- Email: [email protected]
Response of Broiler Chickens to Dietary Supplementation of Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Glucan or Mannan Yeast Products
C The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Poultry Science Association. This is an Open Access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected].
Response of Broiler Chickens to Dietary Supplementation of Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Glucan or Mannan Yeast Products
∗
School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; † Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, PMB 1526, Imo State, Nigeria; ‡ Department of Animal Production, Kogi State University, Anyigba, PMB 1008, Kogi State, Nigeria; § Department of Poultry Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 13314, Sudan; # Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), PO Box 352, Mwanza, Tanzania; || AB Vista UK, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK; and ¶ College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
Primary Audience: Poultry Nutritionists, Researchers, Broiler Farmers SUMMARY The effect of varying levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed soluble yeast glucan (YG) and yeast mannan (YM) products on broiler chickens was studied. A total of 486 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 9 dietary treatments consisting of YG and YM supplemented at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 g/kg diet, respectively, and a control without yeast supplementation. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 9 birds per replicate. The supplements did not affect body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter phase nor feed intake at any stage. However, birds especially in the 0.20 g YM/kg diet group had improved (P < 0.05) BWG and FCR than the other groups over 0–24 d and 0–35 d. There were no treatment effects on visceral organ weight at 10 d, but the small intestine was heavier (P < 0.05) in the 0.20 g YM/kg diet group compared to others at 24 d. Broilers fed 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher ileal protein digestibility than the control group. Total protein and endogenous enzyme activities were not affected by the supplements. On 35 d, the dressing percentage of broiler carcass and breast weight was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by 0.20 g YM/kg diet. The results from this study confirm the usefulness of YM at 0.15 or 0.20 g/kg diet performance and may be beneficial in improving productivity for broiler chicken farmers. Key words: broiler chick, yeast, gross response, visceral organ, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activities 2019 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 28:892–901 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz047
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
E. U. Ahiwe ,∗†,1 A. A. Omede ,∗‡ M. E. Abdallh,∗§ E. P. Chang’a,∗# M. Al-Qahtani,∗ H. Gausi,∗ H. Graham,|| and P. A. Iji∗¶
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
different levels of concentrated prebiotic yeast β-glucans or α-mannans on organ weight, meat yield, nutrient digestibility, and endogenous enzyme activities of broiler chickens reared intensively in an environmentally controlled environment are limited. Furthermore, Gao et al. [11] observed that some yeasts have not been evaluated in great details. Therefore, the current study was designed to (1) identify the optimal level of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast glucan (YG) and yeast mannan (YM) products that will maximize the growth performance of broiler chickens and (2) examine changes in visceral organ weight, meat yield, ileal nutrient digestibility, and endogenous enzyme activities induced by the addition of the products.
MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of New England (Approval number: AEC17-011). Health and animal husbandry practices complied with the code of practice for the use of Animals for Scientific purpose issued by the Australian Bureau of Animal Health [15]. Experimental Design and Bird Management This experiment was set up to investigate the effect of varying levels of YG and YM products on broiler chickens. A total of 486 day-old male Ross 308 chicks (initial weight, 44.0 ± 2.05 g), sourced from Baida Farms [16], were randomly placed in 9 treatments as follows: (1) control diet (without yeast supplementation); (2) 4 levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed soluble YG at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 g/kg; and (3) 4 levels of YM at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 g/kg. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, with 9 birds in each replicate. The nutrient composition of the basal diet is presented in Table 1. The birds were provided with starter crumbled diets (0–10 d), grower pelleted diets (11–24 d), and finisher pelleted diets (25–35 d). Experimental diets were formulated to Aviagen standards for Ross 308 [17]. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was incorporated in the grower diets as a marker to enable assessment of nutrient digestibility. Feed and water were provided
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Intensive rearing system and various managerial practices have been reported to cause stress, which affect broiler productivity [1, 2]. Some studies in recent years have examined the use of yeast, including live, dead, cultured, autolysate, cell wall, and isolated cell wall products, as natural growth and performance enhancing supplements for poultry reared intensively [3]. Amongst several yeast products, research interest has increased towards the use of autolyzed yeast and its derived products [4]. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell contains α-mannan and β-glucan components. The α-mannan constitute about 31% of the cell wall dry mass. β-glucans constitute 29%–64% of the cell wall dry mass [5]. Yeast β -glucan can be divided into 2 subtypes following the mode of glucose linkages: long chains consisting of 1,500 β-1,3-glucose units, which represent 85% of total cell wall βglucan, and short chains consisting of 150 β1,6-glucose units that account for 15% of the β-glucan [6]. The growth-enhancing and immunemodulatory potentials of autolyzed yeast products especially yeast cell wall in poultry production have been attributed to the presences of α-mannan and β-glucans components [7, 8]. Mannans have been reported to both enhance broiler performance and prevent the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria by serving decoy for pathogen to adhere to instead of the intestinal wall. β-1-3-glucans have been documented to modulate immune response in birds during stress that may be caused by intensive rearing systems, managerial practices, and other environmental variabilities [9, 10]. However, in broiler chicken trials, there have been conflicting results about the efficacy of yeast cell wall β-glucans and mannans [11]. These discrepancies in research findings could be attributed to several factors, including yeast strain, method of yeast preparation, level of yeast inclusion, broiler management, and health status of the birds [12, 13], although Yang et al. [14] noticed that feeding broilers with different levels R , at varying of a commercial product, Biomos levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g MOS/kg diet led to an increase in growth response especially at higher doses. However, studies on the effect of
893
JAPR: Research Report
894 Table 1. Ingredient and Nutrient Composition of Basal Diet. Feeding period (days) Ingredient (g/kg)
Grower diet (11–24)
Finisher diet (25–35)
613.0 315.0 45.0 44.0 7.7 1.3 0.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 3.0 3.7 1.8 0.1 0.6 0.8
645.0 273.5 41.0 17.0 7.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.3 5.0 1.3 2.7 2.0 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.8
696.5 231.3 31.4 23.0 7.1 0.1 0.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 2.5 1.8 1.1 0.1 0.6 0.8
2,998.8 230.0 28.0 20.9 12.8 6.60 9.50 9.60 4.80 1.60 9.30 2.30 1.30
3,100.5 212.0 39.8 24.0 11.5 4.70 7.43 8.70 4.40 1.60 8.50 2.30 1.30
3,199.9 192.0 45.4 23.1 10.2 4.30 6.86 7.80 3.90 1.60 7.60 2.30 1.30
Vitamin premix supplied per 0.6 kg/tonne of diet: retinol, 12,000 IU; cholecalciferol, 5,000 IU; tocopheryl acetate, 75 mg; menadione, 3 mg; thiamine, 3 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; niacin, 55 mg; pantothenate, 13 mg; pyridoxine, 5 mg; folate, 2 mg; cyanocobalamin, 16 μg; biotin, 200 μg; cereal-based carrier, 149 mg. Minerals premix supplied per 0.8 kg/tonne of diet: mineral oil, 2.5 mg; Cu (sulfate), 16 mg; Fe (sulfate), 40 mg; I (iodide), 1.25 mg; Se (selenate), 0.3 mg; Mn (sulfate and oxide), 120 mg; Zn (sulfate and oxide), 100 mg; cereal-based carrier, 128 mg; mineral oil, 3.75 mg.
ad libitum. Chickens were reared in multi-tiered brooder cages (600 × 420 × 23 cm3 ) placed in a climate-controlled room until the end of the trial. The room temperature was set at 33◦ C for the first 2 d with relative humidity of between 49% and 60%. The temperature was then gradually reduced to 24◦ C at 19 d of age and this was maintained for the remaining study period. For the first 2 d, 24 h of light (20 lux) was provided. This was then reduced to 23 h for the next 6 consecutive days, followed by 20-h light (10 lux) for the remaining duration of the experiment.
