to 2.3% infection in P. jervida and 0.86% in T. caespitum jacoti; Chand (1964a, b) 1.4 to 2% in P. jossulata and M. salmonis indicum and Saran (1966) 2.8 to 4.4% in Monomorium sp., M. floricola and P. rhombinoda. Our data certainly indicate a very high rate of infection in Tetramorium sp. 2. No appreciable difference could be observed in the overall size of the cysticercoids of R. tetragona developed in the three different species of ants. They tend to fall within the range given by Nadakal et al. (1970). However it could be noticed that when several cysticercoids develop within a single ant there was slight decrease in their size. The same species of ants serving as intermediate host for more than one species of cestode has been reported by workers like Jones and Horsfall (1935) and Chand (1964a, b). We also observed Tetramorium sp. 2 as intermediate host for R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida; but an interesting observation was that cysticercoids of R. tetragona and R. echinobothrida were found in the same individual of Tetramorium sp. 2, and that in all such cases of concurrent infections, cysticercoids of R.
118
A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. O. JOHN AND K. MTJRALEEDHARAN Nadakal, A. M., K. O. John, K. Muraleedharan and A. Mohandas, 1970. Resistance potential of certain breeds of domestic fowl exposed to Raillietina tetragona infection—I. Contribution to the biology of R. tetragona (Molin, 1858). Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 37: 141-143. Porter, A., 1938. The larval trematoda found in certain South African Mollusca with special reference to Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) Publ. S. Afr. Inst. Med. Res. 8 : 1-492. Reid, W. M., and D. Nugara, 1961. Description and life cycle of Raillietina georgiensis N. Sp., a tapeworm from wild and domestic turkeys. J. Parasit. 47: 885-889. Saran, J., 1966. Observations on the cysticercoids and larval nematodes from some of the common insects in the deep litter and studies on the helminth parasite of fish eating birds—King Fisher. M.V.Sc. thesis (unpublished) Agra University. Sawada, I., 1952a. Observations on the ecology and life history of poultry cestode Raillietina tetragona. J. Nara. Gakugei, Univ. 1: 211-223. Sawada, I., 1952b. Ants as intermediate hosts for chicken tapeworm Raillietina tetragona. J. Nara. Gakugei, Univ. 1: 225-229. Sawada, I., 1953a. On the life history of the poultry cestode Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida. Zool. Mag. 62: 202-205. Sawada, I., 1953b. Observation on the seasonal variation in infestation rate of cysticercoids of Raillietina (R) tetragona and Raillietina (R) echinobothrida in the ant Tetramoriwn caespitum jacoti. Zool. Mag. 62: 290-295. Sewell, R. B. S., 1922. Cercariae Indicae. Indian J. Med. Res. 10 (suppl) 1-370.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 99) Dr. Ball graduated from Texas A and M Uni- one of the founders of P.E.N.B., to work with the versity and received a Ph.D. at the University of Poultry and Egg National Board. Missouri. His research involved both eggs and poulCHOLESTEROL AND EGGS try meat. Chairman of the Committee is Dr. J. W. Dodge, Dr. D. W. Peterson, Department of Avian SciAgway Inc., Syracuse, New York. Other members ences, University of California, Davis, published an are Dr. George J. Mountney, U.S. Department of article entitled "What About Cholesterol in Eggs" Agriculture Cooperative State Research Service, in the September, 1970 issue of Poultry Digest. It Washington, D.C.; Dr. L. A. Voss, University of was a talk given at the 1970 University of CalMissouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Dr. G. W. ifornia Poultry Institutes. It should be read by the Froning, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Negeneral public, nutritionists, the medical profession, braska. poultrymen, and those concerned in human health. The Committee is unique in that its members The sub-title reads: "While cholesterol fears have are appointed by the Poultry Science Association, often been blamed for some decline in egg use, they (Continued on page 134)
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