On days 10, 24, and 35, the birds and feed were weighed to measure body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; FI/weight gain). Mortality was recorded as it occurred. On day 10, 1 bird of average group weight was selected from each replicate, while 2 birds were similarly selected on 24 d and were killed by cervical dislocation. The abdominal cavity of the birds was opened and the visceral organs were removed and weighed. On both days, the whole pancreas and a part of the proximal jejunum were collected for
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Corn Soybean meal Meat and bone meal Canola oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Quantum Blue 5 G (100 g) Sodium chloride Sodium bicarbonate Titanium dioxide Choline Cl 70% L-lysine HCl DL-methionine L-threonine Econase GT 1 UNE Vitamins 2 UNE minerals Nutrient composition (g/kg) Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Lysine Methionine Met + Cys Calcium Phosphorus available Sodium Potassium Chloride Choline
Starter diet (0–10)
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION
Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients The concentration of titanium and nutrients in the ileal digesta and feed samples determined using the method described by Short et al. [19] were used to calculate the coefficient of digestibility of GE, CP, and ST. The GE value of the samples was obtained as MJ/Kg directly using a digital bomb calorimeter [20]. The nitrogen content of ileal digesta and feed samples was determined according to the Dumas combustion technique R as described by Sweeney [21] using LECO analyzer [22]. The ST was determined by an enzymatic colorimetric method, AOAC International method 996.11 [23] with an assay kit [24]. The digestibility coefficient of nutrients was calculated using the following equation: Digestibility coefficient = 1 −
Digesta nutrient (g/kg) /digestaTi (g/kg) Diet nutrient (g/kg) /diet Ti (g/kg)
Tissue Protein Content and Digestive Enzyme Activities To evaluate the activity of digestive enzymes and protein concentration, the jejunal tissue was processed according to the method described by Susbilla et al. [25]. The pancreas was processed in a similar way, except that the pancreas tissue was entire homogenized. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 30,000 × g [26], for about 15 min at 4◦ C. Subsamples of supernatant
were taken in duplicate into 1.5 mL into Eppendorf tubes and stored in a freezer (−20◦ C) until assayed for enzyme activities. The specific activities of jejunal maltase and sucrase were assessed by incubation with fixed substrate concentrations as standardized for poultry by Iji et al. [27], while aminopeptidase activity was assessed as described by Caviedes-Vidal and Karasov [28]. The pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were assessed using methods described by Erlanger et al. [29] and modified by Caviedes-Vidal and Karasov [28]. The concentration of protein in both the jejunal and pancreatic tissue homogenate was measured using the Comassie dye-binding procedure described by Bradford [30]. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using R 17 [31]. The data were subjected Minitab to one-way analysis of variance and tested for significance between the treatment means by Tukey’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05. Differences between treatments group were compared using planned orthogonal probability contrasts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Gross Performance Irrespective of the level of inclusion, supplementation of broiler diets with YG or YM did not affect (P > 0.05) FI at any stage of the study (Table 2). The level of YG or YM did not affect (P > 0.05) BWG and FCR in the early phase of growth (Tables 3 and 4). However, 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet significantly improved (P < 0.05) BWG and FCR compared to broilers in the control group on 24 and 35 d. Supplementation of the diets with YG or YM extract did not affect (P > 0.05) mortality at any stage of the experiment (data not shown). The non-significant effect of the additives on FI in the present study result suggests that the beneficial performance effects of YG or YM used in the present study are not regulated by the changes in voluntary FI in birds. Broilers fed YG supplemented diet were not superior to the control group. Thus, the similar performance of
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
measurement of digestive enzyme activities. Also, ileal digesta was collected in plastic containers on day 24 and stored at –20◦ C until samples were analyzed for nutrient content and assessment of nutrient digestibility. The collected ileal digesta samples were later freeze-dried [18] and ground using a small coffee grinder. The ground samples were stored at 4◦ C in airtight plastic containers until analyzed for TiO2 , crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), and starch (ST). The carcass weight and weight of breast meat (without bone), thighs, drumsticks, and wings were taken from sampled birds and recorded at 35 d. The relative part weight was calculated as mass per unit live BW (g/kg of live BW).
895
JAPR: Research Report
896
Table 2. Effect of Dietary Treatments on Feed Intake (g/bird) of Chicks at Different Ages. Inclusion levels (g/kg)
0–24 d
0–35 d
SEM P value
306 317 306 309 309 313 306 304 303 15.5 0.72
1,688 1,656 1,661 1,630 1,689 1,689 1,650 1,672 1,698 9.34 0.76
3,529 3,599 3,748 3,442 3,587 3,541 3,460 3,488 3,575 22.5 0.73
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.53 0.36 0.99 0.72 0.31 0.52
Control Yeast glucan
Yeast mannan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.83 0.89 0.57
Values are means of 6 replicates. Table 3. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Body Weight Gain (g/bird) of Chicks at Different Ages. Inclusion levels (g/kg)
0–10 d
0–24 d
0–35 d
SEM P value
285 289 290 292 299 295 296 301 306 1.87 0.17
1,303c 1,342b,c 1,335b,c 1,346b,c 1,365a–c 1,363a,b,c 1,360a,b,c 1,393a,b 1,430a 7.56 0.01
2,300b 2,365a,b 2,372a,b 2,386a,b 2,390a,b 2,384a,b 2,394a,b 2,472a 2,491a 13.6 0.02
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.21 0.06 0.08 0.001 0.07 0.10
Control Yeast glucan
Yeast mannan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.08 0.01 0.53
Values are means of 6 replicates. YG = Yeast glucan; YM = Yeast mannan. a-c Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
birds in the YG group compared to the control group in the present study may be associated with the fact that the birds were in a healthy state, and thus the effect of YG on BWG and FCR was not pronounced [13, 32]. The increase in BWG and improvement in FCR for broilers fed diets containing 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet at the grower and finisher phases of the present study, irrespective of the fact that the birds consumed similar amount of feed, could be linked to better gut health and nutrient absorption [33]. This observation is in agreement with the report of Brummer et al. [33], who noticed that at 0.20
R g/kg diet, soluble yeast mannan (MRF ; Altech Inc), through their positive effect on gastrointestinal health led to improved performance of broiler chickens.
Visceral Organ Weight On days 10 and 24, supplementation of YM and YG in broiler diet did not affect (P > 0.05) the visceral organ weights considered except at the highest level of 0.20 g YM/kg diet which improved (P < 0.05) the weight of the small intestine (data are not shown).
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
0–10 d
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION
897
Table 4. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR, g/g) of Chicks at Different Ages. Inclusion levels (g/kg) Control Yeast glucan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
1.06 1.09 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.01 0.18
SEM P value
0–24 d a
1.28 1.26a,b 1.25a,b 1.25a,b 1.23a,b 1.24a,b 1.21a,b 1.22a,b 1.19b 0.01 0.04
0–35 d 1.52a 1.52a 1.50a,b 1.49a,b 1.48a,b 1.49a,b 1.48a,b 1.48a,b 1.43b 0.01 0.04
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.83 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.21 0.20
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan Values are means of 6 replicates. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
The better development and weight of intestine of birds fed higher level yeast mannan may be related to more digestive activities as well as availability of protein that may have resulted in more cell proliferation of intestinal tissues. According to Moore et al. [34], adequate gastrointestinal tract (GIT) growth and development favors more efficient uptake of nutrient for tissue development. Santin et al. [35] reported that administration of 2.0 g/kg S. cerevisiae (of which yeast mannan is a major cell wall constituent) to a broiler diet could increase the villus height, resulting in heavier small intestine. Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients The analyzed nutrient apparent ileal digestibility of the broilers at 24 d is presented in Table 5. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in ileal digestibility of GE or ST between the treatment groups irrespective of the level of YG or YM supplementation. Compared to the control group, YG did not have any effect (P > 0.05) on protein digestibility. Birds fed diets supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10 g YM/kg had similar (P > 0.05) ileal protein digestibility compared to those in the control and YG groups. However, birds fed 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet had the highest (P < 0.05) ileal protein digestibility compared to the control group.
The increase in ileal protein digestibility at higher levels of YM inclusion in the present study is in agreement with the findings of Chacher et al. [3], who reported that the addition of YM (a yeast cell wall prebiotics) as a feed supplement to broiler diet considerably enhanced protein digestibility. Likewise, MOS addition to poultry diet has been reported to improve protein digestibility [36] as cited by Bolacali and Irak [37]. Yeast extracts have been reported to have the ability to decrease intestinal colonization of pathogenic bacteria (improving intestinal health and mucosa integrity) and to reduce competition for nutrients between the host and its microflora allowing more nutrients to be available to the host [38, 39]. Gomez et al. [40] suggested that a combination of these factors caused a higher ileal protein digestibility when enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast products is fed broiler chickens as observed in the present study.
Endogenous Enzyme Activities The jejunal total protein content and activities of maltase, sucrose, and amino-peptidase were unaffected (P > 0.05) by dietary supplementation of broiler diets with YG or YM extract at 10 and 24 d (data not shown). There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Yeast mannan
0–10 d
JAPR: Research Report
898
Table 5. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Nutrient Ileal Apparent Digestibility of Broiler Chickens at 24 d of Age. Level (g/kg) Control Yeast glucan
SEM P value Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
0.56 0.59 0.60 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.01 0.56
Protein b
0.61 0.65a,b 0.66a,b 0.65a,b 0.63a,b 0.64a,b 0.66a,b 0.70a 0.71a 0.01 0.01
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.29 0.10 0.62 0.03 0.87 0.22
Starch 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.001 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.81
Values are means of 6 replicates. YG = Yeast glucan; YM = Yeast mannan. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
treatments for the pancreatic tissue protein content, activities of trypsin, and chymotrypsin at 10 and 24 d (data not shown). In a study by Matur et al. [41], yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract supplemented at 1.0 g/kg improved enzyme activities in laying breeder hen challenged with aflatoxin. However, this was not the case in the present study when YM and YG extracted from the cell wall of same Saccharomyces cerevisiae is fed to broiler chickens. The reason for these contradictions could be as a result of differences in the health status of the bird, breed of the bird, diet type, and level of yeast inclusion.
Carcass and Meat Yield The results of dressing percentage and absolute meat parts yield of broilers fed diets containing different levels of YG and YM at 35 d of age are summarized in Table 6. Compared to birds in the control group, broilers that received 0.20 g YM/kg supplemented diet had an improved (P < 0.05) dressing percentage and absolute meat parts yield. The results for the birds in the YG group were intermediate. The dietary supplements, irrespective of the level of inclusion, did not affect (P > 0.05) the absolute weight of the thighs and drumsticks. Supplementation of YM at 0.15 or 0.20 g/kg diet improved
(P < 0.05) the relative breast weight of birds (Table 7). The observed improved dressing percentage as well as absolute and relative breast meat yield may be associated with the fact that yeast mannan tends to aid in binding of some pathogenic bacteria in the GIT [42]. This may have reduced unwanted competition for nutrients between the birds and these pathogenic bacteria, thus making more nutrients available for growth and tissue development of birds [42]. Brake et al. [43] observed a strong correlation between body weight and carcass as well as meat yield of broiler chickens. Thus, the observed increase in carcass and breast weight of broilers fed YM in the present study is a reflection of the increased BWG observed in broilers that consumed higher level of the mannan product. Our finding is in agreement with the report of Gomez et al. [40], who observed that supplementing enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast product to the diet of Ross 308 broiler diet increased the carcass and breast meat yield at 28 d of age.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The present study demonstrated that enzymatically hydrolyzed soluble yeast mannans, at 0.15 or 0.20 g/kg diet, improved
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Yeast mannan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Gross energy
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION
899
Table 6. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Dressing % and Absolute Meat Yield (g) of Broiler Chickens at 35 d of Age. Dressing %
Breast
Thighs
Drumsticks
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
71.3b 74.7a,b 75.8a,b 72.7a,b 77.0a,b 76.2a,b 75.2a,b 79.9a,b 81.0a 0.75 0.04
525.3b 536.5b 531.2b 550.4b 585.5a,b 575.8a,b 576.0a,b 586.3a,b 649.7a 7.20 0.001
227.2 247.6 246.7 228.4 250.6 265.8 246.1 258.3 261.4 4.46 0.75
218.6 222.1 219.7 221.1 228.9 224.8 227.6 226.6 223.1 2.73 0.43
Yeast mannan
SEM P value Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
0.12 0.01 0.06
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.24 0.38 0.03 0.10 0.07 0.21
0.64 0.41 0.23
Values are means of 6 replicates. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
Table 7. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Relative Meat Yield (g/kg Carcass Weight) of Broiler Chickens at 35 d of Age. Levels (g/kg)
Breast
Thighs
Drumsticks
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
SEM P value
201.8b 209.8a,b 213.5a,b 214.0a,b 219.6a,b 218.1a,b 221.2a,b 242.3a 243.1a 2.93 0.03
92.5 96.3 98.9 88.8 94.1 100.5 94.7 102.2 98.0 2.07 0.67
87.3 86.4 88.1 88.1 85.9 88.3 89.5 89.7 87.4 2.73 0.64
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.12 0.18 0.01 0.20 0.04 0.11
Control Yeast glucan
Yeast mannan
0.42 0.77 0.42
Values are means of 6 replicates. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
growth performance, ileal protein digestibility, and meat yield of broilers. 2. There is a need to assess the benefits of these products in comparison to in-feed antibiotics in disease challenged broiler chickens in further studies.
REFERENCES 1. NASC (National Academy of Sciences Committee). 1999. The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks. National Academic Press, Washington DC.
2. Aver´os, X., and I. Estevez. 2018. Meta-analysis of the effects of intensive rearing environments on the performance and welfare of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 97:3767–3785. 3. Chacher, M. F. A., Z. Kamran, U. Ahsan, S. Ahmad, ¨ Cengiz. K. C. Koutoulis, H. G. Qutab, U. D. Din, and O. 2017. Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 73:831–844. 4. Shurson, G. C. 2018. Yeast and yeast derivatives in feed additives and ingredients: sources, characteristics, animal responses, and quantification methods. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 235:60–76. 5. Jaehrig, S. C., S. Rohn, L. W. Kroh, F. X. Wildenauer, F. Lisdat, and L. Fleischer. 2008. Antioxidative activity of
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Levels (g/kg) Control Yeast glucan
900
25. Susbilla, J. P. I., C. B. Tarvid, and T. I. Frankel. 2003. Quantitative feed restriction or meal-feeding of broiler chicks alter functional development of enzymes for protein digestion. Br. Poult. Sci. 44:698–709. 26. Avanti R Centrifuge, Model J-E 369001, Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA. 27. Iji, P. A., A. Saki, and D. R. Tivey. 2001. Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 2. Development and characteristics of intestinal enzymes. Br. Poult. Sci. 42:514–522. 28. Caviedes-Vidal, E., and W. H. Karasov. 2001. Developmental changes in digestive physiology of nestling house sparrows, Passer domesticus. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74:769–782. 29. Erlanger, B. F., N. Kokowski, and W. Cohen. 1961. The preparation and properties of two new chromogenic substrates of trypsin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 95:271– 278. 30. Bradford, M. M.1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254. 31. Minitab 17. 2013. Statistical Software [Computer Software]. Minitab, Inc., State College, PA, USA. 32. Jacob, J., and A. Pescatore. 2017. Glucans and the poultry immune system. Am. J. Immunol. 3:45–49. 33. Br¨ummer, M., C. Jansen van Rensburg, and C. A. Moran. 2010. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall products: the effects on gut morphology and performance of broiler chickens. SA J. An. Sci. 40:14–21. 34. Moore, D. T., P. R. Ferket, and P. E. Mozdziak. 2005. The effect of early nutrition on satellite cell dynamics in the young turkey. Poult. Sci. 84:748–756. 35. Santin, E., A. Maiorka, M. Macari, M. Grecco, T. M. Okada, and A. M. Myasaka. 2001 Performance and intestinal mucosa development of broiler chickens fed diets containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:236–244. 36. Yang, Y., P. A. Iji, and M. Choct. 2007. Effects of different dietary levels of mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance and gut development of broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci 20:1084–1091. 37. Bolacali, M., and K. Irak, 2017. Effect of dietary yeast autolysate on performance, slaughter, and carcass characteristics, as well as blood parameters, in quail of both genders. SA J. An. Sci. 47:460–470. 38. Iji, P. A., and D. R. Tivey. 1998. Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets. Poult. Sci. 2:129– 143. 39. Ferket, P. R., C. W. Parks, and J. L. Grimes. 2002. Benefits of dietary antibiotic and mannan oligosaccharide supplementation for poultry. Pages 22 in Proc. Multi-State. Poult. Feed. Nutr. Conf. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695-7608, USA. 40. G´omez, S., M. L. Angeles, M. C. Mojica, and S. Jalukar. 2012. Combination of an enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast and yeast culture with a direct-fed microbial in the feeds of broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci 25:665– 673. 41. Matur, E., E. Ergul, I. Akyazi, E. Eraslan, and Z. T. Cirakli. 2010. The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract on the weight of some organs, liver, and pancreatic digestive enzyme activity in breeder hens fed diets contaminated with aflatoxins. Poult. Sci. 89:2213–2220.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
(1 → 3), (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on different media. Food. Sci. Technol. 41:868– 877. 6. Klis, F., P. Mol, K. Hellingwerf, and S. Brul. 2002. Dynamic of cell wall structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS. Microbiol. Rev. 26:239–256. 7. Hooge, D. M. 2011. Meta-analysis summary of R (2009–2011). broiler chicken trials with dietary Actigen Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10:819–824. 8. Tzianabos, A. O. 2000. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13:523–533. 9. Baurhoo, B., P. Ferket, C. M. Ashwell, J. de Oliviera, and X. Zhao. 2012. Cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differentially modulated innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late systemic inflammation. PLoS One 7:e30323. 10. Guo, Y., R. Ali, and M. A. Qureshi. 2003. The influence of beta glucan on immune responses in broiler chicks. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 25:461–472. 11. Gao, J., H. J. Zhang, S. G. Wu, S. H. Yu, I. Yoon, D. Moore, Y. P. Gao, H. J. Yan, and G. H. QI. 2009. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on immune functions of broilers challenged with Eimeria tenella. Poult. Sci. 88:2141–2151. 12. Zekovic, D. B., S. Kwiatkowski, M. M. Vrvic, D. Jakovlievic, and C. Moran. 2005. Natural and modified (1→3)-β-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 25:205– 230. 13. Fowler, J., R. Kakni, A. Haq, J. A. Byrd, and C. A. Bailey. 2015. Growth promoting effects of prebiotic yeast cell wall products in starter broilers under an immune stress and Clostridium perfringens challenge. J. Appl. Poult. Sci. 24:66–72. 14. Yang, Y., P. A. Iji, A. Kocher, L. L. Mikkelsen, and M. Choct. 2008. Effects of mannanoligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide on the response of broilers to pathogenic Escherichia coli challenge. Br. Poult. Sci. 49: 550–559. 15. National Health and Research Council. 2013. Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. National Health and Research Council, Canberra, Australia. 16. Baiada Farms, Tamworth, NSW, Australia. 17. Aviagen Ross 308 Broiler Management Manual. ROSS 308. c2014. Accessed April 2019. http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Tech Center/Ross Broiler/ Ross308BroilerNutritionSpecs2014-EN.pdf. 18. Christ Alpha 1–4, B-Braun Biotech International, Melsungen, GmbH, Germany. 19. Short, F. J., P. Gorton, J. Wiseman, and K. N. Boorman. 1996. Determination of titanium dioxide added as an inert marker in chicken digestibility studies. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 59:215–221. 20. C7000, IKA R _; – WERKE GmbH & Co., Staufen, Germany. 21. Sweeney, R. A. 1989. Generic combustion method for determination of crude protein in feeds: collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 72:770–774. R Corporation, St. Joseph, MI. 22. LECO 23. AOAC. 2007. Official methods of analysis of AOAC Int. 18th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. 24. Megazyme International Ltd. (Wicklow, Ireland).
JAPR: Research Report
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION 42. Spring, P., C. Wenk, K. A. Dawson, and K. E. Newman 2000. The effects of dietary mannaoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 79:205–211. 43. Brake, J., G. B. Havenstein, S. E. Scheideler, P. Ferket, and D. V. Rives. 1993. Relationship of sex, age, and body
901
weight to broiler carcass yield and offal production. Poult. Sci. 72:1137–1145.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to University of New England and AB Vista (Marlborough, Wiltshire United Kingdom) for their financial support of this study.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected].
Response of Broiler Chickens to Dietary Supplementation of Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Glucan or Mannan Yeast Products
∗
School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; † Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, PMB 1526, Imo State, Nigeria; ‡ Department of Animal Production, Kogi State University, Anyigba, PMB 1008, Kogi State, Nigeria; § Department of Poultry Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 13314, Sudan; # Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), PO Box 352, Mwanza, Tanzania; || AB Vista UK, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, UK; and ¶ College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia, Fiji
Primary Audience: Poultry Nutritionists, Researchers, Broiler Farmers SUMMARY The effect of varying levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed soluble yeast glucan (YG) and yeast mannan (YM) products on broiler chickens was studied. A total of 486 day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 9 dietary treatments consisting of YG and YM supplemented at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 g/kg diet, respectively, and a control without yeast supplementation. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 9 birds per replicate. The supplements did not affect body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter phase nor feed intake at any stage. However, birds especially in the 0.20 g YM/kg diet group had improved (P < 0.05) BWG and FCR than the other groups over 0–24 d and 0–35 d. There were no treatment effects on visceral organ weight at 10 d, but the small intestine was heavier (P < 0.05) in the 0.20 g YM/kg diet group compared to others at 24 d. Broilers fed 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher ileal protein digestibility than the control group. Total protein and endogenous enzyme activities were not affected by the supplements. On 35 d, the dressing percentage of broiler carcass and breast weight was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by 0.20 g YM/kg diet. The results from this study confirm the usefulness of YM at 0.15 or 0.20 g/kg diet performance and may be beneficial in improving productivity for broiler chicken farmers. Key words: broiler chick, yeast, gross response, visceral organ, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activities 2019 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 28:892–901 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz047
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
E. U. Ahiwe ,∗†,1 A. A. Omede ,∗‡ M. E. Abdallh,∗§ E. P. Chang’a,∗# M. Al-Qahtani,∗ H. Gausi,∗ H. Graham,|| and P. A. Iji∗¶
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
different levels of concentrated prebiotic yeast β-glucans or α-mannans on organ weight, meat yield, nutrient digestibility, and endogenous enzyme activities of broiler chickens reared intensively in an environmentally controlled environment are limited. Furthermore, Gao et al. [11] observed that some yeasts have not been evaluated in great details. Therefore, the current study was designed to (1) identify the optimal level of enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast glucan (YG) and yeast mannan (YM) products that will maximize the growth performance of broiler chickens and (2) examine changes in visceral organ weight, meat yield, ileal nutrient digestibility, and endogenous enzyme activities induced by the addition of the products.
MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of New England (Approval number: AEC17-011). Health and animal husbandry practices complied with the code of practice for the use of Animals for Scientific purpose issued by the Australian Bureau of Animal Health [15]. Experimental Design and Bird Management This experiment was set up to investigate the effect of varying levels of YG and YM products on broiler chickens. A total of 486 day-old male Ross 308 chicks (initial weight, 44.0 ± 2.05 g), sourced from Baida Farms [16], were randomly placed in 9 treatments as follows: (1) control diet (without yeast supplementation); (2) 4 levels of enzymatically hydrolyzed soluble YG at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 g/kg; and (3) 4 levels of YM at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20 g/kg. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, with 9 birds in each replicate. The nutrient composition of the basal diet is presented in Table 1. The birds were provided with starter crumbled diets (0–10 d), grower pelleted diets (11–24 d), and finisher pelleted diets (25–35 d). Experimental diets were formulated to Aviagen standards for Ross 308 [17]. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was incorporated in the grower diets as a marker to enable assessment of nutrient digestibility. Feed and water were provided
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Intensive rearing system and various managerial practices have been reported to cause stress, which affect broiler productivity [1, 2]. Some studies in recent years have examined the use of yeast, including live, dead, cultured, autolysate, cell wall, and isolated cell wall products, as natural growth and performance enhancing supplements for poultry reared intensively [3]. Amongst several yeast products, research interest has increased towards the use of autolyzed yeast and its derived products [4]. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell contains α-mannan and β-glucan components. The α-mannan constitute about 31% of the cell wall dry mass. β-glucans constitute 29%–64% of the cell wall dry mass [5]. Yeast β -glucan can be divided into 2 subtypes following the mode of glucose linkages: long chains consisting of 1,500 β-1,3-glucose units, which represent 85% of total cell wall βglucan, and short chains consisting of 150 β1,6-glucose units that account for 15% of the β-glucan [6]. The growth-enhancing and immunemodulatory potentials of autolyzed yeast products especially yeast cell wall in poultry production have been attributed to the presences of α-mannan and β-glucans components [7, 8]. Mannans have been reported to both enhance broiler performance and prevent the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria by serving decoy for pathogen to adhere to instead of the intestinal wall. β-1-3-glucans have been documented to modulate immune response in birds during stress that may be caused by intensive rearing systems, managerial practices, and other environmental variabilities [9, 10]. However, in broiler chicken trials, there have been conflicting results about the efficacy of yeast cell wall β-glucans and mannans [11]. These discrepancies in research findings could be attributed to several factors, including yeast strain, method of yeast preparation, level of yeast inclusion, broiler management, and health status of the birds [12, 13], although Yang et al. [14] noticed that feeding broilers with different levels R , at varying of a commercial product, Biomos levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g MOS/kg diet led to an increase in growth response especially at higher doses. However, studies on the effect of
893
JAPR: Research Report
894 Table 1. Ingredient and Nutrient Composition of Basal Diet. Feeding period (days) Ingredient (g/kg)
Grower diet (11–24)
Finisher diet (25–35)
613.0 315.0 45.0 44.0 7.7 1.3 0.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 3.0 3.7 1.8 0.1 0.6 0.8
645.0 273.5 41.0 17.0 7.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.3 5.0 1.3 2.7 2.0 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.8
696.5 231.3 31.4 23.0 7.1 0.1 0.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 2.5 1.8 1.1 0.1 0.6 0.8
2,998.8 230.0 28.0 20.9 12.8 6.60 9.50 9.60 4.80 1.60 9.30 2.30 1.30
3,100.5 212.0 39.8 24.0 11.5 4.70 7.43 8.70 4.40 1.60 8.50 2.30 1.30
3,199.9 192.0 45.4 23.1 10.2 4.30 6.86 7.80 3.90 1.60 7.60 2.30 1.30
Vitamin premix supplied per 0.6 kg/tonne of diet: retinol, 12,000 IU; cholecalciferol, 5,000 IU; tocopheryl acetate, 75 mg; menadione, 3 mg; thiamine, 3 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; niacin, 55 mg; pantothenate, 13 mg; pyridoxine, 5 mg; folate, 2 mg; cyanocobalamin, 16 μg; biotin, 200 μg; cereal-based carrier, 149 mg. Minerals premix supplied per 0.8 kg/tonne of diet: mineral oil, 2.5 mg; Cu (sulfate), 16 mg; Fe (sulfate), 40 mg; I (iodide), 1.25 mg; Se (selenate), 0.3 mg; Mn (sulfate and oxide), 120 mg; Zn (sulfate and oxide), 100 mg; cereal-based carrier, 128 mg; mineral oil, 3.75 mg.
ad libitum. Chickens were reared in multi-tiered brooder cages (600 × 420 × 23 cm3 ) placed in a climate-controlled room until the end of the trial. The room temperature was set at 33◦ C for the first 2 d with relative humidity of between 49% and 60%. The temperature was then gradually reduced to 24◦ C at 19 d of age and this was maintained for the remaining study period. For the first 2 d, 24 h of light (20 lux) was provided. This was then reduced to 23 h for the next 6 consecutive days, followed by 20-h light (10 lux) for the remaining duration of the experiment.
On days 10, 24, and 35, the birds and feed were weighed to measure body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; FI/weight gain). Mortality was recorded as it occurred. On day 10, 1 bird of average group weight was selected from each replicate, while 2 birds were similarly selected on 24 d and were killed by cervical dislocation. The abdominal cavity of the birds was opened and the visceral organs were removed and weighed. On both days, the whole pancreas and a part of the proximal jejunum were collected for
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Corn Soybean meal Meat and bone meal Canola oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Quantum Blue 5 G (100 g) Sodium chloride Sodium bicarbonate Titanium dioxide Choline Cl 70% L-lysine HCl DL-methionine L-threonine Econase GT 1 UNE Vitamins 2 UNE minerals Nutrient composition (g/kg) Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Lysine Methionine Met + Cys Calcium Phosphorus available Sodium Potassium Chloride Choline
Starter diet (0–10)
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION
Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients The concentration of titanium and nutrients in the ileal digesta and feed samples determined using the method described by Short et al. [19] were used to calculate the coefficient of digestibility of GE, CP, and ST. The GE value of the samples was obtained as MJ/Kg directly using a digital bomb calorimeter [20]. The nitrogen content of ileal digesta and feed samples was determined according to the Dumas combustion technique R as described by Sweeney [21] using LECO analyzer [22]. The ST was determined by an enzymatic colorimetric method, AOAC International method 996.11 [23] with an assay kit [24]. The digestibility coefficient of nutrients was calculated using the following equation: Digestibility coefficient = 1 −
Digesta nutrient (g/kg) /digestaTi (g/kg) Diet nutrient (g/kg) /diet Ti (g/kg)
Tissue Protein Content and Digestive Enzyme Activities To evaluate the activity of digestive enzymes and protein concentration, the jejunal tissue was processed according to the method described by Susbilla et al. [25]. The pancreas was processed in a similar way, except that the pancreas tissue was entire homogenized. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 30,000 × g [26], for about 15 min at 4◦ C. Subsamples of supernatant
were taken in duplicate into 1.5 mL into Eppendorf tubes and stored in a freezer (−20◦ C) until assayed for enzyme activities. The specific activities of jejunal maltase and sucrase were assessed by incubation with fixed substrate concentrations as standardized for poultry by Iji et al. [27], while aminopeptidase activity was assessed as described by Caviedes-Vidal and Karasov [28]. The pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were assessed using methods described by Erlanger et al. [29] and modified by Caviedes-Vidal and Karasov [28]. The concentration of protein in both the jejunal and pancreatic tissue homogenate was measured using the Comassie dye-binding procedure described by Bradford [30]. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using R 17 [31]. The data were subjected Minitab to one-way analysis of variance and tested for significance between the treatment means by Tukey’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05. Differences between treatments group were compared using planned orthogonal probability contrasts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Gross Performance Irrespective of the level of inclusion, supplementation of broiler diets with YG or YM did not affect (P > 0.05) FI at any stage of the study (Table 2). The level of YG or YM did not affect (P > 0.05) BWG and FCR in the early phase of growth (Tables 3 and 4). However, 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet significantly improved (P < 0.05) BWG and FCR compared to broilers in the control group on 24 and 35 d. Supplementation of the diets with YG or YM extract did not affect (P > 0.05) mortality at any stage of the experiment (data not shown). The non-significant effect of the additives on FI in the present study result suggests that the beneficial performance effects of YG or YM used in the present study are not regulated by the changes in voluntary FI in birds. Broilers fed YG supplemented diet were not superior to the control group. Thus, the similar performance of
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
measurement of digestive enzyme activities. Also, ileal digesta was collected in plastic containers on day 24 and stored at –20◦ C until samples were analyzed for nutrient content and assessment of nutrient digestibility. The collected ileal digesta samples were later freeze-dried [18] and ground using a small coffee grinder. The ground samples were stored at 4◦ C in airtight plastic containers until analyzed for TiO2 , crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), and starch (ST). The carcass weight and weight of breast meat (without bone), thighs, drumsticks, and wings were taken from sampled birds and recorded at 35 d. The relative part weight was calculated as mass per unit live BW (g/kg of live BW).
895
JAPR: Research Report
896
Table 2. Effect of Dietary Treatments on Feed Intake (g/bird) of Chicks at Different Ages. Inclusion levels (g/kg)
0–24 d
0–35 d
SEM P value
306 317 306 309 309 313 306 304 303 15.5 0.72
1,688 1,656 1,661 1,630 1,689 1,689 1,650 1,672 1,698 9.34 0.76
3,529 3,599 3,748 3,442 3,587 3,541 3,460 3,488 3,575 22.5 0.73
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.53 0.36 0.99 0.72 0.31 0.52
Control Yeast glucan
Yeast mannan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.83 0.89 0.57
Values are means of 6 replicates. Table 3. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Body Weight Gain (g/bird) of Chicks at Different Ages. Inclusion levels (g/kg)
0–10 d
0–24 d
0–35 d
SEM P value
285 289 290 292 299 295 296 301 306 1.87 0.17
1,303c 1,342b,c 1,335b,c 1,346b,c 1,365a–c 1,363a,b,c 1,360a,b,c 1,393a,b 1,430a 7.56 0.01
2,300b 2,365a,b 2,372a,b 2,386a,b 2,390a,b 2,384a,b 2,394a,b 2,472a 2,491a 13.6 0.02
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.21 0.06 0.08 0.001 0.07 0.10
Control Yeast glucan
Yeast mannan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0.08 0.01 0.53
Values are means of 6 replicates. YG = Yeast glucan; YM = Yeast mannan. a-c Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
birds in the YG group compared to the control group in the present study may be associated with the fact that the birds were in a healthy state, and thus the effect of YG on BWG and FCR was not pronounced [13, 32]. The increase in BWG and improvement in FCR for broilers fed diets containing 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet at the grower and finisher phases of the present study, irrespective of the fact that the birds consumed similar amount of feed, could be linked to better gut health and nutrient absorption [33]. This observation is in agreement with the report of Brummer et al. [33], who noticed that at 0.20
R g/kg diet, soluble yeast mannan (MRF ; Altech Inc), through their positive effect on gastrointestinal health led to improved performance of broiler chickens.
Visceral Organ Weight On days 10 and 24, supplementation of YM and YG in broiler diet did not affect (P > 0.05) the visceral organ weights considered except at the highest level of 0.20 g YM/kg diet which improved (P < 0.05) the weight of the small intestine (data are not shown).
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
0–10 d
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION
897
Table 4. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR, g/g) of Chicks at Different Ages. Inclusion levels (g/kg) Control Yeast glucan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
1.06 1.09 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.01 0.18
SEM P value
0–24 d a
1.28 1.26a,b 1.25a,b 1.25a,b 1.23a,b 1.24a,b 1.21a,b 1.22a,b 1.19b 0.01 0.04
0–35 d 1.52a 1.52a 1.50a,b 1.49a,b 1.48a,b 1.49a,b 1.48a,b 1.48a,b 1.43b 0.01 0.04
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.83 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.21 0.20
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan Values are means of 6 replicates. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
The better development and weight of intestine of birds fed higher level yeast mannan may be related to more digestive activities as well as availability of protein that may have resulted in more cell proliferation of intestinal tissues. According to Moore et al. [34], adequate gastrointestinal tract (GIT) growth and development favors more efficient uptake of nutrient for tissue development. Santin et al. [35] reported that administration of 2.0 g/kg S. cerevisiae (of which yeast mannan is a major cell wall constituent) to a broiler diet could increase the villus height, resulting in heavier small intestine. Ileal Digestibility of Nutrients The analyzed nutrient apparent ileal digestibility of the broilers at 24 d is presented in Table 5. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in ileal digestibility of GE or ST between the treatment groups irrespective of the level of YG or YM supplementation. Compared to the control group, YG did not have any effect (P > 0.05) on protein digestibility. Birds fed diets supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10 g YM/kg had similar (P > 0.05) ileal protein digestibility compared to those in the control and YG groups. However, birds fed 0.15 or 0.20 g YM/kg diet had the highest (P < 0.05) ileal protein digestibility compared to the control group.
The increase in ileal protein digestibility at higher levels of YM inclusion in the present study is in agreement with the findings of Chacher et al. [3], who reported that the addition of YM (a yeast cell wall prebiotics) as a feed supplement to broiler diet considerably enhanced protein digestibility. Likewise, MOS addition to poultry diet has been reported to improve protein digestibility [36] as cited by Bolacali and Irak [37]. Yeast extracts have been reported to have the ability to decrease intestinal colonization of pathogenic bacteria (improving intestinal health and mucosa integrity) and to reduce competition for nutrients between the host and its microflora allowing more nutrients to be available to the host [38, 39]. Gomez et al. [40] suggested that a combination of these factors caused a higher ileal protein digestibility when enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast products is fed broiler chickens as observed in the present study.
Endogenous Enzyme Activities The jejunal total protein content and activities of maltase, sucrose, and amino-peptidase were unaffected (P > 0.05) by dietary supplementation of broiler diets with YG or YM extract at 10 and 24 d (data not shown). There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Yeast mannan
0–10 d
JAPR: Research Report
898
Table 5. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Nutrient Ileal Apparent Digestibility of Broiler Chickens at 24 d of Age. Level (g/kg) Control Yeast glucan
SEM P value Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
0.56 0.59 0.60 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.01 0.56
Protein b
0.61 0.65a,b 0.66a,b 0.65a,b 0.63a,b 0.64a,b 0.66a,b 0.70a 0.71a 0.01 0.01
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.29 0.10 0.62 0.03 0.87 0.22
Starch 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.001 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.81
Values are means of 6 replicates. YG = Yeast glucan; YM = Yeast mannan. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
treatments for the pancreatic tissue protein content, activities of trypsin, and chymotrypsin at 10 and 24 d (data not shown). In a study by Matur et al. [41], yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract supplemented at 1.0 g/kg improved enzyme activities in laying breeder hen challenged with aflatoxin. However, this was not the case in the present study when YM and YG extracted from the cell wall of same Saccharomyces cerevisiae is fed to broiler chickens. The reason for these contradictions could be as a result of differences in the health status of the bird, breed of the bird, diet type, and level of yeast inclusion.
Carcass and Meat Yield The results of dressing percentage and absolute meat parts yield of broilers fed diets containing different levels of YG and YM at 35 d of age are summarized in Table 6. Compared to birds in the control group, broilers that received 0.20 g YM/kg supplemented diet had an improved (P < 0.05) dressing percentage and absolute meat parts yield. The results for the birds in the YG group were intermediate. The dietary supplements, irrespective of the level of inclusion, did not affect (P > 0.05) the absolute weight of the thighs and drumsticks. Supplementation of YM at 0.15 or 0.20 g/kg diet improved
(P < 0.05) the relative breast weight of birds (Table 7). The observed improved dressing percentage as well as absolute and relative breast meat yield may be associated with the fact that yeast mannan tends to aid in binding of some pathogenic bacteria in the GIT [42]. This may have reduced unwanted competition for nutrients between the birds and these pathogenic bacteria, thus making more nutrients available for growth and tissue development of birds [42]. Brake et al. [43] observed a strong correlation between body weight and carcass as well as meat yield of broiler chickens. Thus, the observed increase in carcass and breast weight of broilers fed YM in the present study is a reflection of the increased BWG observed in broilers that consumed higher level of the mannan product. Our finding is in agreement with the report of Gomez et al. [40], who observed that supplementing enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast product to the diet of Ross 308 broiler diet increased the carcass and breast meat yield at 28 d of age.
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The present study demonstrated that enzymatically hydrolyzed soluble yeast mannans, at 0.15 or 0.20 g/kg diet, improved
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Yeast mannan
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Gross energy
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION
899
Table 6. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Dressing % and Absolute Meat Yield (g) of Broiler Chickens at 35 d of Age. Dressing %
Breast
Thighs
Drumsticks
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
71.3b 74.7a,b 75.8a,b 72.7a,b 77.0a,b 76.2a,b 75.2a,b 79.9a,b 81.0a 0.75 0.04
525.3b 536.5b 531.2b 550.4b 585.5a,b 575.8a,b 576.0a,b 586.3a,b 649.7a 7.20 0.001
227.2 247.6 246.7 228.4 250.6 265.8 246.1 258.3 261.4 4.46 0.75
218.6 222.1 219.7 221.1 228.9 224.8 227.6 226.6 223.1 2.73 0.43
Yeast mannan
SEM P value Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
0.12 0.01 0.06
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.24 0.38 0.03 0.10 0.07 0.21
0.64 0.41 0.23
Values are means of 6 replicates. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
Table 7. Effects of Dietary Treatments on Relative Meat Yield (g/kg Carcass Weight) of Broiler Chickens at 35 d of Age. Levels (g/kg)
Breast
Thighs
Drumsticks
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
SEM P value
201.8b 209.8a,b 213.5a,b 214.0a,b 219.6a,b 218.1a,b 221.2a,b 242.3a 243.1a 2.93 0.03
92.5 96.3 98.9 88.8 94.1 100.5 94.7 102.2 98.0 2.07 0.67
87.3 86.4 88.1 88.1 85.9 88.3 89.5 89.7 87.4 2.73 0.64
Control vs yeast glucan Control vs yeast mannan Yeast glucan vs yeast mannan
Probability levels of orthogonal contrasts 0.12 0.18 0.01 0.20 0.04 0.11
Control Yeast glucan
Yeast mannan
0.42 0.77 0.42
Values are means of 6 replicates. a,b Means in a column not sharing a common superscript differ (P < 0.05).
growth performance, ileal protein digestibility, and meat yield of broilers. 2. There is a need to assess the benefits of these products in comparison to in-feed antibiotics in disease challenged broiler chickens in further studies.
REFERENCES 1. NASC (National Academy of Sciences Committee). 1999. The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks. National Academic Press, Washington DC.
2. Aver´os, X., and I. Estevez. 2018. Meta-analysis of the effects of intensive rearing environments on the performance and welfare of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 97:3767–3785. 3. Chacher, M. F. A., Z. Kamran, U. Ahsan, S. Ahmad, ¨ Cengiz. K. C. Koutoulis, H. G. Qutab, U. D. Din, and O. 2017. Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 73:831–844. 4. Shurson, G. C. 2018. Yeast and yeast derivatives in feed additives and ingredients: sources, characteristics, animal responses, and quantification methods. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 235:60–76. 5. Jaehrig, S. C., S. Rohn, L. W. Kroh, F. X. Wildenauer, F. Lisdat, and L. Fleischer. 2008. Antioxidative activity of
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
Levels (g/kg) Control Yeast glucan
900
25. Susbilla, J. P. I., C. B. Tarvid, and T. I. Frankel. 2003. Quantitative feed restriction or meal-feeding of broiler chicks alter functional development of enzymes for protein digestion. Br. Poult. Sci. 44:698–709. 26. Avanti R Centrifuge, Model J-E 369001, Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA. 27. Iji, P. A., A. Saki, and D. R. Tivey. 2001. Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 2. Development and characteristics of intestinal enzymes. Br. Poult. Sci. 42:514–522. 28. Caviedes-Vidal, E., and W. H. Karasov. 2001. Developmental changes in digestive physiology of nestling house sparrows, Passer domesticus. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74:769–782. 29. Erlanger, B. F., N. Kokowski, and W. Cohen. 1961. The preparation and properties of two new chromogenic substrates of trypsin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 95:271– 278. 30. Bradford, M. M.1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254. 31. Minitab 17. 2013. Statistical Software [Computer Software]. Minitab, Inc., State College, PA, USA. 32. Jacob, J., and A. Pescatore. 2017. Glucans and the poultry immune system. Am. J. Immunol. 3:45–49. 33. Br¨ummer, M., C. Jansen van Rensburg, and C. A. Moran. 2010. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall products: the effects on gut morphology and performance of broiler chickens. SA J. An. Sci. 40:14–21. 34. Moore, D. T., P. R. Ferket, and P. E. Mozdziak. 2005. The effect of early nutrition on satellite cell dynamics in the young turkey. Poult. Sci. 84:748–756. 35. Santin, E., A. Maiorka, M. Macari, M. Grecco, T. M. Okada, and A. M. Myasaka. 2001 Performance and intestinal mucosa development of broiler chickens fed diets containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:236–244. 36. Yang, Y., P. A. Iji, and M. Choct. 2007. Effects of different dietary levels of mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance and gut development of broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci 20:1084–1091. 37. Bolacali, M., and K. Irak, 2017. Effect of dietary yeast autolysate on performance, slaughter, and carcass characteristics, as well as blood parameters, in quail of both genders. SA J. An. Sci. 47:460–470. 38. Iji, P. A., and D. R. Tivey. 1998. Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets. Poult. Sci. 2:129– 143. 39. Ferket, P. R., C. W. Parks, and J. L. Grimes. 2002. Benefits of dietary antibiotic and mannan oligosaccharide supplementation for poultry. Pages 22 in Proc. Multi-State. Poult. Feed. Nutr. Conf. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695-7608, USA. 40. G´omez, S., M. L. Angeles, M. C. Mojica, and S. Jalukar. 2012. Combination of an enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast and yeast culture with a direct-fed microbial in the feeds of broiler chickens. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci 25:665– 673. 41. Matur, E., E. Ergul, I. Akyazi, E. Eraslan, and Z. T. Cirakli. 2010. The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract on the weight of some organs, liver, and pancreatic digestive enzyme activity in breeder hens fed diets contaminated with aflatoxins. Poult. Sci. 89:2213–2220.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019
(1 → 3), (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on different media. Food. Sci. Technol. 41:868– 877. 6. Klis, F., P. Mol, K. Hellingwerf, and S. Brul. 2002. Dynamic of cell wall structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS. Microbiol. Rev. 26:239–256. 7. Hooge, D. M. 2011. Meta-analysis summary of R (2009–2011). broiler chicken trials with dietary Actigen Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10:819–824. 8. Tzianabos, A. O. 2000. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13:523–533. 9. Baurhoo, B., P. Ferket, C. M. Ashwell, J. de Oliviera, and X. Zhao. 2012. Cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differentially modulated innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late systemic inflammation. PLoS One 7:e30323. 10. Guo, Y., R. Ali, and M. A. Qureshi. 2003. The influence of beta glucan on immune responses in broiler chicks. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 25:461–472. 11. Gao, J., H. J. Zhang, S. G. Wu, S. H. Yu, I. Yoon, D. Moore, Y. P. Gao, H. J. Yan, and G. H. QI. 2009. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on immune functions of broilers challenged with Eimeria tenella. Poult. Sci. 88:2141–2151. 12. Zekovic, D. B., S. Kwiatkowski, M. M. Vrvic, D. Jakovlievic, and C. Moran. 2005. Natural and modified (1→3)-β-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 25:205– 230. 13. Fowler, J., R. Kakni, A. Haq, J. A. Byrd, and C. A. Bailey. 2015. Growth promoting effects of prebiotic yeast cell wall products in starter broilers under an immune stress and Clostridium perfringens challenge. J. Appl. Poult. Sci. 24:66–72. 14. Yang, Y., P. A. Iji, A. Kocher, L. L. Mikkelsen, and M. Choct. 2008. Effects of mannanoligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide on the response of broilers to pathogenic Escherichia coli challenge. Br. Poult. Sci. 49: 550–559. 15. National Health and Research Council. 2013. Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. National Health and Research Council, Canberra, Australia. 16. Baiada Farms, Tamworth, NSW, Australia. 17. Aviagen Ross 308 Broiler Management Manual. ROSS 308. c2014. Accessed April 2019. http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Tech Center/Ross Broiler/ Ross308BroilerNutritionSpecs2014-EN.pdf. 18. Christ Alpha 1–4, B-Braun Biotech International, Melsungen, GmbH, Germany. 19. Short, F. J., P. Gorton, J. Wiseman, and K. N. Boorman. 1996. Determination of titanium dioxide added as an inert marker in chicken digestibility studies. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 59:215–221. 20. C7000, IKA R _; – WERKE GmbH & Co., Staufen, Germany. 21. Sweeney, R. A. 1989. Generic combustion method for determination of crude protein in feeds: collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 72:770–774. R Corporation, St. Joseph, MI. 22. LECO 23. AOAC. 2007. Official methods of analysis of AOAC Int. 18th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. 24. Megazyme International Ltd. (Wicklow, Ireland).
JAPR: Research Report
AHIWE ET AL.: YEAST FOR BROILER NUTRITION 42. Spring, P., C. Wenk, K. A. Dawson, and K. E. Newman 2000. The effects of dietary mannaoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 79:205–211. 43. Brake, J., G. B. Havenstein, S. E. Scheideler, P. Ferket, and D. V. Rives. 1993. Relationship of sex, age, and body
901
weight to broiler carcass yield and offal production. Poult. Sci. 72:1137–1145.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to University of New England and AB Vista (Marlborough, Wiltshire United Kingdom) for their financial support of this study.
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/japr/article-abstract/28/4/892/5487612 by guest on 01 December 2019